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MotioninOneDimension
CLICKERQUESTIONS
QuestionA2.01
Description:Introducingtheconceptofaveragespeed.
Question
Michaelisgoingtothestore6milesaway.Herideshisbikeat12mphforthefirsthalfofthetrip,thenwalksat4mphfor
theremainder.
Michaelsaveragespeedforthetriptothestoreisclosestto:
1.
2mph
2.
4mph
3.
6mph
4.
8mph
5.
10mph
6.
12mph
7.
14mph
8.
Exactlyhalfwaybetweentwoofthevaluesabove
9.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tointroduceorhonetheconceptofaveragespeed.
Discussion:Theaveragespeedisthetotaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltimeneededtotravelthatdistance.
Inthiscase,weknowthetotaldistanceis6miles,butwedonotknowthetotaltime.
Ifyouassumethatfirsthalfofthetripmeansafter3miles,thenittakesMichael1/4hourtogothefirst3miles(at12mph)
and3/4hourtogothesecond3miles(at4mph),foratotalof1hourandanaveragespeedof6mph.
Page2.1
Chapter2
Ifyouassumethatfirsthalfofthetripmeansthathespentthesameamountoftimeateachspeed,thentheaveragespeed
istheaverageof12mphand4mph,or8mph.Letsgetthisanotherway:Lettbethetimeneededtocompleteeachhalfof
thetrip(inhours).Thetotaldistanceistherefore(12t+4t),whichmustbeequalto6miles,or16t=6.Buttheaveragespeed
issimplythetotaldistancedividedbythetotaltime,or6/(2t)=3/t=8(mph).
Sincethemeaningofthefirsthalfofthetripisambiguousheredoesitrefertodistanceortime?answers(3),(4),and
(9)arealldefensible.
KeyPoints:
Theaveragespeedforajourneyisequaltothetotaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltimerequired.
Sometimeseverydaylanguagelikethefirsthalfofthetripisnotpreciseenoughforphysicsuse.
ForInstructorsOnly
Moststudentswillsimplyaverage12mphand4mphtoget8mph,soeventhoughthereisavalidassumptionthatwilllead
tothisanswer,moststudentswillnothavethoughtmuchaboutit.Youwillneedtofindoutwhystudentspickedeachchoice.
Notethattheaveragespeedisproperlyinterpretedasatimeweightedaverage,thoughmoststudentswillnotappreciate
whatthismeans.Onagraphofspeedvs.time,theaverageistheareabelowthegraph(totaldistance)dividedbythelength
ofthebase(totaltime).
Somestudentsmighthavelearnedatechniqueforcorrectlycomputingaveragespeedwithouthavinganycluewhyitworks.
Theybreakthetripintowellchosenequaltimeintervals,thenaveragethe(constant)speedsduringtheintervals.Inthecase
ofequaldistances,ifwebreakthetripintofour15minuteintervals,thespeedsare12,4,4,and4mph,foranaverageof(12
+4+4+4)/4=6(mph).
QuestionA2.02
Description:Honingtheconceptofaveragespeed.
Question
Wendywalks10minonedirectionat2m/s,thenruns6minthesamedirectionat6m/s.Next,shestopsfor4seconds,and
finallywalksintheoppositedirectionat4m/sfor6seconds.
Wendysaveragespeedisclosestto:
Page2.2
Chapter2
1.
m/s
2.
1m/s
3.
1 1 2 m/s
4.
2m/s
5.
2 1 2 m/s
6.
3m/s
7.
3 1 2 m/s
8.
4m/s
9.
thenegativeofoneofthechoicesabove
10.
impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohonetheconceptofaveragespeed.
Discussion:Theaveragespeedofsomeoneisthetotaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltimeneededtotravelthat
distance.
Inthiscase,Wendywalks10m,thenruns6m,stopsbriefly,andfinallywalks24m,foratotaldistancetraveledof40m.
Directiondoesnotmatter.IttakesWendyatotalof16secondstotravelthatdistance,foranaveragespeedof2.5m/s.
Notethatyoucannotignorethe4secondsduringwhichWendyisnotmoving.Thatisstillpartofhermotion.
KeyPoints:
Theaveragespeedofanobjectisthetotaldistanceittravels(thetotallengthofthepathalongwhichitmoves,
regardlessofdirection)dividedbythetotaltimeoftravel.
Averagespeedisnevernegative.
Averagespeedisnotthemagnitudeofaveragevelocity.
ForInstructorsOnly
Answer(1)isthemagnitudeoftheaveragevelocity.
Answer(2)istheaverageofthefourvelocitiesmentioned(2,6,0,and4).
Answer(3)isclosesttotheaverageofthethreenonzerovelocities(2,6,and4).
Page2.3
Chapter2
Answer(6)istheaverageofthefourindividualspeeds(2,6,0,and4).
Answer(7)isclosesttotheaveragespeedifthefoursecondsspentatrestareignored.(Somepeopleignorereststopson
longcartripswhencomputingaveragespeed.)
Answer(8)istheaverageofthethreenonzerospeeds(2,6,and4).
Answer(9)wouldfittheaveragevelocity, 1 2 m/s.
Answer(10),impossibletodetermine,mightbechosenbecausedirectionsarenotgiven(whichisirrelevant)orbecause
thetravelsegmentsaredescribedinconsistently(whichmakesthequestionmoredifficultbutnotimpossible).
Ofcourse,studentsmaymakechoicesbasedonalgebramistakesaswell.
Somealternateapproachestoansweringthequestion:
Sketchspeedvs.time,orotherwisebreaktheprocessintosixteen1secondintervals.Averagethese16speedstoget2 1 2
m/s.
Breakthe16secondsintotwo8secondintervals.Wendytravels16mforanaveragespeedof2m/sduringthefirstand
24mforanaveragespeedof3m/sduringthesecond.Theaverageoftheseis2 1 2 m/s.
Breaktheprocessintoanynumberofequaltimeintervalsanddeterminetheaveragespeedduringeach.Sinceaverage
speedisatimeaverage,youcanaveragetheseaverages.
Asketchofspeedvs.time(orevenvelocityvs.time,suitablyanalyzed)shouldhelpstudentsorganizeinformationand
computethecorrectvalue.
Somestudentsmayquestionwhethersomeonecangoimmediatelyfromonespeedorvelocitytoanother.Thequickanswer
isthatweareignoringtheseshortperiodsofacceleration.Alongeransweristhatthegivenspeedsareaveragesforthe
distancesortimesgiven.So,forexample,duringthesecondlegoftheprocess,Wendywouldactuallyreachaspeedlarger
than6m/sduringthe6msheruns.Thebottomlineisthatshecompletesthedistancein1second.
AdditionalDiscussionQuestions
1. WhatisWendysaveragevelocity?
2. SketchWendysvelocityvs.time.
Page2.4
Chapter2
QuestionA2.03a
Description:Distinguishingspeedandvelocity,andconsideringthespeedofaverticalprojectileatthetopofitstrajectory.
Question
Aballisthrownstraightupintotheair.Itspositionat7instantsoftimeareshowninthe
figure;themaximumheightisreachedatposition4.Atwhichofthelabeledpointsisthe
speedoftheballsmallest?
1. point1
2. point2
3. point3
4. point4
5. point5
6. point6
7. point7
8. Exactly2ofthepointsshown
9. Morethan2ofthepointsshown
10. Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Toprobeyourunderstandingofthedifferencebetweenspeedandvelocity,andtoestablishtheideathatthe
velocity(andspeed)ofaverticallylaunchedprojectileatthetopofitstrajectoryiszeroforoneinstantaneouspointintime.
Discussion:Anobjectsvelocityistherateofchangeofrateofchangeofitspositionanddescribesbothhowfasttheobject
ismoving(speed)andinwhichdirection(positiveornegativesignforonedimension,vectordirectionfortwoorthree).
Speedisthemagnitudeofvelocity(absolutevalueinonedimension),andisnevernegative.
Astheballmovesupward,itslowsdownundertheinfluenceofgravity;thatmeansthevelocity(whichispositive)gets
smallerandsmaller.Whenitreacheszero,theballisatrestforoneinstantintime,andimmediatelystartsmovingdownward
withanegativevelocity.Astheballfallsfasterandfasterdownward,thevelocitygetsmorenegative(largerspeedinthe
negativedirection).Thus,thespeedispositiveeverywhereexceptforpoint(4)attheverytop,whereitiszero
instantaneously.
Ifthequestionhadaskedwherethevelocityisleast,thecorrectanswerwouldbe(7):themostnegativenumberistheleast.
Page2.5
Chapter2
KeyPoints:
Velocityistherateatwhichpositionischanging,andhasamagnitudeandadirection.
Speedisthemagnitudeofthevelocity,andisnevernegative.
Anobjectlaunchedverticallyupwardhasapositivevelocitywhilemovingupward(assumingwedefineourcoordinate
systemsoupisthepositivedirection),negativevelocitywhilefallingbackdown,andzerovelocityforjustaninstantas
thevelocitychangesfrompositivetonegative.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisquestionexistslargelytosetupthenexttwoquestionsinthisthreequestionset.
Usethisquestiontoascertainwhetheryourstudentsunderstandthedifferencebetweenvelocityvs.speed,andthatbothare
momentarilyzeroatthetopofthetrajectory.Thenmoveontothenexttoquestions,whicharelikelytobemuchmore
contentiousandproductive.
Oneissuethatmayneeddiscussioniswhatsmaller/largerandless/greatermeaninthecontextofanumberlinewith
positiveandnegativenumbers.Studentsmaynotbeawarethatsmallermeansclosertozeroorsmallerinmagnitude,
whilelessmeansclosertothenegativeendofthenumberline.
QuestionA2.03b
Description:Honingtheconceptofaccelerationforaverticalprojectile,andprobingforacommonmisconception.
Question
Aballisthrownstraightupintotheair.Itspositionat7instantsoftimeareshowninthe
figure;themaximumheightisreachedatposition4.Atwhichofthelabeledpointsisthe
accelerationoftheballsmallest?
1.
point1
2.
point2
3.
point3
4.
point4
5.
point5
6.
point6
Page2.6
Chapter2
7.
point7
8.
Exactly2ofthepointsshown
9.
Morethan2ofthepointsshown
10.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Toexploreyourunderstandingoftheconceptofacceleration,probeforthecommonmisconceptionthatanobjects
accelerationiszerowheneveritsvelocityismomentarilyzero,anddevelopyourunderstandingoffreefall.
Discussion:Whiletravelingupandbackdown,theonlysignificantforceaffectingtheballisgravity.Wecallthissituation
freefall(evenfortheupwardpartofthemotion).Thegravitationalforceisaconstant,dependingonlyonthemassofthe
u
r
r
ballandnotontheballspositionormotion.AccordingtoNewtonsSecondLaw, (F net m a) ,theaccelerationofabodyis
proportionaltothenetforceactinguponit.Sincetheforceonabodyinfreefallisconstant,soistheacceleration.Thus,
answer(9)isbest.
(YoullbelearningmoreaboutNewtonsSecondLawsoon;fornow,allyouneedisthebasicideasthataccelerationis
proportionaltototalforce,theonlyforceactingisgravity,andgravityisconstant.)
Youmightbetemptedtothinkthattheaccelerationiszeroattheverytopofthetrajectory,justlikethevelocity.However,if
theaccelerationwerezero,thatwouldmeanthevelocityisnotchanging;soifthevelocitywerezero,itwouldremainzero,
andtheballwouldjusthoverthere.Foraballrestingonatable,theaccelerationandvelocityarebothzero,whichiswhythe
balldoesntmove.
Youmightarguethattheaccelerationisnotconstant,butislargeratpoint1thanpoint7.Thismaybecorrect,ifyour
argumentisbasedonaerodynamicdrag(airresistance):onthewayup,dragopposesthemotionandthusexertsadownward
forcethataugmentsgravity;onthewaydown,dragopposesthemotionandthusexertsanupwardforcethatopposesgravity.
Furthermore,thatforceisstrongerwhentheballismovingfaster,atthestartandendofthetrajectory.So,answer(7)is
defensible.
Ifyoudontmaketheapproximationoflocalgravitybutinsteadtakeintoaccountthefactthatthegravitationalforceon
theballgetsweakerastheballgetsfartherawayfromtheEarth,thenyoucouldarguethattheaccelerationissmallestat
point(4),thetopofthetrajectory.However,thiseffectisincrediblysmall,farsmallerthanairresistance.Ifyouregoingto
bethisexacting,theeffectofairresistancewilldominate,and(7)isabetteranswerthan(4).
KeyPoints:
Page2.7
Chapter2
Anobjectinfreefall(i.e.,travelingundertheinfluenceofgravityalone)hasaconstantdownwardacceleration.
Ifanobjecthaszerovelocityandzeroaccelerationatthesametime,itisremainingstationary.
Thebestanswertothisquestion(andmanyothers)dependsonwhatapproximationsyoumake.Learningwhat
approximationsphysiciststypicallymake,andwhentheymakethem,isanimportantpartoflearningphysics.
ForInstructorsOnly
WorriedaboutaproblemthatrequiresreferringtoNewtonsSecondLawbeforeactuallypresentingit?Remember,these
questionsaretostimulateandorganizelearning,nottoteststudentsonmaterialalreadycovered.Fairisirrelevant;
productiveisthegoal.
Dontbedismayedifstudentsdontneglectairresistance.Partoflearningphysicsislearningtomakethestandard
assumptionsandapproximationsthatpracticingphysicistsdo.Explicitlydiscussingsuchassumptionsandconsideringhow
makingornotmakingthemaffectsanswershelpsthemtodoso.Ifweassertthattheaccelerationisthesameeverywhereand
wedontexplicitlypointoutthatwereignoringairresistanceandthatwhatwesaidisonlytrueinthatapproximation,we
canconfusestudentsratherthanhelpingthem.
Ofcourse,includingairresistanceisnttheonlyreasonwhyastudentmightchooseanswer(7).Asalways,ourfirsttask
whenweseetheanswerhistogramistoelicitascompleteaspossibleaspectrumofstudentsargumentsfortheiranswers.
