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1. INTRODUCTION
The sustainability of concrete industry is under threat due to continuous consumption
of natural resources. Natural resources necessary for making concrete or ingredients
of concrete are limited in quantity. If they are used at the current pace in concrete
industry, the time is near when we will have to discard concrete as a construction
material which will create havoc. In order to make efficient use of natural resources in
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
Concrete
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Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar
Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
other ways [7]. Pulp and paper mill residual solids (also called sludge) are composed
mainly of cellulose fibers, moisture, and papermaking fillers (mostly kaolinitic clay
and/or calcium carbonate) [8]. The material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can
vary in viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes it a useful
candidate as an alternative fuel for the manufacture of Portland cement. Paper sludge
is currently in use as an alternative fuel. It is classified as Class 2 (liquid alternative
fuels) in the Cembureau classification of alternative fuels. After incinerating paper
sludge at approximately 800 0C, the resultant fly ash may contain reactive silica and
alumina (in the form of metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which contributes
chemically to the Portland cement ingredients. As wastepaper sludge ash contains
higher percentage of silicon dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete.
This project will try to study the design parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste
paper as partial replacement of cement both individually and in combination with
waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates.
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Sustainability of concrete industry is currently a grave concern and in addition
efficient waste material management is gruesome problem. The focus of this study is
to assess the potential of using waste glass partially in place of fine aggregates and
waste paper sludge ash partially in place of cement both individually and in
combination in concrete. The resulting concrete is expected to promote sustainability
of concrete industry through simultaneous enhancements of material greenness and
infrastructure durability and above all utilization of environmentally unfriendly
wastes in concrete. In a shorter term this research is about green concrete.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Materials Used
The constituent materials used in this study are as follows:
Cement: Khyber ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade confining to IS 8112 [9] was
used throughout the work.
Aggregates: Fine aggregates used throughout the work comprised of clean river sand
with maximum size of 4.75mm conforming to zone II as per IS383-1970 [10] with
specific gravity of 2.6. Coarse aggregates used consisted of machine crushed stone
angular in shape passing through 20mm (0.787") IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm
(0.187") IS sieve with specific gravity of 2.7.
Waste glass powder: Waste glass was collected from Trilok Glass House, Srinagar,
J&K, consisting of waste window glass (Soda Lime glass). It was pulverized in Los
Angeles abrasion apparatus and then sieved through 1.18mm (0.046") IS sieve. The
specific gravity of waste glass was found to be 2.42. Chemical composition of glass is
presented in TABLE 1. Fig.1 shows sieved glass powder.
Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA): Waste paper sludge was obtained from JML waste
paper corporation, Pathankot, Punjab, India. It was then sun dried and incinerated so
as to convert it into ash. The ash was sieved through 90 micron (0.0035") Indian
Standard sieve. The specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash was found to be 2.6.
Chemical composition of paper sludge ash is presented in TABLE 2. Fig.2 shows
waste paper sludge ash placed on cement to present contrast.
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Specimen Preparation
The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [11]. The grade of concrete
used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. Normal M 25 concrete specimens
were casted so as to act as standard for test results when comparing with concrete
specimens containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash.
Concrete containing waste glass
Waste glass was used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 3.
Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash
Waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of cement. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 4.
Concrete containing both waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
Waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was simultaneously used in concrete in
varying composition. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation
are shown in TABLE 5.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS
Tests on fresh concrete
Slump Test: The workability of all concrete mixtures was determined through slump
test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of
mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported
as slump. The slump tests were performed according to IS 1199-1959 [12].
Tests on hardened concrete
From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm (5.90") and 300mm (11.81")
length and 150mm (5.90") diameter cylinders have been casted for the determination
of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete
specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS 516-1959 [13] and were
tested at 7 days, 28days and 60 days for determining compressive strength as per IS
516-1959 and splitting tensile strength as per IS 5816-1999 [14].
Water absorption test
The average dry weight of cube specimens after removing from moulds was measured
and the average weight of cube specimens after submerging in water for curing was
measured at 28 days of age. The percentage of water absorption was measured for
each concrete specimen and it gave indirect measure of durability.
Light weight character
The average dry weight of concrete cube specimens for all combinations of waste
glass and waste paper sludge ash was compared with average dry weight of normal
M-25 concrete cube specimens and the percentage decrease in dry weight was
measured.
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Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash and there after decreasing. The
maximum compressive strength measured was 15% more than that of reference mix at
28 and 60 days corresponding to normal M 25concrete mix. Compressive strength for
concrete mix with 10%, 15% and 20% waste paper sludge ash content was found to
be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength was found to be more than
that for reference mix at 5% cement replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased
with increasing waste paper sludge ash content. Fig. 8 present compressive strength of
all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 9 present splitting tensile strength
of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
4.2.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in
TABLE 8. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%
replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by WPSA and
thereafter decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 28% more
than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing
20% replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by
WPSA. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10% WPSA and 30% WG
content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength
decreased with increasing WG and WPSA content. Fig. 10 present compressive
strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 11 present splitting
tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
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Percentage content
70.4
1.9
1.2
10.3
14.0
0.4
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Percentage Content
15.83
14.94
60.57
2.06
3.59
1.07
0.16
0.92
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Table 3 Mixture Proportion for concrete containing waste glass as partial replacement of fine
aggregates.
