c




     


 
 
 
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The term information system (SCIS, IS) sometimes refers to a system of persons,
data records and activities that process the data and information in an
organization, and it includes the organization͛s manual and automated processes.
Computer-based information systems are the field of study for information
technology, elements of which are sometimes called an ͞information system͟ as
well, a usage some consider to be incorrect.

Op In geography and cartography, a geographic information system (GIS) is

used to integrate, store, edit, analyze, share and display georeferenced
information. There are many applications of GIS, ranging from ecology and
geology to the social sciences.
Op In knowledge representation, an information system consists of three
components: human, technology, organization. In this view, information is
defined in terms of the three levels of semiotics. Data which can be
automatically processed by the application system corresponds to the
syntax-level. In the context of an individual who interprets the data they
become information, which correspond to the semantic level. Information
becomes knowledge when an individual knows (understands) and evaluates
the information (e.g., for a specific task). This corresponds to the
pragmatic-level,
Op In mathematics in the area of domain theory, a Scott information system
(after its inventor Dana Scott) is a mathematical ͚structure͛ that provides an
alternative representation of Scott domains and as a special case, algebraic
lattices.
Op In mathematics rough set theory, an information system is an attribute-
value system.
 Op In sociology information system are also social systems whose behavior is
heavily influenced by the goals, values and beliefs of individual and groups,
as well as the performance of the technology.
Op In systems theory, an information system is a system, automated or
manual, that comprises people, machines and methods organized to
collect, process, transmit and disseminate data that represent user
information.
Op In telecommunications, an information system is any telecommunications
and computer related equipment or interconnected systems or subsystems
of equipment that is used in the acquisition, storage, manipulation,
management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange,
transmission or reception of voice and data and includes software,
firmware and hardware.
Op In organizational informatics an information system is a system of
communication between people. Information systems are systems involved
in the gathering, processing, distribution and use of information and as
such support human activity systems.
Op The most common view of an information system is one of input-process-
output.


  
 
 

The study of information systems, originates as a sub-discipline of computer

science, in an attempt to understand and rationalize the management of
technology within organizations. It has matured into a major field of
management, that͛s increasingly being emphasized as an important area of
research in management studies and is taught at all major universities and
business schools in the world.


¯

 
 
 

Information systems deal with the development, use and management of an

organization͛s IT infrastructure. In the post-industrial information age, the focus
of companies has shifted from being product oriented to knowledge oriented in
the sense that market operators today compete in process and innovation rather
than in products: the emphasis has shifted from the quality and quantity of
production to the production process itself and the services that accompany the
production process.

The biggest asset of companies today is their information represented by people,

experience, know-how, innovations (parents, copyrights, trade secrets) and for a
market operator to be able to compete, he or she must have a strong information
infrastructure, at the heart of which lies the information technology
infrastructure. Thus the study of information systems focuses on why and how
technology can be put into best use to serve the information flow within an
organization.

¯   

Information system has a number of different areas of work:

Op Information systems Strategy

Op Information systems Management
Op Information systems Development

Each of which branches out into a number of sub disciplines, that develop with
other science and managerial disciplines such as computer science, pure and
engineering sciences, social and behavioral sciences and business management.
There are a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline,
͞workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills
will have the best prospects. People with management skills and an
understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent
opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their
revenue͟.
 
    
   

The IT department partly governs the information technology development, use,

application and influence on a business or corporation. A computer based
information system, following a definition of Langefors, is:

Op A technologically implemented medium for recording, storing and

disseminating linguistic expressions,
Op As well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.

Which can be formulates as a generalized information systems design

mathematical program.

Computer based or manual system that transforms data into information useful in
the support of decision making. MIS can be classified as performing three
functions:

1.p To generate reports for example, financial statements, inventory status

reports or performance reports needed for routine or non routine
purposes.
2.p To answer what if questions asked by management. For example, questions
such as ͞what would happen to cash flow if the company changes its credit
term for its customers? Can be answered by MIS. This type of MIS can be
called simulation.
3.p To support decision making. This type of MIS is appropriately called
Decision Support System (DSS). DSS attempts to integrate the decision
maker, the data base, and the quantitative models being used.

Æ   
c 

•efore one can explain management information systems, the terms systems,
information and management must briefly be defines. A system is a combination
or arrangement of parts of form an integrated whole. A system, includes an
orderly arrangement according to some common principles or rules. A system is a
plan or method of doing something.
The study of systems is not new. The Egyptian architects who built the pyramids
relied on a system of measurements for construction of the pyramids. Phoenician
astronomers studied the system of the stars and predicted future star positions.
The development of a set of standards and procedures, or even a theory of the
universe, is as old as history itself. People have always sought to find relationships
for what is seen or heard of thought about.