QuestionA2.03c
Description:Distinguishing,relating,andreasoningwithkinematicquantities.
Question
Aballisthrownstraightupintotheair.Itspositionat7instantsoftimeareshownbelow;
themaximumheightisreachedatposition4.Atwhichofthelabeledpointsisthespeedof
theballlargest?
1.
point1
2.
point2
3.
point3
4.
point4
5.
point5
6.
point6
Page2.8
Chapter2
7.
point7
8.
Exactly2ofthepointsshown
9.
Morethan2ofthepointsshown
10.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Toenrichyourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenacceleration,velocity,displacement,andposition;
developyourqualitativereasoningskills;anddemonstratethepowerofreasoningwithgraphs.
Discussion:Theballslowsdownasitrises,comesmomentarilytorest,andthenfallsbackdownwithincreasingspeed.The
ballsspeedmustthereforebelargestateitherpoint1,point7,orboth.Neglectingairresistance,itseasytoshowthatthe
speedoftheballisthesameatpoints1and7usingtheprincipleofConservationofEnergy.However,wewontbeseeing
thatuntillaterinthecourse.Howcanweconvinceourselvesthatthespeedisthesameatthesetwopointsusingthephysics
wealreadyknow?
Inthepreviousproblem(22b),weestablishedthattheballsaccelerationisconstantsincetheonlyforceactingonitis
gravity,whichisconstant.Accelerationistherateofchangeofvelocity,whichmeansthataccelerationistheslopeofa
velocityvs.timegraph.Ifaccelerationisconstant,thevelocityvs.timegraphmustbeastraightline.
Velocityistherateofchangeofposition,whichmeansthattheareaunderthevelocityvs.timegraphindicatesthe
displacementoftheobject:thechangeinitsposition(xfxi).Areaabovethetaxisindicatespositivedisplacement(increase
ofposition),areabelowindicatesnegativedisplacement(decreaseofposition).Iftheballistoreturntothepointatwhichit
started,itstotaldisplacementmustbezero.Thismeansthatthetoplefttrianglemusthavethesameareaasthebottomright
triangle.Theonlywayforthistohappenisifthetrianglesarethesamesize,whichmeansthatthevelocityattheendhasthe
samemagnitudeasthevelocityatthebeginning.Thus,thespeedatpoints1and7mustbethesame.
Ifwedonotneglectairresistance,accelerationisntquiteconstant,sothevelocityvs.timegraphisslightlycurved,andthe
finalspeedwontbequitethesameastheinitialspeedtomakethetotaldisplacementbezero.
Page2.9
Chapter2
KeyPoints:
Intheabsenceofairresistance,averticalprojectilelandswiththesamespeedatwhichitwaslaunched.
Accelerationistheslopeofavelocityvs.timegraph,anddisplacement(changeinposition)istheareaunderit.
Graphsarehelpfultoolsforreasoningaboutsituationsandansweringquestions.Understandinghowtointerpretthe
slopeofandareaunderagraphispowerful.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thoughwemightbetemptedtosimplyassertthattheballsspeedmustbethesameatstartandfinishperhapsconsidering
italmostselfevidentitsnotnecessarilysoobvioustostudents,especiallywiththetoolstheycurrentlyhavetoworkwith.
Ifwewantstudentstousegraphs,freebodydiagrams,andothernonalgebraicrepresentations,wemustgivethemproblems
wheretheseapproachesareclearlysuperior,andalsomodeltheiruse.
QuestionA2.04a
Description:Understandingthesignofvelocityandacceleration.
Question
Aballisrolledupaninclinesothatitgoespartwayupandthenrollsbackdown.Whichofthegraphsbelowcouldrepresent
itsaccelerationvs.timefromtheinstantitisreleaseduntilitreturnstowhereitstarted?
1.
2.
Page2.10
Chapter2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Noneofthegraphs
Twoormoreofthegraphs
Commentary
Page2.11
Chapter2
Purpose:Tohonetheconceptofacceleration,focusingonitsvectornature,andhowtorepresentitgraphically.Inparticular,
thisquestiontargetsthecommonmisconceptionthatpositiveaccelerationmeansspeedingupandnegativeacceleration
meansslowingdown.
Discussion:Aballrolledupaninclineslowsdown,stopsatthetop,thenspeedsupagainasitrollsbackdown.Itiscommon
butincorrecttothinkthattheaccelerationisnegativewhiletheballslowsdownandpositivewhiletheballspeedsup.
Accelerationisdefinedasthechangeinvelocity.Astheballrollsuptheincline,itsvelocitypointsinitsdirectionofmotion,
paralleltotheplaneanduphill.Astheballslowsdown,thevelocityvectorgetsshorter.Thechangeinthevelocityvector
betweentwosubsequenttimesisthereforeavectorpointingparalleltotheplaneanddownhill.Sotheaccelerationpoints
downhill.
Astheballrollsdownthehill,itsvelocityagainpointsinthedirectionofmotion,whichisnowdownhill.Itisspeedingup,
sothevelocityvectorisgettinglonger.Thechangeinthevelocityvectorbetweentwosubsequenttimesisthereforeavector
pointingparalleltotheplaneanddownhill.Sotheaccelerationagainpointsdownhill.
Evenattheverytopofitsmotion,whentheballstopsrollingupandstartsrollingbackdown,itsvelocityischangingfroma
vectorpointinguptheplanetoonepointingdowntheplane.Heretootheaccelerationpointsdownhill.Throughoutitsentire
motion,theballsaccelerationisnonzeroandpointsdowntheplane.Therefore,answers(1),(2),(4),(5),(6),(7),and(8)
cannotbevalid.
Answer(9)canbevalid,ifwechooseacoordinatesystemsothatthepositivedirectionisdowntheplane.Thismaybean
unusualchoice,butitisvalid.Keepinmindthatcoordinatesystemsarearbitrarymathematicalconstructswedefinetohelp
ussolveproblems;wecanorientthemhoweverwewish.Sincethequestionaskswhichofthegraphscouldrepresentthe
ballsaccelerationvs.time,answer(9)isthebestchoice.
KeyPoints:
Accelerationistherateofchangeofvelocity.
Ifanobjectistravelinginastraightlineandslowingdown,accelerationpointsintheoppositedirectionofitsmotion.If
itisspeedingup,accelerationpointsinthedirectionofmotion.
Positiveandnegativeaccelerationsrefertothedirectionrelativetoacoordinatesystem,nottospeedingupor
slowingdown.
Coordinatesystemsarearbitraryandmaybeorientedhoweverwewish,thoughsomechoicesaremorecommonand
convenientthanothers.
Page2.12
Chapter2
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisfirstoftwosimilarquestionsexploringgraphsofvelocityandacceleration.Werecommendpresentingbothquestions
backtoback,collectinganswersforeach,beforediscussingorrevealinganythingabouteither.(QuestionA3.07issimilar,
andisintendedforusewhenintroducingcurvilinearmotion.Itexplorestheconceptoftangentialacceleration,whichisclose
tomanystudentsintuitiveideaofacceleration.)
Moststudentsgenerallychooseanswer(2),sincetheyassociateslowingdownwithnegativeaccelerationandspeeding
upwithpositiveacceleration.Theinstructormustleadstudentstoexplicitlyarticulatethisidea,andthenconvincethem
thatitisinconsistentwiththedefinitionofacceleration.
Somestudents,especiallythosewhoaretryingtodealwithcoordinateframesandjustslightlymissingthemark,willpick
(1),orperhapsboth(1)and(2).Thesestudentsmaybemoresensitivethanmosttothefactthatthepositivedirectionis
positive.Forthem,choosingdowntobepositivemakes(1)valid.
Answer(9)isalikelychoiceforstudentswhounderstandthattheaccelerationwillnotchangemagnitudeordirection,but
assumethatthepositivedirectionmustbeuptheplane.Others,lessconfidentintheirthinking,willassumethattheyare
wrongandpickoneoftheotheranswers.
Graph(4)isavalidgraphofspeedvs.time,and(5)isavalidgraphofvelocityvs.time.Ifyouarediscussingthetwo
questionsinthesettogether,thisisagoodconnectiontomake.Ifyouhavenotpresented23byet,werecommendnot
emphasizingthispointuntilyouhave.
Graph(6)isthenegativeofthespeed.(7)ispositionvs.timewiththeinitialheightchosenastheorigin,and(8)isposition
vs.timewiththetopmostpointchosenastheorigin.
QuestionA2.04b
Description:Understandingthesignofvelocityandacceleration.
Question
Aballisrolledupaninclinesothatitgoespartwayupandthenrollsbackdown.Whichofthegraphsbelowcouldrepresent
itsvelocityvs.timefromtheinstantitisreleaseduntilitreturnstowhereitstarted?
Page2.13
Chapter2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Page2.14
Chapter2
9.
10.
Noneofthegraphs
Twoormoreofthegraphs
Commentary
Purpose:Tohonetheconceptofvelocity,focusingonitsvectornatureandhowtorepresentitgraphically.
Discussion:Weexpecttheballtoslowdown,changedirection,thenspeedupintheoppositedirection,allwithconstant
acceleration.Therearetwovalidwaysofrepresentingthismotion,thoughonlyoneofthemisshown.Graph(5)showsan
objectmovinginthenegativedirectionbutslowingdown,thenstopping(wherethelinecrossesthetaxis)andspeedingup
inthepositivedirection.Ifwechooseacoordinatesystemsuchthatdownhillispositive,anduphillisnegative,thisisa
possiblegraphforthemotionoftheball.So(5)isadefensibleanswer.
Ifuphillwerechosenasthepositivedirection,thevelocityvs.timegraphwouldbeastraightlinewithanegativeslope,
startingabovethetaxisandendingbelowit.Thischoiceisnotincludedamongtheanswers.
Graph(1)depictsaballthattravelsuptheinclinewithconstantvelocity,andthensuddenlyandinstantaneouslyreverses.
Thisgraphwouldbemoreappropriateforaballthatrollsalongahorizontalfloorandthenreboundsoffofawall.(2)isthe
same,butwithpositiveandnegativedirectionsreversed,asifdownhillwerechosenasthepositivedirection.
Graph(4)isavalidrepresentationofspeedvs.time,butnotofvelocityvs.time.Sincethefunctiondepictedisalways
positiveexceptfortheinflectionpoint,theobjectwouldalwaysbemovinginthesamedirection.Thisgraphmightrepresent
acarthatslowsdown,stopsmomentarilyatanintersection,andthenspeedsupagaininthesamedirectionasbefore.
Graph(6)cannotbespeedvs.timeforanycoordinatesystem:speedisnevernegative.Aswith(4),itcouldrepresentacar
slowingandstoppingmomentarilyatanintersectionandtheproceedinginthesamedirection,ifthecarweretravelinginthe
negativedirectionofourcoordinatesystemfortheentiretime.
Notethataccelerationvs.timeistheslopeofvelocityvs.time.Forgraph(5),theslopeisconstantandpositiveatalltimes,
sothecorrespondinggraphofaccelerationvs.timemustbeaconstant,positivevalue,suchasgraph(3).
KeyPoints:
Thesignofanobjectsvelocityindicateswhetheritismovinginthepositiveornegativedirectionasdefinedbya
chosencoordinatesystem.Themagnitudeindicatestheobjectsspeed.
Ifanobjectexperiencesconstantacceleration,itsvelocityvs.timegraphmustbeastraightlinewhoseslopeequalsthe
valueofacceleration.
Thereisnoonerightcoordinatesystemforasituationorproblem.Forconvenienceandoutofhabit,wegenerally
Page2.15
Chapter2
choosethepositivedirectiontobeupwardortotheright,butthatisnotnecessary.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisfirstoftwosimilarquestionsexploringgraphsofvelocityandacceleration.Werecommendpresentingbothquestions
backtoback,collectinganswersforeach,beforediscussingorrevealinganythingabouteither.(QuestionA3.07issimilar,
andisintendedforusewhenintroducingcurvilinearmotion.Itexplorestheconceptoftangentialacceleration,whichisclose
tomanystudentsintuitiveideaofacceleration.)
Mostlikely,themajorityofyourstudentswillselectanswer(9):Noneofthegraphs.Theyaremostlikelylookingfora
graphthatbeginswithapositivevalueofvelocityslopingdowntoanegativevalueattheend,becausetheyareusingthe
conventionthatupispositive.Aprimaryobjectiveofthisquestionistohelpthemappreciatethatthisismerelyachoice,
notanecessity.Ifdownischosentobepositive,then(5)isavalidchoice,andthequestionaskswhichofthegraphscould
representtheballsvelocityvs.time.
Studentsshouldnotbeexpectedtoknowthattheballwillslowdowngoingupandspeeduprollingbackdown,ratherthan
instantaneouslyreversingdirection.Changesinspeedaredifficulttodetectinreallifeobservation,andstudentswhohave
nevertakenphysicsbeforemaynotrealizetheballisinfactslowingdownasitrollsuptheincline.Ifanystudentschoose
answers(1)or(2)forthisreason,itisimportanttoconfirmthattheyarecorrectlyrepresentingtheirphysicalmodelofthe
situationgraphically,thoughtheirphysicalintuitionneedsrefinement.Simplysayingthoseanswersarewrongrisks
confusingsuchstudentstheymightthinktheywerewrongforthewrongreason.
QuestionA2.05a
Description:Honingtheconceptofposition.
Question
Ralphwalks3mtotheleftin2seconds,then4mtotherightin3seconds.Next,hestopsfor3seconds,andfinallywalks5
mtotheleftin4seconds.
Ralphsfinalpositionisclosestto:
1.
0m
2.
2m
3.
4m
4.
6m
Page2.16
Chapter2
5.
8m
6.
10m
7.
12m
8.
14m
9.
Thenegativeofoneofthechoicesabove
10.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofposition.
Discussion:Anobjectspositionisitslocationrelativetoacoordinatesystem.WeknowalotaboutthemotionofRalph,
butwedonotknowhisposition,becausewedonotknowwheretoplacetheoriginofthecoordinatesystem.Inotherwords,
wedonotknowRalphsinitialposition.Itistempting,butunjustified,toassumethathebeginsattheorigin.