Waste
Glass
%
0
10
20
30
40
w/c
ratio
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
Water
(Kg/m3)
Cement
(Kg/m3)
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
425.8
425.8
425.8
425.8
425.8
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
543.5
489.15
434.80
380.45
326.10
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3)
0.00
54.35
108.70
163.05
217.40
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
Slump
(mm)
25
29
34
40
50
Table 4 Mixture proportion for concrete containing waste paper sludge ash as partial
replacement of cement
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
0
5
10
15
20
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3)
Cement
(Kg/m3)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
425.80
404.51
383.22
361.93
340.64
543.5
543.5
543.5
543.5
543.5
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3)
0.00
21.29
42.58
63.87
85.16
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
Slump
(mm)
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
25
24
20
16
13
Table 5 Mixture proportions for concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
in combination.
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
0
5
10
5
10
5
10
Waste
Glass
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3)
Cement
(Kg/m3)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
425.80
404.51
383.22
404.51
383.22
404.51
383.22
543.50
489.15
489.15
434.80
434.80
380.45
380.45
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3)
0.00
21.29
42.58
21.29
42.58
21.29
42.58
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
Slump
(mm)
0.00
54.35
54.35
108.7
108.7
163.05
163.05
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
1199.36
25
27
26
33
31
35
31
Table 6 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
glass. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 = 145.037 psi)
Waste
Glass in %
0
10
20
30
40
28 days
28.07
33.69
35.11
30.82
25.69
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60 days
29.78
35.93
37.49
32.00
27.21
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Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
Table 7 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
paper sludge ash. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 = 145.037 psi).
Cube compressive Strength
(N/mm2)
7 days
28 days
60 days
21.48
28.07
29.78
23.62
32.34
34.32
20.15
26.29
27.85
17.92
24.74
26.24
15.14
22.147
23.48
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
0
5%
10%
15%
20%
Table 8 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete waste glass
and waste paper sludge ash in combination. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 =
145.037 psi).
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
0
5
10
5
10
5
10
Waste
Glass
%
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
Table 9 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass.
Waste
glass
content
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Average dry
weight before
curing (g)
8382
8343
8235
8130
7952
Average wet
weight after 28
days curing (g)
8480
8415
8295
8181
7993
Water
Absorbed (g)
98
72
60
51
41
Percentage
Water
Absorption (%)
1.169
0.863
0.729
0.627
0.516
Table 10 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste paper sludge ash.
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
0
5%
10%
15%
20%
Dry weight of
cube (gm)
Wet weight of
cube (gm)
8382
8352
8225
8115
7998
8280
8456
8340
8241
8135
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Water
absorbed
(gm)
98
104
115
126
137
Percentage
water
absorption
1.17%
1.245%
1.398%
1.552%
1.713%
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Table 11 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination.
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
0
5%
10%
5%
10%
5%
10%
Waste
Glass
%
0
10%
10%
20%
20%
30%
30%
Dry weight
of cube
(gm)
8382
8318
8255
8180
8080
8025
7995
Wet
weight of
cube (gm)
8280
8398
8343
8281
8195
8080
8058
Water
absorbed (gm)
98
80
88
101
115
55
63
Percentage
water
absorption
1.17%
0.962%
1.070%
1.235%
1.423%
0.685%
0.788%
Table 12 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass.
Waste glass
Content
Average dry
weight of cubes (g)
Dry density
(KN/m3)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
8382
8343
8235
8130
7952
24.83
24.72
24.40
24.10
23.56
Percentage change in
weight with respect to
reference M25 cubes
0%
- 0.456%
- 1.753%
- 3.006%
- 5.130%
Table 13 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste paper sludge ash.
Paper Sludge Ash
%
0
5%
10%
15%
20%
8382
8352
8225
8115
7998
24.83
24.75
24.37
24.04
23.70
Percentage change in
weight as compared to
reference (%)
0%
- 0.358%
- 1.870%
- 3.185%
- 4.580%
Table 14 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass and waste
paper sludge ash in combination.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
0
5%
10%
5%
10%
5%
10%
Waste Glass
%
0
10%
10%
20%
20%
30%
30%
Avg. Dry
weight of cube
(gm)
Avg. dry
density of cube
(KN/m3)
Percentage change in
weight as compared
to reference (%)
8382
8318
8255
8180
8080
8025
7995
24.83
24.65
24.46
24.24
23.94
23.78
23.69
0%
- 0.763%
- 1.515%
- 2.490%
- 3.600%
- 4.260%
- 4.610%
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Figure 5 Variation of slump with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash content in
combination.
Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
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Figure 7 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of
age.
Figure 8 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60
days of age.
Figure 9 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and
60 days of age.
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Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Figure 10 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
Figure 11 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of results obtained, following conclusions can be drawn:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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7.
Simultaneous utilization of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash showed 28.7%
maximum increase in compressive strength for 20% waste glass and 5% waste paper
sludge ash combination.
Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will eradicate the disposal
problem of waste glass and prove to be environment friendly thus paving way for
greener concrete.
Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will preserve natural
resources particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industry
sustainable.
8.
9.
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that incorporates highly reactive fine aggregate, Transportation Research Record
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Cement and Concrete Research, 34, Feb. 2004, pp. 267-274.
V. Corinaldesi, G. Gnappi, G. Moriconi, and A. Montenero, Reuse of ground
waste glass as aggregate for mortars, Waste Management, 2, pp.197-201,
Jan.2005.
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