A system is a specific method of inquiry, that is, observation, the formulation of

an idea, the testing of that idea, and the application of the results. The scientific
method of problem solving is system analysis in its broadest sense. Data are facts
and figures. However, data have no value until they are compiles into a system
and can be provide information for decision making.

Information is what is used in the act of informing or the state of being informed.
Information includes knowledge acquired by some means. In the 19960͛s and
70͛s. it became necessary to formalize an educational approach to systems for
business so that individuals and work groups and business who crossed
boundaries is the various operations of business could have appropriate
information. Technical development in computers and data processing and new
theories of systems analysis made it possible to computerize systems. Much of
this computerization of systems was an outgrowth of basic research by the
federal government.

Management is usually defined as planning, organizing, directing and controlling

the business operation. This definition, which evolved from the work of Henri
Fayol in the early 900͛s, defines what a manager does, but it is probably more
appropriate to define what management is rather than what management does.
Management is the process of allocating an organization͛s inputs, including
human and economic resources, by planning, organizing, directing and controlling
for the purpose of producing goods or services by customers so that
organizational objectives are accomplished. If management has knowledge of the
planning, organizing directing and controlling of the business, is decisions can be
made on the basis of fact and decisions are more accurate and timely as a result.
Management information systems are those systems that allow managers to
make decisions for the successful operation of business. Management
information systems consist of computer resources, people and procedures used
in the modern business enterprise. The term MIS stands for management
information systems. MIS also refers to the organization that develops and
maintains most or all of the computer systems in the enterprise so that managers
can make decisions. The goal of the MIs organization is to deliver information
systems to the various levels of corporate managers. MIS and educated to work
with corporate computer systems. These professionals are responsible n some
way for nearly all of the computers, from the largest mainframe to the desktop
and portable PC͛s.

 


Management information systems do not have to be computerized, but with

today͛s large, multinational corporations, computerization is a must for a business
to be successful. Customer database on index cards. As early as 642, the French
mathematician and philosopher •laise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
machine so that figures could be added to provide information. Almost two
hundred years later, Charles make a machine that would computer mathematical
tables. He attempted to build a computing machine during the 880͛s. he failed
because his ideas were beyond his technical capabilities, not because the idea
was flawed. •abbage is often called the father of the computer. With the advent
of the computer, management information systems became automated.

In the late 1980͛s, because of the efforts of Herman Hollerith, who created a
punch-card systems to tabulate the data for the 1890 census, it was possible to
begin to provide data-processing equipment. The punch card developed by
Hollerish was later used to form a company to provide data-processing
equipment. This company evolved into international •usiness Machines (I•M).
Mainframe computers were used for management information systems from the
1940s, 50s and up until the 1970s. In the 1970s, personal computer was first built
by hobbyists. Then Apple computer developed one of the first practical personal
computers. In the early 1980s, I•M developed its PC, and since then, the personal
computer industry has mush roomed. Almost every management information
system revolves around some kind of computer hardware and software.

Management information systems are coming more important, and MIS

personnel are more visible than in the 1960s and 1970s, when they were hidden
away from the rest of the company and performed tasks behind closed doors. So
remote were some MIS personnel from the operations of the business that they
did not even know what products their companies made. This has changed
because the need for an effective management information system is of primary
concern to the business organization. Managers use MIS operations for all phase
of management, including planning, organizing, directing and controlling.

 Æc 


MIS personnel must be technically qualified to work with computer hardware,

software and computer information systems. Currently, colleges and universities
cannot produce manager, once they risen through their technical ranks of their
organization to become managers, must remember that they are no longer doing
the technical work. They must cross over from being technicians to become
managers. Their job changes from being technicians to being systems managers
who manage other people technical work. They must see themselves as needing
to solve the business problems of the user and not development operations for
their firm. Systems development requires four stages when developing a system
for any phase of the organization:

Phase 1 is system planning, the systems team must investigate the initial problem
by determining what the problem is and developing a feasibility study for
management to review.

Phase 2 identifies the requirements for the systems. It includes the systems
analysis, the user requirements necessary hardware and software and a
conceptional design for the systems. Top management then reviews the systems
analysis and design.
Phase 3 involves the development for the systems. This involves developing
technical support and technical specifications, review user͛s procedures control,
designing the system, testing the system and providing user training for the
system. At this time, management again reviews and decides on whether to
implement the system.