Also,thequestiondoesnotdefinewhichdirectionispositive.EvenifthequestiontoldusthatRalphbeganattheorigin,
wewouldnotknowwhetherheendedupat4umor4m.Positivetotherightisaconventionweusewhendrawinggraphs
onpaper,butdoesnotnecessarilydescribethecoordinatesystemofRalphsworld.
KeyPoints:
Anobjectspositionisitslocationrelativetoanorigin.
Theoriginofacoordinatesystemisnotnecessarilyanobjectsstartingpoint.
Knowingchangesinpositionisnotenoughtodeterminefinalpositionunlessweknowtheinitialpositionaswell.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdistinguishandrelateposition,distancetraveled,and
displacement.
Studentschoosinganswer(3)aremostlikelyassumingRalphbeginsattheorigin.Studentschoosinganswer(9)maybe
doingthesame,andassumingthatleftmeansinthenegativedirection.
Tohelpstudentsunderstandwhyanobjectsstartingpositionmightnotalwaysbeattheorigin,askhowtheywoulddescribe
asituationwithtwoindividualsbeginningindifferentplaces.
QuestionA2.05b
Page2.17
Chapter2
Description:Honingtheconceptofdistancetraveled.
Question
Ralphwalks3mtotheleftin2seconds,then4mtotherightin3seconds.Next,hestopsfor3seconds,andfinallywalks5
mtotheleftin4seconds.
ThedistanceRalphtravelsisclosestto:
1.
0m
2.
2m
3.
4m
4.
6m
5.
8m
6.
10m
7.
12m
8.
14m
9.
Thenegativeofoneofthechoicesabove
10.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofdistancetraveled.
Discussion:Thedistancetraveledbysomeoneisnothowfarthepersonendsupfromhisoriginallocation,butthetotal
amountofdistancecoveredduringtheprocessofmoving.Ifyouwalkfromhometothestoreandthenbackagain,your
distancetraveledistwicethedistancetothestore,eventhoughyouendupwhereyoustarted.Whendrivingacar,the
distancetraveledisthechangeinodometerreading.
Weoftencallthisthetotaldistancetraveled,justtobeclear.
Inthiscase,Ralphwalks3m,then4m,andfinally5m,foratotalof12m.Directiondoesnotmatter,nordoeshisstarting
position.
KeyPoints:
Thedistancetraveledisthetotaldistancemovedduringaspecifiedprocess.Itisthesumofthedistancestraveled
duringeachlegofatrip.
Page2.18
Chapter2
Thedistancetraveledisalwayspositive.Directiondoesnotmatter.
Thedistancetraveleddependsonthepathtakenbetweentwopoints,butitdoesnotdependonhowlongittakesto
complete.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdistinguishandrelateposition,distancetraveled,and
displacement.
Studentswhochooseanswer(3)arelikelydeterminingthedisplacement,oritsmagnitude,ratherthanthedistancetraveled.
Theymaythinkofthisasthenetdistancetraveled.
Studentschoosinganswer(9)maybedeterminingthedisplacementandassumingpositiveistotheright,orapplyingsome
kindofsignconventiontothedistance,orperhapsadifferenterror.
QuestionA2.05c
Description:Honingtheconceptofdisplacement.
Question
Ralphwalks3mtotheleftin2seconds,then4mtotherightin3seconds.Next,hestopsfor3seconds,andfinallywalks5
mtotheleftin4seconds.
Ralphsdisplacementisclosestto:
1.
0m
2.
2m
3.
4m
4.
6m
5.
8m
6.
10m
7.
12m
8.
14m
9.
Thenegativeofoneofthechoicesabove
10.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Page2.19
Chapter2
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofdisplacement.
Discussion:Anobjectsdisplacementisthechangeinitsposition:finalpositionminusinitialposition.Ithasdirection
associatedwithit,anddoesnotdependonthepathtakenbetweentheinitialandfinalpointsoronthetimeinterval.
Mathematically,ifxdescribesanobjectsposition,werepresentitsdisplacementas x .
Ralphendsup4mtotheleftofhisoriginalposition,sohisdisplacementis4m,left.Ifthepositivedirectionischosento
betotheleft,then4m(answer3)isacceptable;ifpositiveischosentobetotheright,then4m(answer9)is
acceptable.
KeyPoints:
Anobjectsdisplacementisthechangeinitsposition.
Displacementhasadirectionassociatedwithit,representedbythesignofthedisplacement(positiveornegative)inone
dimensionandbyavectordirectionintwoormoredimensions.
Displacementdoesnotdependonhowtheobjectgetsfromtheinitialtothefinalpoint.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthethirdofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdistinguishandrelateposition,distancetraveled,and
displacement.
Studentsmightnotlikethattherearetwoacceptableanswers,andthatthecorrectnessdependsontheassumptionmadeabout
thepositivedirection.
QuestionA2.06a
Description:Honingtheconceptdisplacement,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasrepresentedbelow.
Whichpeoplehavethesamedisplacement?
1.
None;theyallhavedifferentdisplacements.
2.
AmyandBrad
Page2.20
Chapter2
3.
AmyandCate
4.
BradandCate
5.
Allthreearethesame.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofdisplacement.
Discussion:Displacementisthechangeinposition.Theintermediatepathdoesnotmatter,buttheoveralldirectiondoes.
Amystartsatx=1mandendsatx=+2m,foradisplacementof3m.Bradstartsatx=2mandendsatx=+1m,fora
displacementof+3m.Catestartsatx=+1mandendsatx=2m,foradisplacementof3m.
So,eventhoughAmyandBradhavecompletelydifferentpaths,andalsostartandendatdifferentpoints,eachpersons
positionchangesby3minthepositivedirection,sotheyhavethesamedisplacement.
KeyPoints:
Displacementxisthechangeinposition,x=xfinalxinitial.
Displacementhasamagnitudeandadirection.Inonedimension,apositiveornegativesignindicatesdirection.Intwoor
moredimensions,weuseavector.
Displacementdoesnotdependuponthedetailsofthemotionbetweentwopoints,orwheretheyarerelativetotheorigin.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
Studentswhochooseanswer(5)areprobablyconsideringonlythemagnitudeofthedisplacement.
Studentswhochooseanswer(1)mightbeconfusingdisplacementwithdistancetraveledorwithfinalposition,orotherwise
takingthepathtraveledintoaccount.
(BradandCatebothhavethesamedistancetraveled3mthoughinoppositedirections.Amytravelsalongertotal
distanceforthesamemagnitudeofdisplacement.)
Dependingonhowmuchexperiencestudentshaveworkingwithgraphicalrepresentations,studentsmayhavedifficulty
interpretingthesepositionvs.timegraphs.(Themoretroubletheyhave,themoretheyneedtowrestlewiththis!)Theymight
thinktheydepictactualtwodimensionalpaths(yvs.x)asseenfromabove.StudentswhothinkthismightstillchooseAmy
Page2.21
Chapter2
andBradashavingthesamedisplacement.Aquestionspecificallyaskingstudentstocomputethedisplacementorthe
distancetraveledwillhelpteasethisapart.
QuestionA2.06b
Description:Honingtheconceptofdisplacement,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasshownbelow.
Whichpeoplehavethelargestdisplacement?
1.
onlyAmy
2.
onlyBrad
3.
onlyCate
4.
AmyandBrad
5.
AmyandCate
6.
BradandCate
7.
Allarethesame
8.
Impossibletodetermine
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofdisplacement.
Discussion:Displacementisthechangeinposition.Theintermediatepathdoesnotmatter,buttheoveralldirectiondoes.
Amystartsatx=1mandendsatx=+2m,foradisplacementof+3m.Bradstartsatx=2mandendsatx=+1m,fora
displacementof+3m.Catestartsatx=+1mandendsatx=2m,foradisplacementof3m.
Thus,assumingthatlargestreferstothemagnitudeofthedisplacement,allthreehavethesamemagnitudeof3m.
KeyPoints:
Displacementxisthechangeinposition,x=xfinalxinitial.
Displacementdoesnotdependuponthedetailsofthemotionbetweentwopoints,orwheretheyarerelativetotheorigin.
Page2.22
Chapter2
Thelargestofasetofnumbersusuallyreferstotheonewiththegreatestmagnitude,whilethegreatestusuallyrefers
tothemostpositiveorleastnegative(i.e.,theonefarthesttowardsthepositiveendofthenumberline).Peoplearenot
alwaysconsistentaboutthis,however.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
AmyandCateendupfarthestfromtheorigin,each2maway,withAmyatapositivepositionandCateatanegative
position.Studentswhochooseanswers(1)or(5)couldbeconfusingdisplacementwithpositionormagnitudeofposition.
AmyandBradhavethesamepositivedisplacement.Studentswhochooseanswer(4)areperhapsthinkingthat+3islarger
than3.(Wetypicallyinterpretlargest,smallest,largerthan,andsmallerthanasreferringtomagnitudeand
greatest,least,greaterthan,andlessthanasreferringtorelativepositionalonganumberline.So,forexample,3is
lessthanbutalsolargerthan+1.)
Amywalksthefarthestdistance.Studentswhochooseanswer(1)mightthinkthattheyarebeingaskedforthedistance
traveled.
Studentsunaccustomedtopositiontimegraphsmayinterpretthegraphlinesastwodimensionalpathsoryvs.xtrajectories.
Withthisinterpretation,allthreepeoplestillhavethesamemagnitudesofdisplacement.Youcandeterminewhetherthis
mistakeisoccurringbyaskingstudentsduringpostquestiondiscussionwhatnumericalvalueofthedisplacementthey
found.Iftheysaythatthedisplacementsareallabout7mlong,thentheyareprobablyinterpretingthesegraphsasyvs.x
insteadofxvs.t.
QuestionA2.06c
Description:Honingtheconceptofdistancetraveled,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasshownbelow.
Amysdistancetraveledisclosestto:
1.
1m
2.
3m
3.
5m
4.
7m
Page2.23
Chapter2
5.
9m
6.
11m
7.
13m
8.
15m
9.
17m
10.
Exactlyhalfwaybetweentwoofthevaluesabove
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofdistancetraveled.
Discussion:Thedistancetraveledbyanobjectisthetotallengthofthepathfollowed.Itisanonnegativenumber,withno
directionassociatedwithit.Thedistanceacartravelsistheincreaseinitsodometerreading.
Amystartsatx=1mandfirstwalkstox=+2m,adistanceof3m.Thenshewalkstox=+1m,adistanceof1m.Next,she
standsstillatx=+1mfor2seconds.Finally,shewalksbacktox=+2m,adistanceof1m.Thus,thetotaldistancetraveled
is3+1+0+1=5m.
Notethatthesegraphsarenotyvs.x,butpositionxvs.timet.Thesepeoplearewalkingalongasinglestraightline,andthe
coordinatealongthisstraightlineisx.Thisrepresentationisusefulandcommon,soyoushouldmakesureyouunderstandit.
BradandCatetraveleachtravelatotaldistanceof3m.
KeyPoints:
Distancetraveledreferstothetotallengthofthepathfollowedbyanobject.Itisamagnitudewithnosignor
direction.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
Studentswhochooseanswer(5)orperhaps(6)maybeinterpretingthegraphsasyvs.x(topviews).Ifthegraphdidshowy
vs.x,Amysdistancetraveledwouldbeabout9.8m(andherdisplacementisabout6.7m).
QuestionA2.06d
Description:Honingtheconceptofaveragespeed,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Page2.24
Chapter2
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasshownbelow.
Whichpeoplehavethesameaveragespeedduringthetimeperiodshown?
1.
None;theyallhavedifferentaveragespeeds.
2.
AmyandBrad
3.
AmyandCate
4.
BradandCate
5.
Allthreearethesame.
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingofaveragespeed.
Discussion:Theaveragespeedisthetotaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltimeneededtotravelthatdistance.Direction
doesnotmatter.
Thetimeperiodisthesameforallthreepeople,sowecanfocusontotaldistancetraveled.Iftwopeopletravelthesame
distance,theymusthavethesameaveragespeed.
Amytravels5min6seconds.BradandCatetravel3min6seconds,eventhoughitisinoppositedirectionsandwith
completelydifferentpatternofspeeds.Thus,BradandCatehavethesameaveragespeed.
KeyPoints:
Anobjectsaveragespeedisthetotaldistanceittravelsdividedbythetotaltimeitistraveling.
Averagespeedisnotthemagnitudeofaveragevelocity!
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
Studentswhoanswer(1)maybeinterpretingthesegraphsasyvs.x,sincewiththatinterpretationallthreehavedifferentpath
lengths.
Studentswhoanswer(5)maybefindingthemagnitudeoftheaveragevelocity,sincethatisthesameforallthreepeople(0.5
m/s).
Page2.25
Chapter2
Studentsarelikelytocomputenumericalvaluesfortheaveragespeeds,notrealizingthatsincethetimesarethesamethey
canfocusonlyondistancetraveled.Werecommendaskingaboutthisduringdiscussion,sotheymayrealizetheycouldhave
savedthemselvessomeworkbythinkingmore.
Ifstudentsarehavingdifficultywiththis,sketchingspeedvs.timeplotsmayhelp.
Analternativetechniquestudentsmayhavelearnedforcomputingaveragespeedistobreakthetimeperiodintosix1second
intervals,andfindthespeedduringeach.Then,theycanaveragethosesixvalues.(Wedontrecommendthisapproach,asit
obscurestheconceptsunderlyingaveragespeedanddoesntgeneralizeeasilytosituationswithnonconstantvelocity.)
QuestionA2.06e
Description:Honingtheconceptofinstantaneousvelocity,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasshownbelow.
Whichpeoplearemovingtowardtheoriginatt=2s?
1.
None
2.
Amyonly
3.
Bradonly
4.
Cateonly
5.
AmyandBrad
6.
AmyandCate
7.
BradandCate
8.
Allthree
Commentary
Purpose:Tohonetheunderstandingofinstantaneousvelocity,inparticularofitsdirection.
