Biochemistry 1

FUNDAMENTALS
Atoms and Molecules
Atlantic University School
Of Medicine
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Number Nomenclatures
# Grams
1000 (1x10E3)
1 (1x10E0)
0.001 (1x10E-3)
0.000001 (1x10E-6)
1x10E-9
1x10E-12

Prefix
Kg
g
mg
ug
ng
pg

Log 10
3
0
-3
-6
-9
-12

Concentration in liquids
Molar (M) [x]
M = mol/Liter
Consider M, mM, uM, nM, pM, etc

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Summary
Symbols and Formulas. Symbols based on names have been
assigned to every element. Most consist of a single capital letter
followed by a lower case letter. A few consist of a single capital
letter. Temporary 3-letter symbols have been assigned to elements
for which names have yet to be agreed upon. Compounds are
represented by formulas made up of elemental symbols. The
number of atoms of each element in a molecule is shown by
subscripts.
Masses of Atoms and Molecules. Because of limitations of early
weighing devices, the actual masses of individual atoms could not
be determined. However, techniques were used at allowed relative
or comparative masses of atoms to be measured. Relative masses
called atomic weights have been assigned to each element, and are
tabulated in the periodic table. The units used are atomic mass units
or amu. Relative masses for molecules, called molecular weights,
are determined by adding together the atomic weights of the atoms
making up the molecules.
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 Inside the Atom. Atoms are made up of numerous smaller

particles, of which the most important to chemical studies are the
proton, neutron, and electron. positively charged protons and neutral
neutrons each have a relative mass of 1 amu, and are located in the
nuclei of atoms. Negatively charged electrons with a mass of 1/1840
amu are located outside the nuclei of atoms.
Isotopes. Most elements in their neutral state are made up of more
than one kind of atom. These different kinds of atoms of a specific
element are called Isotopes and differ from one another only In the
number of neutrons in their nuclei. A symbolism based on atomic
number, mass number, and elemental symbol is used for specific
Isotopes.
Isotopes and Atomic Weights. The atomic weights measured for
elements are average weights that depend upon the percent of
masses of the isotopes In the naturally occurring element. if the
isotope percent abundances and isotopic masses are known for an
element, its atomic weight can be calculated.
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 Counting By Weighing. The assignment of relative masses to

atoms and molecules makes It possible to weigh out samples of
elements or compounds such that the numerical relationships
between number of atoms or molecules in the samples are known.
This leads to calculations in which combining masses of elements
can be used to determine formulas for compounds formed.
The Mole. An extension of the counting by weighing idea leads to
the mole concept In which the number of atoms in a specific sample
of an element is determined. The sample size used Is a mass in
grams equal to the atomic weight of the element. The number of
atoms (called Avogadro's number) is, to 3 significant figures, 6.02 x
10 to the 23 power. Use of the mole concept allows useful factors to
be determined for use in factor-unit calculations.
The Mole and Chemical Formulas. The mole concept when
applied to molecular formulas gives numerous relationships which
yield useful factors for factor-unit calculations.
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Formative Assessment

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Question 1
Atomic symbols for the elements are
derived from either their greek or latin
names.
True
False

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 False

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Question 2
Determine the formula weight for
calcium carbonate, CaCO3, in amu.
68.09
100.09
124.11
204.27

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 100.09

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Question 3
How many electrons are in a hydride
ion if it has a charge of -1?
0
1
2
3

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Question 4
How many neutrons are found in the
nucleus of a 37Cl atom?
17
18
20
37

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 20

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Question 5
For isotopes to be of the same element,
they must have different atomic
masses.
True
False

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 True

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Question 6
How many atoms are contained in a
sample of water that weighs 9.008
grams
Not enough information
1/2 of Avogadro's number
Avogadros' number
1.5 of Avogadro's number

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 1/2 of Avogadro's number

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Question 7
A mole of hydrogen gas contains the
same number of atoms as a mole of
fluorine gas.
True
False

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 True

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Question 8
How many moles of aluminum are
contained in 27.00 g of Al(OH)3?
0.346
0.614
1.000
1.038
Do this at Home for tomorrow
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Ibuprophen (NSAID)
C13H18O2
FW = ?

Fever,
Pain,
Dysmenorrhea
Inflammatory diseases
rheumatoid arthritis

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Ibuprophen (NSAID)
C13H18O2
206.29 MW FW AMU Daltons g/mol
400-1200 mg per dose
5 liters blood volume
Fever,
Pain,
Dysmenorrhea
Inflammatory diseases
rheumatoid arthritis

M=?

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Ibuprophen (NSAID)
C13H18O2
206.29 MW FW AMU Daltons g/mol
400-1200 mg per dose
5 liters blood volume
Fever,
Pain,
Dysmenorrhea
Inflammatory diseases
rheumatoid arthritis

1mM concentration in blood

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Prostaglandin H2 Synthetase
Cyclooxygenase 2
~70Kd K-AMU Kg/mol
Gastric Mucosa
Kidneys
Upregulated in many cancers

Arachadonic acid

-> Prostaglandin

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Prostaglandin

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Arachadonic acid

-> Prostaglandin

Prostaglandin H2 Synthetase
Cyclooxygenase 2
Activity inhibited by NSAID
COX 2 Ka = 1 pM
[Ibuprofen] = 1mM
Why so much drug?

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The end

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Moles Al(OH3)
0.346

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