Phase 4 is the implementation of the system. The new system is converted from
the old system and the new system is implemented and then refined. There must
then be ongoing maintenance and reevaluation of the system to see is it
continues to meet the needs of the business.

  c 

Management information systems can be used as a support to managers to

provide a competitive advantage. The system must support the goals of the
organization. Most organizations are structured along financial lines, and the
typical systems are identifies as follows: Accounting management information
systems: All accounting reports are shared by all levels of accounting managers.



  
 
 

The financial management information system provides financial information to

all financial managers within an organization including the chief financial officer.
The chief financial officer analyzes historical and current financial activity, projects
future financial needs and monitors and controls the use of funds over time using
the information developed by the MIS department.

Æ
  
 
 

More than any functional area, operations have been impacted by great advances
in technology. As a result, manufacturing operations have changed. For instance,
inventories are provided just in time so that great amounts of money are not
spent for warehousing huge inventories. In some instances, raw materials are
even processed on railroad cars waiting to be sent directly to the factory. Thus
there is no need for warehousing.

Æ 
  
 
 

A marketing management information system supports managerial activity in the

area of product development, distribution, pricing decisions. Promotional
effectiveness and sales forecasting. More than any other functional area,
marketing systems rely on external sources of data. These sources include
competition and customers.

     
 
 

Human resources management information systems are concerned with activities

related to workers, managers and other individuals employed by the organization.
•ecause the personnel function relates to all other areas in business, the human
resources management information systems plays a valuable role in ensuring
organizational success. Activities performed by the human resources
management information systems include, work force analysis and planning ,
hiring, training and job assignments. The above are examples of the major
management information systems. There may be other management information
systems if the company is identified by different functional areas.

Æ  
 
 

The specific type of data processing system that is designed to furnish

management with information that may be of assistance in making decisions.

Management information systems (MIS) is a general name for the academic

discipline covering the application of people, technologies and procedures
collectively called information system to solve business problems. MIS are distinct
from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other
information systems applied in operational activities in the organization.
Academically the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information
management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision
making.

There is often confusion between terms MIS and information system. Information
systems include systems that are not intended for decision making. MIS is
sometimes referred to, in a restrictive sense, as information technology
management. That area of study should not be confused with computer sciences.
IT service management is a practitioner focused discipline. MIS has also some
differences with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as ERP incorporates elements
that are not necessarily focused on decision support.
Technology in attached to information, processing and customer satisfaction. It
helps us receive information by get the information about the order and organize
the given various information. Technology also helps us in processing as they help
us in passing on the information to various heads and also to the vendors and also
to the transportation department about various orders ad their details as per
required by various departments. Lastly it helps our customer services by
improving customer relationships and making them feel welcomed nto the store.


d   
  

  



They have a lot of competition in the form of other similar web sites, and some
sites offer very competitive schemes. Like the schemes of delivering the flowers
on the same day without any extra charge.

 


They should make sure they have good tie ups with good ground and air delivery
services as they deal with perishables items and they should also deliver
according to the occasions as if they do not deliver on date they do not satisfy the
needs of the customers.

 


  


Developing and maintaining relationships with its vendors is extremely important

to stay competitive in the market. This will also help them in avoiding price wars
as they can provide certain products at cheaper rates compare to its competitors
and good relationship will also help them in maintaining a regular and timely
delivery of its products to its customers.
Æ
c 

d

The basic model which can define a computer information system is shown
below;

A system model offers a more flexible, integrative view. Here the employment of
IT, represented by the hardware and software components, it still seen as
important, but no more so than other essential components. The model explicitly
introduces a human element (people) an organizational element (procedures) and
an information element (stored data). The model given below shows inputs and
outputs:


 
  It͛s of the information is very important attribute as well because that
will consider the availability of the information at the time it is required the most.
So that the HR heads can access these information to view the performance and
efficiency of labor for the consideration of future promotions and business. The
information has to be totally up to date.

¯ 


 The information should be easily accessible to those who have to
use the information and should be in presented in a very user friendly manner. It
should also be backed up by the facts and figures so that the information different
time periods may be compared and it gives easy access to the information.


 The methods of collecting processing and distributing information should

be a cost effective method. It should be carried out keeping in mind the budget
allocated for the information system.
 c



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 #
 

We have a challenging and inspiring mission: to improve the quality of human life
by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. This mission gives us
the purpose to develop innovative medicines and products that help millions of
people around the world.

We are one of the few pharmaceutical companies researching both medicines

and vaccines for the World Health Organization͛s three priority diseases ʹ
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and are very proud to have developed some
of the leading global medicines in these fields.

Headquartered in the UK and with operations based in the US, we are one of the
industry leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the world's pharmaceutical
market.

•ut being a leader brings responsibility. This means that we care about the impact
that we have on the people and places touched by our mission to improve health
around the world.