Discussion:Weoftenusepositiveornegativetodescribethedirectionofthevelocity,butpositivedoesnotalways
meanawayfromtheoriginandnegativedoesnotalwaysmeantowardtheorigin.Thesearetrueonlywhenthe
positionispositive.Inthiscase,AmyandCatehavepositivepositionsandnegativevelocitiesatt=2s,sotheyaremoving
Page2.26
Chapter2
towardtheorigin,i.e.,movingtowardx=0.Catereachestheoriginatt=3s.
ButBradisalsomovingtowardx=0.Hispositionisnegativeandhisvelocityispositive.Hereachestheoriginatt=5s.
NotethatAmydoesnotreturntotheoriginafterbeingthereearlier,butthisdoesnotmeansheisnotmovingtowardthe
originatt=2s.Ifshehadcontinuedtowalkat1/2m/s,shewouldhavereachedtheoriginatt=5s,butinsteadshestopsat
t=3sandthenstartstomoveawayfromtheoriginatt=5s.
KeyPoints:
Formotioninonedimension,apositivevelocityisawayfromtheoriginifthepositionispositiveandtowardsthe
originifthepositionisnegative.(Viceversaforanegativevelocity.)
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
Answer(6)canbesurprisinglycommon:studentsoftenassumethatpeopleareonthepositivesideofanorigin,evenifit
mightseemobvioustoyouthatsomeareandsomearent.
Studentswhochooseanswer(7)or(4)maybethinkingthatAmyisntmovingtowardstheoriginbecauseshedoesnt
actuallyreachit;theyareusingadifferentinterpretationofmovingtowards.
Studentschoosinganswer(2)maybeconfusingoriginwithoriginalposition.
Forfollowupdiscussion,youcanaskadditionalquestionssuchasWhichpeoplehaveapositivevelocityatt=4s?
QuestionA2.06f
Description:Honingtheconceptofspeed,andlinkingtographicalrepresentations.
Question
Amy,Brad,andCatearewalking(orrunning)alongastraightlineasshownbelow.
Duringwhich1secondtimeperiod(s)arethereatleasttwopeoplewiththesamespeed?
1. 01s
2. 12s
Page2.27
Chapter2
3. 23s
4. 34s
5. 45s
6. 56s
7. Noneofthetimeintervals
8. Twoofthetimeintervals
9. Threeofthetimeintervals
10.
Fourormoreofthetimeintervals
Commentary
Purpose:Tohoneyourunderstandingof(instantaneous)speed.
Discussion:Thespeedisthemagnitudeofvelocity,anddoesnothaveadirectionassociatedwithit.Anobjectsspeedisthe
rateatwhichitspositionischangingataparticularinstantoftimehowfastitismovingatthatinstant.
Onagraphofpositionvs.time,velocityistheslope,andastraightlinemeansthatthevelocityisconstant.So,forinstance,
duringthefirstsecond,Amyrunsfromx=1mtox=+2m,adisplacementof+3min1second,foravelocityof+3m/s.
Then,duringthenext2seconds,Amywalksfromx=+2mtox=+1m,adisplacementof1m,foravelocityof1/2m/s
duringthat2secondtimeinterval.Meanwhile,Bradhasavelocityof1/2m/sduringthefirst2seconds,soheandAmy
havethesamespeedfromt=1suntilt=2s.
Duringeach1secondtimeinterval,eachpersonsspeedisconstant,sowecancomparethesespeedstoanswerthequestion.
Duringthreeofthetimeintervals,twopeoplehavethesamespeed:(1)fromt=1stot=2s,bothAmyandBradaremoving
atthesamespeedof1/2m/s,thoughinoppositedirections;(2)fromt=4stot=5s,AmyandCatearemovingatthesame
speed,i.e.,theyarebothnotmoving,sotheirspeediszero;and(3)fromt=5stot=6s,AmyandBradareagainmovingat
thesamespeed,thoughthistimeitis1m/s.
KeyPoints:
Speedisthemagnitudeofvelocity.
Twoobjectscanhavethesamespeedbutdifferentvelocities,iftheyaremovingindifferentdirections.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisoneofsixquestionsaboutthisgraph.Youdonotneedtousethemall,orinanyparticularorder.
Page2.28
Chapter2
Studentswhoanswer(8),twotimeintervals,andclaimthatthetwointervalsare01sand23saremaybeconfusingposition
withspeed,orinterpretingthegraphasvelocityvstime.Duringtheseintervals,twopeoplecrosspaths.Studentswho
interprettheplotasvelocityvs.timemayalsohavetroubleidentifyingintervals,sinceifthisweresuchagraphAmyand
Catehavethesamespeedattheinstantst=3sandt=6s.
Studentschoosinganswer(8)forintervals45sand56smaybeconsideringthedirectionofthevelocityaswellasits
magnitude,ormaysimplyhaveoverlookedthatinterval.Discussionshouldrevealthis.
Studentsomittinginterval45smaybethinking,explicitlyorimplicitly,thatzeroisnotaspeed.
Askingstudentstoconstructasketchofspeedvs.timemayhelpthemsortouttheideashere.
QUICKQUIZZES
1.
(a) 200yd
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) 8.00yd/s
2.
(a) False.Thecarmaybeslowingdown,sothatthedirectionofitsaccelerationisoppositethedirectionofits
velocity.
(b) True.Ifthevelocityisinthedirectionchosenasnegative,apositiveaccelerationcausesadecreaseinspeed.
(c) True.Foranacceleratingparticletostopatall,thevelocityandaccelerationmusthaveoppositesigns,sothatthe
speedisdecreasing.Ifthisisthecase,theparticlewilleventuallycometorest.Iftheaccelerationremains
constant,however,theparticlemustbegintomoveagain,oppositetothedirectionofitsoriginalvelocity.Ifthe
particlecomestorestandthenstaysatrest,theaccelerationhasbecomezeroatthemomentthemotionstops.This
isthecaseforabrakingcartheaccelerationisnegativeandgoestozeroasthecarcomestorest.
3.
Thevelocityvs.timegraph(a)hasaconstantpositiveslope,indicatingaconstantpositiveacceleration,whichis
representedbytheaccelerationvs.timegraph(e).
Graph(b)representsanobjectwhosespeedalwaysincreases,anddoessoataneverincreasingrate.Thus,the
accelerationmustbeincreasing,andtheaccelerationvs.timegraphthatbestindicatesthisbehavioris(d).
Graph(c)depictsanobjectwhichfirsthasavelocitythatincreasesataconstantrate,whichmeansthattheobjects
accelerationisconstant.Themotionthenchangestooneatconstantspeed,indicatingthattheaccelerationofthe
objectbecomeszero.Thus,thebestmatchtothissituationisgraph(f).
4.
(b).Accordingtographb,therearesomeinstantsintimewhentheobjectissimultaneouslyattwodifferentx
coordinates.Thisisphysicallyimpossible.
5.
(a) ThebluegraphofFigure2.14bbestshowsthepuckspositionasafunctionoftime.AsseeninFigure2.14a,the
Page2.29
Chapter2
distancethepuckhastraveledgrowsatanincreasingrateforapproximatelythreetimeintervals,growsatasteady
rateforaboutfourtimeintervals,andthengrowsatadiminishingrateforthelasttwointervals.
(b) TheredgraphofFigure2.14cbestillustratesthespeed(distancetraveledpertimeinterval)ofthepuckasa
functionoftime.Itshowsthepuckgainingspeedforapproximatelythreetimeintervals,movingatconstantspeed
foraboutfourtimeintervals,thenslowingtorestduringthelasttwointervals.
(c) ThegreengraphofFigure2.14dbestshowsthepucksaccelerationasafunctionoftime.Thepuckgainsvelocity
(positiveacceleration)forapproximatelythreetimeintervals,movesatconstantvelocity(zeroacceleration)for
aboutfourtimeintervals,andthenlosesvelocity(negativeacceleration)forroughlythelasttwotimeintervals.
6.
(e).Theaccelerationoftheballremainsconstantwhileitisintheair.Themagnitudeofitsaccelerationisthefree
fallacceleration,g=9.80m/s2.
7.
(c).Asittravelsupward,itsspeeddecreasesby9.80m/sduringeachsecondofitsmotion.Whenitreachesthe
peakofitsmotion,itsspeedbecomeszero.Astheballmovesdownward,itsspeedincreasesby9.80m/seach
second.
8.
(a)and(f).Thefirstjumperwillalwaysbemovingwithahighervelocitythanthesecond.Thus,inagiventime
interval,thefirstjumpercoversmoredistancethanthesecond,andtheseparationdistancebetweenthem
increases.Atanygiveninstantoftime,thevelocitiesofthejumpersaredefinitelydifferent,becauseonehada
headstart.Inatimeintervalafterthisinstant,however,eachjumperincreaseshisorhervelocitybythesame
amount,becausetheyhavethesameacceleration.Thus,thedifferenceinvelocitiesstaysthesame.
ANSWERSTOMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONS
1.
Oncethearrowhasleftthebow,ithasaconstantdownwardaccelerationequaltothefreefallacceleration,g.
Takingupwardasthepositivedirection,theelapsedtimerequiredforthevelocitytochangefromaninitialvalueof
15.0m/supward(0=+15.0m/s)toavalueof8.00m/sdownwardward(f=8.00m/s)isgivenby
v f v0
8.00 m s 15.0 m s
v
2.35s
a
g
9.80 m s2
Thus,thecorrectchoiceis(d).
2.
Themaximumheight(where=0)reachedbyafreelyfallingobjectshotupwardwithaninitialvelocity0=+225
2
2
m/sisfoundfrom v v0 2a y as
Page2.30
Chapter2
y max
0 v 0
2
2 g
0 225 m s
2 9.80 m s2
2.58 103 m
1
2
gt 2 and
obtainingthelargestofthetwosolutionstotheresultingquadraticequation:
6.20 102 m 225 m s t
1
9.80 m s 2 t 2
2
or
225 m s
225 m s 2
4 4.90 m s 2
2 4.90 m s2
6.20 10 2 m
Thederivationoftheequationsofkinematicsforanobjectmovinginonedimension(Equations2.6,2.9,and2.10
inthetextbook)wasbasedontheassumptionthattheobjecthadaconstantacceleration.Thus,(b)isthecorrect
answer.Anobjecthavingconstantaccelerationwouldhaveconstantvelocityonlyifthataccelerationhadavalue
ofzero,so(a)isnotanecessarycondition.Thespeed(magnitudeofthevelocity)willincreaseintimeonlyin
caseswhenthevelocityisinthesamedirectionastheconstantacceleration,so(c)isnotacorrectresponse.An
objectprojectedstraightupwardintotheairhasaconstantacceleration.Yetitsposition(altitude)doesnotalways
increaseintime(iteventuallystartstofallbackdownward)norisitsvelocityalwaysdirecteddownward(the
directionoftheconstantacceleration).Thus,neither(d)nor(e)canbecorrect.
4.
2
Thebowlingpinhasaconstantdownwardacceleration a g 9.80 m s whileinflight.Thevelocityof
thepinisdirectedupwardontheupwardpartofitsflightandisdirecteddownwardasitfallsbacktowardthe
jugglershand.Thus,only(d)isatruestatement.
Page2.31
Chapter2
5.
Theinitialvelocityofthecaris0=0andthevelocityattimetis.Theconstantaccelerationisthereforegivenby
a v t v v0 t v 0 t v t andtheaveragevelocityofthecaris
v v v0 2 v 0 2 v 2 Thedistancetraveledintimetis x v t vt 2 Inthespecialcasewhere
a 0 andhencev v0 0 , weseethatstatements(a),(b),(c),and(d)areallcorrect.However,inthegeneral
case(a0,andhence v 0)onlystatements(b)and(c)aretrue.Statement(e)isnottrueineithercase.
6.
Wetakedownwardasthepositivedirectionwithy=0andt=0atthetopofthecliff.Thefreelyfallingpebblethen
has v0 0 anda=g=+9.8ms2.Thedisplacementofthepebbleatt=1.0sisgiven:y1=4.9m.Thedisplacement
ofthepebbleatt=3.0sisfoundfrom
y3 v0 t
1 2
1
at 0
9.8 m s2
2
2
3.0 s 2 44m
Thedistancefalleninthe2.0sintervalfromt=1.0stot=3.0sisthen
y y3 y1 44m 4.9m 39m
andchoice(c)isseentobethecorrectanswer.
7.
Inapositionvs.timegraph,thevelocityoftheobjectatanypointintimeistheslopeofthelinetangenttothe
graphatthatinstantintime.Thespeedoftheparticleatthispointintimeissimplythemagnitude(orabsolute
value)ofthevelocityatthisinstantintime.Thedisplacementoccurringduringatimeintervalisequaltothe
differenceinxcoordinatesatthefinalandinitialtimesoftheinterval ( x x t f x ti ) .
Theaveragevelocityduringatimeintervalistheslopeofthestraightlineconnectingthepointsonthecurve
correspondingtotheinitialandfinaltimesoftheinterval [ v x t ( x f xi ) (t f ti )] Thus,weseehow
thequantitiesinchoices(a),(e),(c),and(d)canallbeobtainedfromthegraph.Onlytheacceleration,choice(b),
cannotbeobtainedfromthepositionvs.timegraph.
8.
Theelevatorstartsfromrest(0=0)andreachesaspeedof=6m/safterundergoingadisplacementofy=30
2
2
m.Theaccelerationmaybefoundusingthekinematicsequation v v0 2a y as
Page2.32
Chapter2
v2 v02
6 m s 0 0.6 m s2
2 y
2 30m
2
Thus,thecorrectchoiceis(c).
9.
Thedistanceanobjectmovingatauniformspeedof=8.5m/swilltravelduringatimeintervalof
t 1 1 000s 1.0 10 3 s isgivenby
Onceeitherballhasleftthestudentshand,itisafreelyfallingbodywithaconstantaccelerationa=g(taking
upwardaspositive).Therefore,choice(e)cannotbetrue.Theinitialvelocitiesoftheredandblueballsaregivenby
viR v0 andviB v0 respectively.Thevelocityofeitherballwhenithasadisplacementfromthelaunch
2
2
pointofy=h(wherehistheheightofthebuilding)isfoundfrom v vi 2 a y asfollows:
2 2a y
vR viR
R
v0 2
2 g h v02 2 gh
2 2 a y
vB viB
B
v0 2
2 g h v02 2 gh
and
Notethatthenegativesignwaschosenfortheradicalinbothcasessinceeachballismovinginthedownward
directionimmediatelybeforeitreachestheground.Fromthis,weseethatchoice(c)istrue.Also,thespeedsofthe
twoballsjustbeforehittingthegroundare
vR v02 2 gh
v02 2 gh v0
and
v B v02 2 gh
v02 2 gh v0
Therefore, vR v B ,sobothchoices(a)and(b)arefalse.However,weseethatbothfinalspeedsexceedthe
initialspeedorchoice(d)istrue.Thecorrectanswertothisquestionisthen(c)and(d).
11.
Atgroundlevel,thedisplacementoftherockfromitslaunchpointisy=hwherehistheheightofthetowerand
Page2.33
Chapter2
2
2
upwardhasbeenchosenasthepositivedirection.From v v0 2a y thespeedoftherockjustbefore
hittingthegroundisfoundtobe
v v02 2 a y
v02 2 g h
12 m s 2
2 9.8 m s2
40.0m
30 m s
Choice(b)isthereforethecorrectresponsetothisquestion.
12.
Oncetheballhasleftthethrowershand,itisafreelyfallingbodywithaconstant,nonzero,accelerationofa=g
Sincetheaccelerationoftheballisnotzeroatanypointonitstrajectory,choices(a)through(d)areallfalseand
thecorrectresponseis(e).
ANSWERSTOEVENNUMBEREDCONCEPTUALQUESTIONS
2.
Yes.Zerovelocitymeansthattheobjectisatrest.Iftheobjectalsohaszeroacceleration,thevelocityisnot
changingandtheobjectwillcontinuetobeatrest.
4.
No.Theycanbeusedonlywhentheaccelerationisconstant.Yes.Zeroisaconstant.
6.
(a)
IntheFigure,theimagesarefartherapartforeachsuccessivetimeinterval.Theobjectismovingtowardthe
rightandspeedingup.Thismeansthattheaccelerationispositivein(c).
(b)
InFigure(a),thefirstfourimagesshowanincreasingdistancetraveledeachtimeintervalandthereforea
positiveacceleration.However,afterthefourthimage,thespacingisdecreasingshowingthattheobjectis
nowslowingdown(orhasnegativeacceleration).
(c)
InFigure(b),theimagesareequallyspacedshowingthattheobjectmovedthesamedistanceineachtime
interval.Hence,thevelocityisconstantin(b).
8.
(a)
Atthemaximumheight,theballismomentarilyatrest.(Thatis,ithaszerovelocity.)Theacceleration
remainsconstant,withmagnitudeequaltothefreefallaccelerationganddirecteddownward.Thus,even
thoughthevelocityismomentarilyzero,itcontinuestochange,andtheballwillbegintogainspeedinthe
downwarddirection.
(b)
Theaccelerationoftheballremainsconstantinmagnitudeanddirectionthroughouttheballsfreeflight,
fromtheinstantitleavesthehanduntiltheinstantjustbeforeitstrikestheground.Theaccelerationis
directeddownwardandhasamagnitudeequaltothefreefallaccelerationg.
10.
(a)
Successiveimagesonthefilmwillbeseparatedbyaconstantdistanceiftheballhasconstantvelocity.
Page2.34
Chapter2
(b)
Startingattherightmostimage,theimageswillbegettingclosertogetherasonemovestowardtheleft.
(c)
Startingattherightmostimage,theimageswillbegettingfartherapartasonemovestowardtheleft.
(d)
Asonemovesfromlefttoright,theballswillfirstgetfartherapartineachsuccessiveimage,thencloser
togetherwhentheballbeginstoslowdown.
PROBLEMSOLUTIONS
2.1
Weassumethatyouareapproximately2mtallandthatthenerveimpulsetravelsatuniformspeed.Theelapsed
timeisthen
2.2
x
2m
2 10 2 s 0.02s
v
100 m s
8
Atconstantspeed, c 3 10 m s thedistancelighttravelsin0.1sis
1mi 1 km
x c t 3 108 m s 0.1s 3 10 7 m
2 10 4 mi
1.609 km
103 m
ComparingthistothediameteroftheEarth,DE,wefind
x
x
3.0 10 7 m
DE
2 RE
2 6.38 106 m
2.3
2.4 (withRE=Earthsradius)
Distancestraveledbetweenpairsofcitiesare
x1 =v1 t1 80.0 km h 0.500h 40.0km
x2 =v2 t2 100 km h 0.200h 20.0km
x3 = v3 t3 40.0 km h 0.750h 30.0km
Thus,thetotaldistancetraveledx=(40.0+20.0+30.0)km=90.0km,andtheelapsedtimeist=0.500h+
0.200+0.750h+0.250h=1.70h).
Page2.35
Chapter2
2.4
x
90.0km
52.9 km h
t
1.70h
(a)
(b)
x=90.0km(seeabove)
(a)
1 yr
x
20 ft
1m
7
2 10 m s
7
t
1 yr 3.281 ft 3.156 10 s
orinparticularlywindytimes,
(b)
Thetimerequiredmusthavebeen
2.5
(a)
1 yr
x
100 ft
1m
6
1 10 m s
7
t
1 yr 3.281 ft 3.156 10 s
x
3 103 mi 1609 m 103 mm
5 108 yr
v
10 mm yr 1 mi
1 m
BoatArequires1.0htocrossthelakeand1.0htoreturn,totaltime2.0h.BoatBrequires2.0htocrossthe
lakeatwhichtimetheraceisover.
BoatAwins,being60kmaheadofBwhentheraceends
(b)
Averagevelocityisthenetdisplacementoftheboatdividedbythetotalelapsedtime.Thewinningboatis
backwhereitstarted,itsdisplacementthusbeingzero,yieldinganaveragevelocityofzero.
2.6
Theaveragevelocityoveranytimeintervalis
(a)
x f xi
x
t
t f ti
x
10.0m 0
5.00 m s
t
2.00s 0
Page2.36
Chapter2
2.7
(b)
x
5.00m 0
1.25 m s
t
4.00s 0
(c)
x
5.00m 10.0m
2 .50 m s
t
4.00s 2.00s
(d)
x
5.00m 5.00m
3.33 m s
t
7.00s 4.00s
(e)
x x1
x
00
2
0
t
t2 t1
8.00s 0
(a)
1h
(b)
Thetotalelapsedtimeis
1h
t 35.0min 15.0min
2.00h 2.84h
60.0min
so,
2.8
x
180km
63.4 km h
t
2.84h
Theaveragevelocityoveranytimeintervalis
(a)
x f xi
x
t
t f ti
x
4.0m 0
4.0 m s
t
1.0s 0
Page2.37
Chapter2
2.9
(b)
x
2 .0m 0
0.50 m s
t
4.0s 0
(c)
x
0 4.0m
1.0 m s
t
5.0s 1.0s
(d)
x
00
0
t
5.0s 0
Theinstantaneousvelocityatanytimeistheslopeofthexvs.tgraphatthat
time.Wecomputethisslopebyusingtwopointsonastraightsegmentofthe
curve,onepointoneachsideofthepointofinterest.
2.10
x 1.0s x t 0
4.0m
4.0 m /s
1.0s
6.0m
4.0 m s
1.5s
0
0
1.5s
2 .0m
2. 0 m /s
1.0s
(a)
v 0.50s
(b)
v 2.0s
(c)
v 3.0s
(d)
v 4.5s
(a)
x
Thetimeforacartomakethetripis t v .Thus,thedifferenceinthetimesforthe
1.0s 0
x 2 .5s x 1.0s
2 .5s 1.0s
x 4.0s x 2 .5s
4.0s 2 .5s
x 5.0s x 4.0s
5.0s 4.0s
twocarstocompletethesame10miletripis
t t1 t2
10mi
x
x
10mi 60min
2.3 min
v1
v2
70 mi h
55 mi h
1h
Page2.38
Chapter2
(b)
Whenthefastercarhasa15.0minlead,itisaheadbyadistanceequaltothattraveledbytheslowercarina
timeof15.0min.Thisdistanceisgivenbyx1=1(t)=(55mi/h)(15min).
Thefastercarpullsaheadoftheslowercaratarateof
relative=70mi/h55mi/h=15mi/h
Thus,thetimerequiredforittogetdistancex1aheadis
t =
x1
vrelative
55 mi h 15min =55min
15.0 mi h
Finally,thedistancethefastercarhastraveledduringthistimeis
1h
x2 =v2 t 70 mi h 55min
64mi
60min
2.11
Thedistancetraveledbythespaceshuttleinoneorbitis
CircumferenceofOrbit 2 r 2 Earthsradius+200miles
2 3963 200 mi 2 .61 10 4 mi
Thus,therequiredtimeis
t
2.12
Circumference
2 .61 10 4 mi
1.32h
averagespeed
19 800 mi h
x1
t 1
(a)
v1
(b)
v2
(c)
vtotal
(d)
ave.speed trip
x2
t 2
L
L t1
t1
L
L t2
t2
x total
t total
x1 x 2
t1 t2
L L
0
0
t1 t2
t1 t2
totaldistancetraveled
t total
x1
Page2.39
x2
t1 t2
L L
t1 t2
2L
t1 t2
Chapter2
2.13
Thetotaltimeforthetripist=t1+22.0min=t1+0.367h,wheret1isthetimespent
travelingat1=89.5km/h.Thus,thedistancetraveledis x v1 t1 v t ,whichgives
x 89.5 km h t1 77.8 km h t1 0.367h 77.8 km h t1 28.5km
or
89.5 km
h 77.8 km h t1 28.5km
(a)
Attheendoftherace,thetortoisehasbeenmovingfortimetandthehareforatimet2.0min=t120s.The
speedofthetortoiseist=0.100m/s,andthespeedofthehareish=20t=2.0m/s.Thetortoisetravels
distancext,whichis0.20mlargerthanthedistancexhtraveledbythehare.Hence,
xt xh 0.20m
whichbecomes
vt t vh t 120s 0.20m
or
0.100 m s t
2 .0 m s t 120s 0.20m
(b)
2.15
Themaximumallowedtimetocompletethetripis
t total
totaldistance
1 600m 1 km h
23.0s
requiredaveragespeed
250 km h 0.278 m s
Page2.40
Chapter2
Thetimespentinthefirsthalfofthetripis
t1
half distance
800m 1 km h
12 .5s
v1
230 km h 0.278 m s
Thus,themaximumtimethatcanbespentonthesecondhalfofthetripis
t 2 t total t1 2.30 s 12.5 s 10.5 s
andtherequiredaveragespeedonthesecondhalfis
v2
2.16
(a)
half distance
800m
76.2 m
t2
10.5s
1 km h
= 274 km h \
0.278 m s
Inorderforthetrailingathletetobeabletocatchtheleader,hisspeed( 1)mustbegreaterthanthatofthe
leadingathlete(2),andthedistancebetweentheleadingathleteandthefinishlinemustbegreatenoughto
givethetrailingathletesufficienttimetomakeupthedeficientdistance,d.
(b)
Duringatimettheleadingathletewilltraveladistanced2=2tandthetrailingathletewilltraveladistance
d1=1t.Onlywhend1=d2+d(wheredistheinitialdistancethetrailingathletewasbehindtheleader)will
thetrailingathletehavecaughttheleader.Requiringthatthisconditionbesatisfiedgivestheelapsedtime
requiredforthesecondathletetoovertakethefirst:
d1 d2 d or v1t v2 t d
giving
v1t v2 t d ort
(c)
d
v1 v2
Inorderforthetrailingathletetobeabletoatleasttieforfirstplace,theinitialdistanceDbetweentheleader
andthefinishlinemustbegreaterthanorequaltothedistancetheleadercantravelinthetimetcalculated
above(i.e.,thetimerequiredtoovertaketheleader).Thatis,wemustrequirethat
v1 v2
D d2 v2 t v2
2.17
or
v2 d
v1 v2
Theinstantaneousvelocityatanytimeistheslopeofthexvs.tgraphat
Page2.41
Chapter2
thattime.Wecomputethisslopebyusingtwopointsonastraight
segmentofthecurve,onepointoneachsideofthepointofinterest.
2.18
(a)
vt 1.00s
10.0m 0
5.00 m s
2 .00s 0
(b)
vt 3.00s
5.00 10.0 m
4.00 2 .00 s
2 .50 m s
(c)
vt 4.50s
5.00 5.00 m
5.00 4.00 s
(d)
vt 7.50s
(a)
Afewtypicalvaluesare
t(s)
x(m)
1.00
5.75
2.0
8.00 7.00 s
5.00 m s
16.0
3.00
35.3
4.00
68.0
5.00
119
6.00
192
(b)
0 5.00m
Wewillusea0.400sintervalcenteredatt=4.00s.Wefindatt=3.80s,x=60.2mandatt=4.20s,x=
76.6.Therefore,
v
x
16.4m
41.0 m / s
t
0.400s
Usingatimeintervalof0.200s,wefindthecorrespondingvaluestobe:att=3.90s,x=64.0mandatt=
4.10s,x=72.2m.Thus,
x
8.20m
41.0 m / s
t
0.200s
Page2.42
Chapter2
Foratimeintervalof0.100s,thevaluesare:att=3.95s,x=66.0m,andatt=4.05s,x=70.1m
Therefore,
(c)
x
4.10m
41.0 m / s
t
0.100s
Att=4.00s,x=68.0m.Thus,forthefirst4.00s,
x
68.0m 0
17.0 m / s
t
4.00s 0
Thisvalueismuchlessthantheinstantaneousvelocityatt=4.00s.