It also means that we must help developing countries where debilitating disease
affects millions of people and access to life-changing medicines and vaccines is a
problem. To meet this challenge, we are committed to providing discounted
medicines where they are needed the most.

As a company with a firm foundation in science, we have a flair for research and a
track record of turning that research into powerful, marketable drugs. Every hour
we spend more than £300,000 (US$562,000) to find new medicines.

We produce medicines that treat six major disease areas ʹ asthma, virus control,
infections, mental health, diabetes and digestive conditions. In addition, we are a
leader in the important area of vaccines and are developing new treatments for
cancer.
"     
$ 
      


Op over-the-counter (OTC) medicines including ÷
 and   

Op dental products such as ¯

 and    
Op smoking control products a/a

Op nutritional healthcare drinks such as 
 ,  and  

!c# 

Op Our mission is to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to

do more, feel better and live longer
Op We are a research-based pharmaceutical company
Op We are committed to tackling the three "priority" diseases identified by the
World Health Organization: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria
Op Our business employs around 100,000 people in over 100 countries
Op We make almost four billion packs of medicines and healthcare products
every year
Op Over 15,000 people work in our research teams to discover new medicines
Op We screen about 65 million compounds every year in our search for new
medicines
Op We supply one quarter of the world's vaccines and by the end of February
2008 we had 24 vaccines in clinical development
Op anuary 2008 marked the tenth anniversary of our programme to help
eliminate lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis). During those ten years we
donated 750 million albendazole tablets, reaching over 130 million people
Op In 2007 we marked 15 years of our Positive Action programme that helps
communities living with HIV/AIDS
Op In the developing world, we provide certain medicines at preferential prices
ensuring that the porrest can still benefit from our treatments and vaccines
Op In 2007, our total community investment was valued at £282 million,
equivalent to 3.8 per cent of Group total profit before tax
Op Many of our consumer brands are household names:   

 ¯

    

 



 

Our company has a rich history that goes back to the early eighteenth century.

Use the slider below to select dates and to learn more about the people and
events that made GlaxoSmithKline.

It was announced in anuary 2000 that Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline •eecham
would merge to form GlaxoSmithKline, with the mission to improve the quality of
human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. The new
company began trading in anuary 2001.

 
  

 


Understanding the role of diversity within our company means that we need to be
aware of the contribution that can be made by everyone with whom we do
business. This includes our employees, customers and other stakeholders.

For employees, we must create an environment that allows them to do their best
work by being themselves.

For customers, it means understanding and responding to their often changing

needs.

For other stakeholders, we must provide the right information in a timely and
effective way.

 


 
    
%
•y encouraging diversity, we can:

Op recruit and retain the best people

Op respond to our customers' needs in a way that builds their confidence in
our company and our products
Op work effectively with other organisations
 
c 

The term information system (SCIS, IS) sometimes refers to a system of persons,
data records and activities that process the data and information in an
organization, and it includes the organization͛s manual and automated processes.
Computer-based information systems are the field of study for information
technology, elements of which are sometimes called an ͞information system͟ as
well, a usage some consider to be incorrect.

Op In geography and cartography, a geographic information system (GIS) is

used to integrate, store, edit, analyze, share and display georeferenced
information. There are many applications of GIS, ranging from ecology and
geology to the social sciences.
Op In knowledge representation, an information system consists of three
components: human, technology, organization. In this view, information is
defined in terms of the three levels of semiotics. Data which can be
automatically processed by the application system corresponds to the
syntax-level. In the context of an individual who interprets the data they
become information, which correspond to the semantic level. Information
becomes knowledge when an individual knows (understands) and evaluates
the information (e.g., for a specific task). This corresponds to the
pragmatic-level,
Op In mathematics in the area of domain theory, a Scott information system
(after its inventor Dana Scott) is a mathematical ͚structure͛ that provides an
alternative representation of Scott domains and as a special case, algebraic
lattices.
Op In mathematics rough set theory, an information system is an attribute-
value system.
Op In sociology information system are also social systems whose behavior is
heavily influenced by the goals, values and beliefs of individual and groups,
as well as the performance of the technology.
Op In systems theory, an information system is a system, automated or
manual, that comprises people, machines and methods organized to
 collect, process, transmit and disseminate data that represent user
information.
Op In telecommunications, an information system is any telecommunications
and computer related equipment or interconnected systems or subsystems
of equipment that is used in the acquisition, storage, manipulation,
management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange,
transmission or reception of voice and data and includes software,
firmware and hardware.
Op In organizational informatics an information system is a system of
communication between people. Information systems are systems involved
in the gathering, processing, distribution and use of information and as
such support human activity systems.

The most common view of an information system is one of input-process-output.