2.19
Chooseacoordinateaxiswiththeoriginattheflagpoleandeastasthepositivedirection.Then,using
x x0 v0 t
1
2
at 2 witha=0foreachrunner,thexcoordinateofeachrunnerattimetis
Whentherunnersmeet,xA=xB,giving4.0mi+(6.0mi/h)t=3.0mi+(5.0mi/h)t,
Or(6.0mi/h+5.0mi/h)t=3.0mi+4.0mi.Thisgivestheelapsedtimewhentheymeetas
7.0mi
0.64h
11.0 mi h
2.20
(a)
Using=0+atwithaninitialvelocityof0=13.0m/sandaconstantaccelerationofa=4.00m/s2,the
velocityafteranelapsedtimeoft=1.00sis
(b)
2
Atanelapsedtimeoft=2.00s, v 13.0 m s 4.00 m s
(c)
2
Whent=2.50s, v 13.0 m s 4.00 m s
2.50s
Page2.43
2.00s
3.00 m s
5.00 m s
Chapter2
4.00s
(d)
2
Att=4.00s, v 13.0 m s 4.00 m s
(e)
Thegraphofvelocityversustimeforthiscanisterisastraightlinepassingthrough13.0m/satt=0and
3.00 m s .
slopingdownward,decreasingby4.00m/sforeachsecondthereafter.
(f)
Ifthecanistersvelocityattimet=0andthevalueofits(constant)accelerationareknown,onecanpredict
thevelocityofthecanisteratanylatertime.
2.21
Theaveragespeedduringatimeintervalis
distancetraveled
t
Duringanyquartermilesegment,thedistancetraveledis
(a)
1mi 5 280ft
1 320ft
4 1mi
Duringthefirstquartermilesegment,Secretariatsaveragespeedwas
v1
1 320ft
52.4 ft s
25.2s
Duringthesecondquartermilesegment,
v2
1 320ft
55.0 ft s
24.0s
Forthethirdquartermileoftherace,
v3
1 320ft
55.5 ft s
23.8s
Forthefourthfinalquartermile,
v4
1 320ft
56.9 ft s
23.2s
andduringthefinalquartermile,
Page2.44
Chapter2
1 320ft
57.4 ft s
23.0s
v5
(b)
a
2.22
vfinal v0
57.4 ft s 0
0.481 ft s2
totalelapsedtime
25.2 24.0 23.8 23.2 23.0 s
Froma=/t,therequiredtimeisseentobe
60.0 mi h 0
v
1g
a
7g
9.80 m s 2
2.23
Froma=/t,wehave t
2.24
(a)
0.447 m s
1 mi h
0.391s
60 55 mi h 0.447 m s 3.7 s .
v
1 mi h
a
0.60 m s 2
Fromt=0tot=5.0s,
v f vi
t f ti
8.0 m s 8.0 m s
5.0s 0
Fromtot=15s,
8.0 m s 8.0 m s
15s 5.0s
1.6 m s 2
andfromt=0tot=20s,
(b)
8.0 m s 8.0 m s
20s 0
0.80 m s 2
Atanyinstant,theinstantaneousaccelerationequalstheslopeofthelinetangenttothe vs.tgraphatthat
pointintime.Att=2.0s,theslopeofthetangentlinetothecurveis0.
Att=10s,theslopeofthetangentlineis 1.6 m s 2 ,andatt=18s,theslopeofthetangentlineis0.
2.25
(a)
v
175 mi h 0
70.0 mi h s
t
2.5s
Page2.45
Chapter2
or
mi 1609m 1 h
a 70.0
31.3 m s2
3 600s
h s
1 mi
Alternatively,
m
1g
a 31.3 2
3.19 g
s 9.80 m s2
(b)
Iftheaccelerationisconstant, x v0 t
x 0
1
2
at 2 :
1
m
2
31.3 2 2.50s 97.8m
2
s
or
2.26
3.281ft
321ft
1m
97.8m
Wechooseeastwardasthepositivedirectionsotheinitialvelocityofthecarisgivenby v0 25.0 m s .
(a)
v v0 at 25.0 m s 0.750 m s2
8.50s
31.4 m s
or
v 31.4 m s eastward
(b)
v v0 at 25.0 m s 0.750 m s2
2.27
8.50s
Choosethedirectionofthecarsmotion(eastward)asthepositivedirection.Then,theinitialvelocityofthecaris
Page2.46
Chapter2
v0 40.0 m s andthefinalvelocity(afteranelapsedtimeof t 3.50s )is v 25.0 m s .
(a)
Thecarsaccelerationis
a
(b)
v v0
v
25.0 m s 40.0 m s
Thedistancetraveledduringthe3.50stimeintervalis
v v0
25.0 m s 40.0 m s
t
3.50s 114m
2
2
x vav t
2.28
v2 v02
a
2 x
2.29
(a)
2.30
0 2 a 220m sothat
2.74 10 5 m s2
2 220m
1g
2.74 105 m s2
2.79 10 4 times g !
9.80 m s2
2 .80 m s v0
8.50s ,
40.0m
x vav t v v0 2 t becomes
whichyields
(b)
10.97 103 m s 2
v0
2
40.0m 2 .80 m s 6.61 m s
8.50s
v v0
2 .80 m s 6.61 m s
0.448 m s2
t
8.50s
(a)
(b)
Theknownquantitiesareinitialvelocity,finalvelocity,anddisplacement.TheKinematics
2
2
Equationthatrelatesthesequantitiestoaccelerationis v f vi 2 a x .
Page2.47
Chapter2
(c)
2.31
2 x
v2f vi2
(e)
Using
(a)
2
2
With v 120 km h , v v0 2a x yields
2 x
30.0 m s 2 20.0 m s 2
(d)
2.32
v 2f vi2
a v t
v2 v02
2 x
2 2.00 10 2 m
,wefindthat t
1.25 m s2
v f vi
v
30.0 m s 20.0 m s
8.00s
a
a
1.25 m s2
120 km h 2 0
0.278 m s
1 km h
2 240m
2.32m /s2
v v0
120 km h 0 0.278 m s 14.4s
.
1 km h
a
2 .32 m s2
(b)
Therequiredtimeis t
(a)
Thetimeforthetrucktoreach20m/s,startingfromrest,isfoundfrom: v v0 at :
tspeed
up
v v0
20 m s 0
10s
a
2 .0 m s2
Thetotaltimeforthetripis
(b)
speed
Thedistancetraveledduringthefirst10sis
x speed
up
v v0
20 m s 0
t
10s 100m
speed
2
2
up
vspeed tspeed
up
up
Thedistancetraveledduringthenext20s(witha=0)is
x constant
speed
Thedistancetraveledinthelast5.0sis
Page2.48
Chapter2
x braking
v f v
0 20 m s
5.0s 50m
tbraking
2
2
vbraking t braking
Thetotaldisplacementisthen
x total
x speed
up
x constant x braking
speed
andtheaveragevelocityfortheentiretripis
vtrip
2.33
(a)
(b)
From
(c)
x total
ttotal
550m
16 m s
35s
v v0
24.0 m s2 0
8.14 m s2
t
2.95s
a v t
,therequiredtimeis t
v f vi
a
20.0 m s 10.0 m s
1.23s .
8.14 m s2
Yes. Foruniformacceleration,thechangeinvelocitygeneratedintimetisgivenby=(t).
Fromthis,itisseenthatdoublingthelengthofthetimeintervaltwillalwaysdoublethechangein
velocity.Amoreprecisewayofstatingthisis:Whenaccelerationisconstant,velocityisalinear
functionoftime.
2.34
(a)
Thetimerequiredtostoptheplaneis
(b)
v v0
0 100 m s
20.0 s
a
5.00 m s2
Theminimumdistanceneededtostopis
v v0
t
x v t
0 100 m s
20.0s
1000m
1.00km
Thus,theplanerequiresaminimumrunwaylengthof1.00km.
Itcannotlandsafelyona0.800kmrunway.
2.35
Wechoosex=0andt=0atlocationofSuescarwhenshefirstspotsthevanandappliesthebrakes.Then,the
Page2.49
Chapter2
initialconditionsforSuescarx0S=0areand v0 S 30.0 m s .Herconstantaccelerationfor
t 0is aS 2.00 m s2 .Theinitialconditionsforthevanare x0V 155m, v0V 5.00 m s andits
constantaccelerationis aV 0 .Wethenuse x x x0 v0 t
1
2
at 2 towriteanequationforthex
coordinateofeachvehiclefor t 0 .Thisgives
SuesCar:
xS 0 30.0 m s t
1
2.00 m s2 t 2 or xS 30.0 m s t 1.00 m s2 t 2
2
Van:
xV 155m 5.00 m s t
1
0 t 2 or xV 155m 5.00 m s t
2
Usingthequadraticformulayields
25.00 m s
25.00 m s 2
2 1.00 m
4 1.00 m s 2 155m
s2
13.6sor 11.4s
xcollision xS
2.36
t 11.4s
xV
t 11.4s
Thevelocityattheendofthefirstintervalis
Page2.50
Chapter2
v v0 at 0 (2 .77 m s) 15.0s 41.6 m s
Thisisalsotheconstantvelocityduringthesecondintervalandtheinitialvelocityforthethirdinterval.
(a)
From x v0 t
x total
1 2
at ,thetotaldisplacementis
2
x 1 x 2 x 3
1
0
2 .77 m s2
2
15.0s 2
41.6 m s 123s 0
41.6 m s 4.39s
9.47 m s 2
2
4.39s 2
or
x total
(b)
x1
t1
x2
t2
x3
t3
312m
20.8 m s
15.0s
5.11 103 m
41.6 m s
123s
91.2m
20.8 m /s
4.39s
andtheaveragevelocityforthetotaltripis
vtotal
2.37
x total
t total
5.51 103 m
38.7 m s
15.0 123 4.39 s
Usingtheuniformlyacceleratedmotionequation x v0 t
x 20 m s 40s
1
2
1.0 m s2 40s 2
1
2
at 2 forthefull40sintervalyields
0 ,whichisobviouslywrong.Thesourceoftheerrorisfound
bycomputingthetimerequiredforthetraintocometorest.Thistimeis
Page2.51
Chapter2
v v0
0 20 m s
20s
a
1.0 m s2
Thus,thetrainisslowingdownforthefirst20sandisatrestforthelast20softhe40sinterval.
Theaccelerationisnotconstantduringthefull40s.Itis,however,constantduringthefirst20sasthetrainslows
torest.Applicationof x v0 t
x 20 m s 20s
2.38
1
2
1
2
at 2 tothisintervalgivesthestoppingdistanceas
1.0 m s2 20s 2
mi 0.447 m s
v0 0and v f 40.0
17.9 m s
h 1 mi h
(a)
Tofindthedistancetraveled,weuse
v f v0
t
2
x v t
(b)
17.9 m s 0
12 .0s
107m
Theconstantaccelerationis
2.39
200 m
v f v0
t
17.9 m s 0
1.49 m s2
12.0s
Attheendoftheaccelerationperiod,thevelocityis
v v0 ataccel 0 1.5 m s2
5.0s
7.5 m s
Thisisalsotheinitialvelocityforthebrakingperiod.
(a)
2
Afterbraking, v f v at brake 7.5 m s 2.0 m s
(b)
Thetotaldistancetraveledis
Page2.52
3.0s
1.5 m s .
Chapter2
7.5 m s 0
1.5 m s 7.5 m s
5.0s
2
2
xtotal
2.40
v v0
accel
2
3.0s
v f v
tbrake
2
32m
Fortheaccelerationperiod,theparametersforthecarare:initialvelocity=ia=0,acceleration=aa=a1,elapsed
time=(t)a=t1andfinalvelociety=fa.Forthebrakingperiod,theparametersare:initialvelocity=ib=final
vel.ofaccel.Period=fa,acceleration=ab=a2,andelapsedtime=(t)b=t2.
(a)
Todeterminethevelocityofthecarjustbeforethebrakesareengaged,weapply v f vi a t tothe
accelerationperiodandfind
vib v fa via aa t a 0 a1t1 orvib a1t1
(b)
Wemayuse x vi t
1
2
a t todeterminethedistancetraveledduringtheaccelerationperiod
2
(i.e.,beforethedriverbeginstobrake).Thisgives
x a
(c)
via t a
1
2
aa t a 0
2
1 2
at
2 11
or
x a
1 2
at
2 11
Thedisplacementoccurringduringthebrakingperiodis
x b
vib t b
1
2
ab t b a1t1 t2
2
1
a t2
2 22
Thus,thetotaldisplacementofthecarduringthetwointervalscombinedis
x total
2.41
x a x b
1 2
1
a1t1 a1t1t2 a2 t22
2
2
ThetimetheThunderbirdspendsslowingdownis
Page2.53
Chapter2
t1
x1
v1
2 x1
v v0
2 250m
0 71.5 m s
6.99s
Thetimerequiredtoregainspeedafterthepitstopis
t2
2 x2
2 350m
x2
9.79s
v2
v v0
71.5 m s 0
Thus,thetotalelapsedtimebeforetheThunderbirdisbackuptospeedis
t t1 5.00s t2 6.99s 5.00s 9.79s 21.8s
Duringthistime,theMercedeshastraveled(atconstantspeed)adistance
x M v0 t 71.5 m s 21.8s 1 558m
andtheThunderbirdhasfallenbehindadistance
d x M x1 x2 1 558m 250 m 350 m= 958m
2.42
Thecarisdistancedfromthedogandhasinitialvelocity v0 whenthebrakesareapplied,givingitaconstant
accelerationa.
Apply v x t v v0 2 totheentiretrip(forwhichx=d+4.0m,t=10s,and=0)toobtain
0 v0
d 4.0 m
d 4.0 m
or v0
10 s
2
5.0 s
[1]
2
2
2
Then,applying v v0 2a x totheentiretripyields 0 v0 2 a d 4.0m .
Substitutefor v0 fromEquation[1]tofindthat
d 4.0 m 2
25
s2
2 a d 4.0m and a
d 4.0 m
50 s2
Page2.54
[2]
Chapter2
Finally,apply x v0 t
1
2
at 2 tothefirst8.0softhetrip(forwhich x d ).
Thisgives
d v0 8.0 s
1
2
a 64 s2
[3]
SubstituteEquations[1]and[2]intoEquation[3]toobtain
d 4.0 m
1
d 4.0 m
8.0 s 2 50 s2
5.0 s
64 s2
0.96 d 3.84m
whichyieldsd=3.84m/0.04=96m.
2.43
(a)
Take t 0 atthetimewhentheplayerstartstochasehisopponent.Atthistime,theopponentisdistance
1
1
a
t2 0
4.0 m s2 t 2
2 player
2
[1]
and
xopponent v0 opponent t
1
a
t 2 12 m s t 0
2 opponent
[2]
Whentheplayersaresidebyside,
xplayer xopponent 36m
[3]
SubstitutingEquations[1]and[2]intoEquation[3]gives
1
4.0 m s2 t 2 12 m s t 36m
2
or
Applyingthequadraticformulatothisresultgives
Page2.55
t 2 6.0s t 18s2 0
Chapter2
6.0s
6.0s 2
2 1
4 1 18s2
whichhassolutionsoft=2.2sandt=8.2sSincethetimemustbegreaterthanzero,
wemustchooset=8.2sastheproperanswer.
(b)
2.44
xplayer v0 player t
1
1
a
t2 0
4.0 m s2
2 player
2
8.2s 2
1.3 10 2 m
2.45
(a)
2 x
v v0
v 2 v02
3 600s
29.1s
1h
2a
0 25.0 m s
2 9.80 m s2
31.9 m
v v0
0 25.0 m s
2.55 s
a
9.80 m s2
Thetimerequiredfortheballtofall31.9m,startingfromrest,isfoundfrom
y 0 t
(d)
8.10 10 3 h
Thetimetoreachthehighestpointis
t up
(c)
2 0.400km
82 .4 16.4 km h
2
2
From v v0 2a y with v 0 ,wehave
y max
(b)
1 2 as t
at
2
2 y
a
2 31.9m
9.80 m s2
2.55s
Thevelocityoftheballwhenitreturnstotheoriginallevel(2.55safteritstartstofallfromrest)is
Page2.56
Chapter2
v v0 at 0 9.80 m s2
2.46
(a)
2 .55s
25.0 m/s
2
Fortheupwardflightofthearrow, v0 100 m s , a g 9.80 m s ,andthefinalvelocityis
2
2
v 0 .Thus, v v0 2a y yields
y max
(b)
0 100 m s
v 2 v02
2a
2 9.80 m s2
510 m
Thetimefortheupwardflightis
t up
y max
vup
2 y max
vo v
2 510 m
100 m s 0
10.2 s
2
Forthedownwardflight, y y max 510 m, v0 0, and a 9.8 m s Thus,
y v0 t
1
2
at 2
gives tdown
2 y
a
2 510 m
9.80 m s2
10.2 s
andthetotaltimeoftheflightisttotal=tdowntdown=10.2s10.2s=20.4s.
2.47
Thevelocityoftheobjectwhenitwas30.0mabovethegroundcanbedeterminedbyapplying y v0 t
1
2
at 2
tothelast1.50softhefall.Thisgives
30.0 m v0 1.50 s
1
m
2
9.80 2 1.50 s
2
s
or
v0 12.7 m s
Thedisplacementtheobjectmusthaveundergone,startingfromrest,toachievethisvelocityatapoint30.0m
2
2
abovethegroundisgivenby v v0 2a y as
y 1
v2 v02
12.7 m s 0 8.23 m
2a
2 9.80 m s2
2
Page2.57
Chapter2
Thetotaldistancetheobjectdropsduringthefallis
y total
2.48
(a)
y 1 30.0 m
38.2m
0 7.40 m s 2 9.80 m s2
2
hmax
1.55m
andsolvingforthemaximumaltitudeoftherockgives
hmax 1.55m
7.40 m s 2
2 9.80 m s2
4.34m
Sincehmax>3.65m(heightofthewall).therockdoesreachthetopofthewall.
(b)
2
2
Tofindthevelocityoftherockwhenitreachesthetopofthewall,weuse v f vi 2 a y andsolvefor
vf
(c)
vi2 2a y f yi
7.40 m s 2
2 9.80 m s2
Arockthrowndownwardataspeedof 7.40 m s
vi
3.65m 1.55m
3.69 m s
7.40 m s fromthetopofthewallundergoesa
displacementof(y)=yfyi=1.55m3.65m=2.10mbeforereachingtheleveloftheattacker.Its
velocitywhenitreachestheattackeris
v f vi2 2 a y
7.40 m s 2
2 9.80 m s2
2.10m
9.79 m s
sothechangeinspeedofthisrockasitgoesbetweenthe2pointslocatedatthetopofthewallandthe
attackerisgivenby
Page2.58
Chapter2
speed down v f vi
(d)
Observethatthechangeinspeedoftheballthrownupwardasitwentfromtheattackertothetopofthewall
was
speed up v f vi
Thus,thetworocksdonotundergothesamemagnitudechangeinspeeds.Asthetworockstravelbetween
theleveloftheattackerandthelevelofthetopofthewall,therockthrownupwardundergoesagreater
changeinspeedthandoestherockthrowndownward.Thereasonforthisisthattherockthrownupwardhas
asmalleraveragespeedbetweenthesetwolevels:
up
vi
up
vf
up
7.40 m s 3.69 m s
5.55 m s
2
and
vdown
vi
down
vf
down
7.40 m s 9.79 m s
8.60 m s
2
Thus,therockthrownupwardspendsmoretimetravellingbetweenthetwolevels.withgravitychangingits
speedby9.80m/sforeachsecondthatpasses.
2.49
Thevelocityofthechildsheadjustbeforeimpact(afterfallingadistanceof0.40m,startingfromrest)isgivenby
v2 v02 2a y as
vI v02 2a y 0 2 9.8 m s2
0.40 m
2.8 m s
If,uponimpact,thechildsheadundergoesanadditionaldisplacementy=hbeforecomingtorest,the
2
2
accelerationduringtheimpactcanbefoundfrom v v0 2a y tobe a (0 vI2 ) 2( h) vI2 2h .The
Page2.59
Chapter2
2.8 m s
vI2
2 2.0 10 3 m
2h
1.4 10 3 s 7.1 ms
vI
2.8 m s
and t
CarpetedFloor(h=1.0102m):
and t
2.50
(a)
2 1.0 10 2 m
2h
7.1 10 3 s 7.1 ms
vI
2.8 m s
After2.00s,thevelocityofthemailbagis
2 .00s
21.1 m s
Thenegativesigntellsthatthebagismovingdownwardandthemagnitudeofthevelocitygivesthespeedas
21.1m/s.
(b)
Thedisplacementofthemailbagafter2.00sis
y bag
21.1 m s 1.50 m s
v v0
t
2
2
2 .00s
22 .6m
Duringthistime,thehelicopter,movingdownwardwithconstantvelocity,undergoesadisplacementof
y copter
v0 t
1 2
at 1.5 m s 2 .00s 0 3.00m
2
Thedistanceseparatingthepackageandthehelicopteratthistimeisthen
d
y p y h
Page2.60
Chapter2
(c)
vbag 1.50
m
m
m
9.80 2 2.00s 18.1
s
s
anditsspeedis
vbag 18.1
m
s
Inthiscase,thedisplacementofthehelicopterduringthe2.00sintervalis
ycopter 1.50 m s 2.00s 0 3.00m
Meanwhile,themailbaghasadisplacementof
y bag
vbag v0
18.1 m s 1.50 m s
t
2
2
2 .00s
16.6m
Thedistanceseparatingthepackageandthehelicopteratthistimeisthen
d
2.51
(a)
y p y h
Theinstanttheballleavestheplayershanduntilitiscaught,theballisafreelyfallingbodywithan
accelerationof
a g 9.80 m s2 9.80 m s2 downward
(b)
Atitsmaximumheight,theballcomestorestmomentarilyandthenbeginstofallbackdownward.Thus,
vmax
height
(c)
Considertherelation y v0 t
1
2
at 2 witha=g.Whentheballisatthethrowershand,the
displacementisy=0,giving 0 v0 t
1
2
gt 2
Page2.61
Chapter2
Thisequationhastwosolutions,t=0whichcorrespondstowhentheballwasthrown,and t 2v0 g
correspondingtowhentheballiscaught.Therefore,iftheballiscaughtatt=2.00s,theinitialvelocitymust
havebeen
9.80 m s2
gt
2
2
v0
(d)
(a)
9.80 m/s
2
2
From v v0 2a y ,with v 0 atthemaximumheight,
y max
2.52
2 .00s
v2 v02
2a
0 9.80 m s
2 9.80 m s2
4.90 m
Lett=0betheinstantthepackageleavesthehelicopter,sothepackageandthehelicopterhaveacommon
initialvelocityof vi v0 .(Choosingupwardaspositive).
Attimest0,thevelocityofthepackage(infreefallwithconstantaccelerationap=g)isgivenby
v vi at as v p v0 gt vo gt and speed v p vo gt
(b)
Afteranelapsedtimet,thedownwarddisplacementofthepackagefromitspointofreleasewillbe
y p
vi t
1
1
1
a t 2 v0 t gt 2 v0 t gt 2
2 p
2
2
andthedownwarddisplacementofthehelicopter(movingwithconstantvelocity,oraccelerationah=0)
fromthereleasepointatthistimeis
y h
vi t
1
a t 2 v0 t 0 v0 t
2 h
Thedistanceseparatingthepackageandthehelicopteratthistimeisthen
(c)
y p y h
1
1 2
v0 t gt 2 v0 t
gt
2
2
Ifthehelicopterandpackagearemovingupwardattheinstantofrelease,thenthecommoninitialvelocityis
vi v0 .Theaccelerationsofthehelicopter(movingwithconstantvelocity)andthepackage(afreely
Page2.62
Chapter2
fallingobject)remainunchangedfromthepreviouscase(ap=gandah=0).
Inthiscase,thepackagespeedattimet0is1 v p vi a p t v0 gt gt v0
Atthistime,thedisplacementsfromthereleasepointofthepackageandthehelicopteraregivenby
y p
vi t
1
1
a p t 2 v0 t gt 2
2
2
and
y h
vi t
1
a t 2 v0 t 0 v0 t
2 h
Thedistanceseparatingthepackageandhelicopterattimetisnowgivenby
2.53
(a)
y p y h
v0 t
1 2
1 2
gt v0 t
gt (thesameasearlier!)
2
2
Afteritsenginesstop,therocketisafreelyfallingbody.Itcontinuesupward,slowingundertheinfluenceof
gravityuntilitcomestorestmomentarilyatitsmaximumaltitude.ThenitfallsbacktoEarth,gainingspeed
asitfalls.
(b)
Whenitreachesaheightof150m,thespeedoftherocketis
v
v02 2a y
50.0 m s 2
v2 v02
2a
0 55.7 m s
2 9.80 m s2
158m
Themaximumheightabovegroundthattherocketreachesisthengivenby
hmax 150 m 158 m 308 m .
(c)
Thetotaltimeoftheupwardmotionoftherocketisthesumoftwointervals.Thefirstisthetimeforthe
rockettogofrom v0 50.0 m s atthegroundtoavelocityof v 55.7 m s atanaltitudeof150m.This
timeisgivenby
Page2.63
Chapter2
t1
y 1
y 1
v v0
v1
2 150m
55.7 50.0 m s
2 .84s
t2
y 2
v2
y 2
v v0
2 158m
0 55.7 m s
5.67s
Thetimefortherockettofall308mbacktotheground,with v0 0 andaccelerationa=g=9.80m/s2,
isfoundfrom y v0 t
tdown
1
2
2 y
a
at 2 as
2 308m
9.80 m s2
7.93s
(a)
Thecamerafalls50mwithafreefallacceleration,startingwith v0 10 m s .Itsvelocitywhenit
reachesthegroundis
v
v02 2 a y
10 m s 2
2 9.80 m s2
50m
33 m s
Thetimetoreachthegroundisgivenby
(b)
2.55
33 m s 10 m s
v v0
2.3 s
a
9.80 m s2
Thisvelocitywasfoundtobe v 33 m s inpart(a)above.
Duringthe0.600srequiredfortherigtopasscompletelyontothebridge,thefrontbumperofthetractormovesa
Page2.64
Chapter2
distanceequaltothelengthoftherigatconstantvelocityof v 100 km h .Therefore,thelengthoftherigis
km 0.278 m s
Lrig vt 100
h 1 km h
0.600s
16.7m
Whilesomepartoftherigisonthebridge,thefrontbumpermovesadistance
x Lbridge Lrig 400m 16.7 m
Withaconstantvelocityof,thetimeforthistooccuris
2.56
(a)
Lbridge Lrig
v
From x v0 t
1
2
400m 16.7m 1 km h
= 15.0s
0.278 m s
100 km h
1
2
3.50 m s2 t 2 .Thisreducesto
60.0s
Thedesiredtimeisthesmallersolutionoft=4.53s.Thelargersolutionoft=12.6sisthetimewhenthe
boatwouldpassthebuoymovingbackwards,assumingitmaintainedaconstantacceleration.
(b)
Thevelocityoftheboatwhenitfirstreachesthebuoyis
v v0 at 30.0 m s + 3.50 m s2
2.57
(a)
14.1 m/s
Theaccelerationofthebulletis
2
v
2 v
300m/s 400m/s
0
2 x
2 0.100m
2
(b)
4.53s
.50 10 5 m/s2
Thetimeofcontactwiththeboardis
Page2.65
Chapter2
2.58
v v0
300 400 m s 2.86 10 4 s
a
3.50 10 5 m s2
Weassumethatthebulletbeginstoslowjustasthefrontendtouchesthefirstsurfaceoftheboard,andthatit
reachesitsexitvelocityjustasthefrontendemergesfromtheoppositefaceoftheboard.
(a)
Theaccelerationis
2
vexit
v02
280 m s 420 m s
2 x
2 0.100m
2
(b)
4.90 105 m s2
Theaveragevelocityasthefrontofthebulletpassesthroughtheboardis
vexit v0
280 m s 420 m s
350 m s
2
2
andthetotaltimeofcontactwiththeboardisthetimeforthefrontofthebullettopassthroughplustheaddi
tionaltimeforthetrailingendtoemerge(atspeed vexit ),
(c)
x board
v
Lbullet
0.100m
0.0200m
3.57 10 4 s
vexit
350 m s
280 m s
2
2
From v v0 2a x ,with v 0 ,givestherequiredthicknessis
0 420 m s
v 2 v02
2a
2 4.90 10 5 m s2
2
2.59
(a)
0.180m 18.0cm
Thekeyshaveaccelerationa=g=9.80m/s2fromthereleasepointuntiltheyarecaught1.50slater.Thus,
y v0 t
1
2
at 2 gives
4.00m 9.80 m s2
y at 2 2
v0
t
1.50s
or
Page2.66
1.50s 2
10.0 m s
Chapter2
v0 10.0 m s upward
(b)
Thevelocityofthekeysjustbeforethecatchwas
(a)
Thekeys,movingfreelyundertheinfluenceofgravity(a=g),undergoaverticaldisplacementof
y h intimet.Weuse y vi t
h vi t
1
2
at 2 tofindtheinitialvelocityas
1
g t2
2
giving
vi
(b)
h gt 2 2
h
gt
t
t
2
Thevelocityofthekeysjustbeforetheywerecaught(attimet)isgivenby v vi at as
gt
h
gt
h
gt
h
v
g t
gt
t
2
t
2
t
2
2.61
(a)
2
2
From v v0 2a y ,theinsectsvelocityafterstraighteningitslegsis
v02 2a y
0 2 4 000 m s2
2.0 10 3 m
4.0 m s
andthetimetoreachthisvelocityis
t
(b)
v v0
4.0 m s 0
1.0 10 3 s 1.0ms
a
4 000 m s2
Theupwarddisplacementoftheinsectbetweenwhenitsfeetleavethegroundanditcomestorest
Page2.67
Chapter2
momentarilyatmaximumaltitudeis
4.0 m s
v2 v02
0 v02
2a
2 g
2 9.8 m s2
2.62
0.82m
Thedistancerequiredtostopthecarafterthebrakesareappliedis
x stop
mi 1.47 ft s
0 35.0
h 1 mi h
2 9.00 ft s2
v2 v02
2a
147ft
Thus,ifthedeerisnottobehit,themaximumdistancethecarcantravelbeforethebrakesareappliedisgivenby
x before
Beforethebrakesareapplied,theconstantspeedofthecaris35.0mi/h.Thus,thetimerequiredforittotravel53.0
ft,andhencethemaximumallowedreactiontime,is
tr max
2.63
x before
v0
53.0ft
mi 1.47 ft s
35.0
h 1 mi h
1.03 s
15m h 0
Applying y v0 t
1
2
1
2
1
2
at 2 ,with a g ,toobtain
gt 2
h 15m
or
1
2
gt 2
[1]
at 2 totherisingballgives
h 25 m s t
1
2
gt 2
[2]
Combiningequations[1]and[2]gives
Page2.68
Chapter2
25 m s t
1 2
1
gt 15m gt 2
2
2
or
t
2.64
15m
0.60s
25 m s
Theconstantspeedthestudenthasmaintainedforthefirst10minutes,andhenceherinitialspeedforthefinal500
yarddash,is
v0
x10
5 280 ft 1 500 ft 1 m 1.9 m s
1.0mi 500 yards
3.281 ft
t
10 min
600 s
m
amax t 2 1.9 120 s 0.15 2
s
s
2
x2.0 max
v0 t
x2.0 max
1.3 103 m
1
2
120 s 2
1.3 103 m
or
3.281 ft 1 yard
1m
3 ft
WesolvePart(b)ofthisproblemfirst.
(b)
Whentheeitherballreachestheground,itsdisplacementfromthebalconyisy=19.6m(takingupward
14.5 m s 2
2 9.80 m s2
Page2.69
19.6m
24.5 m s
Chapter2
(a)
Thetimeforeitherballtoreachtheground(andhenceachievethevelocitycomputedabove)isgivenby
veither v0
t
ball
24.5 m s v0
24.5 m s v0
g
9.80 m s2
where v0 istheinitialvelocityoftheparticularballofinterest.
Forball1, v0 14.7 m s ,giving
t1
24.5 m s 14.7 m s
1.00s
9.80 m s2
t2
24.5 m s 14.7 m s
4.00s
9.80 m s2
Thedifferenceinthetimeofflightforthetwoballsisseentobe
t t2 t1 4.00 1.00 s 3.00s
(c)
Att=0.800s,thedisplacementofeachballfromthebalcony(atheighthaboveground)is
y1 h v01t
1 2
gt 14.7 m s 0.800s 4.90 m s 2
2
0.800s 2
y2 h v02 t
1 2
gt 14.7 m s 0.800s 4.90 m s 2
2
0.800s 2
Thesegivethealtitudesofthetwoballsatt=0.800sasy1=h14.9mandy2=h8.62m.
Thereforethedistanceseparatingthetwoballsatthistimeis
d y2 y1 h 8.62m h 14.9m = 23.5m
2.66
(a)
Whileintheair,bothballshaveaccelerationa1=a2=g(whereupwardistakenaspositive).Ball1(thrown
downward)hasinitialvelocity v01 v0 ,whileball2(thrownupward)hasinitialvelocity v02 v0 .
Takingy=0atgroundlevel,theinitialycoordinateofeachballisy01=y02=+h.Applying
Page2.70
Chapter2
y y yi vi t
1
2
at 2 toeachballgivestheirycoordinatesattimetas
Ball1:
y1 h v
0t
1 2
1
g t 2 ory1 h v0 t gt
2
2
Ball2:
y2 h v0 t
1 2
1
g t 2 ory2 h v0 t gt
2
2
(b) Atgroundlevel,y=0.Thus,weequateeachoftheequationsfoundabovetozeroandusethequadratic
formulatosolveforthetimeswheneachballreachestheground.Thisgivesthefollowing:
Ball1:
0 h v0 t1
1 2
gt1
2
2v0
2v
so
t1
gt12 2v0 t1 2h 0
4 g 2h
2g
v
v
2h
0 0
g
g
g
Usingonlythepositivesolutiongives
v
v
2h
t1 0 0
g
g
g
0 h v0 t2
Ball2:
1 2
gt2
2
gt22 2v0 t2 2h 0
and
t2
2v0
2v
0
4 g 2h
2g
Again,usingonlythepositivesolution
Page2.71
v
v
2h
0 0
g
g
g
Chapter2
t2
v
v0
2h
0
g
g
g
Thus,thedifferenceinthetimesofflightofthetwoballsis
t t2 t1
(c)
v
v0
v v
2h
0
0 0
g
g g g
g
2v0
2h
g
g
2
2
Realizingthattheballsaregoingdownward v 0 astheyneartheground,weuse v f vi 2a y with
y=htofindthevelocityofeachballjustbeforeitstrikestheground:
(d)
Ball1:
v1 f v12i 2a1 h
Ball2:
v2 f v22i 2a2 h
2 g h v02 2 gh
2 g h v02 2 gh
Whilebothballsarestillintheair,thedistanceseparatingthemis
1
1
2
2
2.67
(a)
2
2
Firstballisdroppedfromrest(01=0)fromtheheighthofthewindow.Thus, v f v0 2a y givesthe
speedofthisballasitreachestheground(andhencetheinitialvelocityofthesecondball)as
2
v f v01
2a1 y1 0 2 g h 2 gh .Whenball2isthrownupwardatthesametimethatball1
2
1
isdropped,theirycoordinatesattimetduringtheflightsaregivenby y yo v0t 2 at as
Ball1:
y1 h 0 t
Ball2:
y2 0
1
2
g t2
2 gh t
1
2
or
y1 h 12 gt 2
g t 2 ory2
Whenthetwoballspass,y1=y2,or
Page2.72
2 gh t 12 gt 2
Chapter2
1
2
gt 2
2 gh t
1
2
gt 2
giving
(b)
2g
1
g
2
h
2 g
2 gh
28.7 m
2 9.80 m s 2
1.21 s
Whentheballsmeet,
h
2g
and
y1 h
h 3h
4
4
Thus,thedistancebelowthewindowwherethiseventoccursis
3h h 28.7 m
7.18 m
4
4
4
d h y1 h
2.68
Wedonotknoweithertheinitialvelocitynorthefinalvelocity(thatis,velocityjustbeforeimpact)forthetruck.
Whatwedoknowisthatthetruckskids62.4min4.20swhileacceleratingat5.60m/s2.
Wehave=0atand x v t [(v v0 ) / 2] t .Appliedtothemotionofthetruck,theseyield
v v0 at or
[1]
and
v v0
2 x
t
2 62.4 m
4.20 s
29.7 m s
Addingequations[1]and[2]givesthevelocityjustbeforeimpactas
Page2.73
[2]
Chapter2
2 v 23.5 29.7 m s ,
or v 3.10 m s
2.69
Whenreleasedfromrest(0=0),thebillfallsfreelywithadownwardaccelerationduetogravity(a=g=9.80
m/s2).Thus,themagnitudeofitsdownwarddisplacementduringDavids0.2sreactiontimewillbe
y v0t
1 2
1
2
at 0 9.80 m s 2 0.2 s 0.2 m 20 cm
2
2
Thisisovertwicethedistancefromthecenterofthebilltoitstopedge(8cm),so.Davidwillbeunsuccessful.
2.70
(a)
Thevelocitywithwhichthefirststonehitsthewateris
m
2
v1 v01
2 a y 2.00 2 9.80 2
s
s
50.0 m
31.4
m
s
Thetimeforthisstonetohitthewateris
t1
(b)
3.00 s
a
9.80 m s 2
Sincetheyhitsimultaneously,thesecondstonewhichisreleased1.00slaterwillhitthewaterafteranflight
timeof2.00s.Thus,
2
y at22 2 50.0 m 9.80 m s 2.00 s
v02
t2
2.00 s
(c)
15.2 m s
Frompart(a),thefinalvelocityofthefirststoneis v1 31.4 m s .
Thefinalvelocityofthesecondstoneis
2.71
(a)
2
Thesledsdisplacement,x1,whileacceleratingat a1 40 ft s fortimet1is
x1 0 t1 12 a1t12 20 ft s 2 t12
or
Page2.74
x1 20 ft s 2 t12
[1]
Chapter2
Attheendoftimet1,thesledhadachievedavelocityof
v v0 a1t1 0 40 ft s 2 t1
v 40 ft s 2 t1
or
[2]
Thedisplacementofthesledwhilemovingatconstantvelocityvfortimet2is
x2 vt2 40 ft s 2 t1 t 2
x2 40 ft s 2 t1t 2
or
[3]
2
2
2
20 ft s t1 40 ft s t1t2 17500 ft
or
[4]
Also,itisknownthat
t1 t2 90 s
[5]
SolvingEquations[4]and[5]simultaneouslyyields
t12 2t1 90 s t1 875 s 2
or
Thequadraticformulathengives
t1
180 s
180 s 2 4 1 875 s 2
2 1
withsolutions t1 5.00 s
and t
and t
85 s .
Sinceitisnecessarythatt2>0,thevalidsolutionsaret1=5.0sandt2=85s.
(b)
2
2
FromEquation[2]above, v 40 ft s t1 40 ft s 5.0 s 200 ft s .
(c)
Thedisplacementx3ofthesledasitcomestorest(withaccelerationa3=20ft/s2)is
0 v 2 200 ft s
1 000 ft
2a3
2 20 ft s 2
2
x3
Page2.75
Chapter2
Thus,thetotaldisplacementforthetrip(measuredfromthestartingpoint)is
Thetimerequiredtocometorestfromvelocityv(withaccelerationa3)is
t3
0 v 200 ft s
10 s
a3
20 ft s 2
2.72
(a)
From y v0t
1 2
at with0=0,wehave
2
2 y
a
2 23m
9.80 m s2
2.2 s
(b)
2
2
Thefinalvelocityis v 0 9.80 m s m s 2.2 s 21m/s .
(c)
Thetimeittakesforthesoundoftheimpacttoreachthespectatoris
tsound
y
vsound
23 m
6.8 10 2 s
340 m s
sothetotalelapsedtimeis.ttotal=2.2s6.8102s2.3s
2.73
(a)
Sincethesoundhasconstantvelocity,thedistanceittraveledis
3
x vsound t 1100 ft s 5.0 s 5.5 10 ft
(b)
Theplanetravelsthisdistanceinatimeof5.0s10s=15s,soitsvelocitymustbe
Page2.76
Chapter2
v plane
(c)
x 5.5 103 ft
3.7 10 2 ft s
t
15 s
Thetimethelighttooktoreachtheobserverwas
tlight
x
5.5 103 ft 1 m s
5.6 10 6 s
vlight 3.00 108 m s 3.281 ft s
Duringthistimetheplanewouldonlytraveladistanceof0.002ft.
2.74
1
Thedistancetheglidermovesduringthetimetdisgivenby x l v0 td 2 a td ,where0isthegliders
2
velocitywhentheflagfirstentersthephotogateandaistheglidersacceleration.Thus,theaveragevelocityis
v0 td 12 a t d
l
1
vd
v0 a td
td
td
2
2
(a)
v 2 v02 2a x as
v1
v02 2a l 2
v02 a l
v02 a vd t d
v02 avd t d
Notethatthisisnotequaltovdunlessa=0,inwhichcase1=d=0.
(b)
Thespeed2whenthegliderishalfwaythroughthephotogateintime(i.e.,whentheelapsedtimeis
t2=td/2)isgivenby=0atas
v v0 at2 v0 a td 2 v0
1
a td
2
whichisequaltodforallpossiblevaluesof0=a.
2.75
Thetimerequiredforthestuntmantofall3.00m,startingfromrest,isfoundfrom y v0 t
Page2.77
1
2
at 2 as
Chapter2
1
t
3.00 m 0 9.80 m s 2 t 2 so
2
(a)
2 3.00 m
9.80 m s 2
Withthehorsemovingwithconstantvelocityof10.0m/s,thehorizontaldistanceis
x vhorse t 10.0 m s 0.782 s 7.82 m
(b)
0.782 s
Therequiredtimeist=0.782sascalculatedabove.
Page2.78