LAN Technologies

Router

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IEEE Layer 2 protocols

Phy

Data Link

Protocols of the network layer

Logical Link Control (LLC)

802.2
CSMA/CD
MAC

Token Bus
MAC

Token Ring
MAC

WLAN
MAC

FDDI
MAC

802.3

802.4

802.5

802.11

ISO9314

MAC Media Access Control

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Data transmission within an Ethernet LAN

Ethernet
Ethernet Frame
Frame
Header
Header contains
contains MAC
MAC Addresses
Addresses

DA=4

SIEMENS
NIXDORF

SIEMENS
NIXDORF

Nothing
Nothing to
to do
do with
with me.
me.
Not
Not my
my
MAC
MAC address
address

Nokia Siemens Networks

TG70112EN02GLA1

SIEMENS
NIXDORF

SIEMENS
NIXDORF

Oh!
Oh!
My
My address.
address.
Ill
Ill read
read the
the packet
packet

Ethernet Frame (native frame)

General overhead:
The Ethernet frame consists of a preamble with 8 bytes, the minimum frame
size of 64 bytes and an interframe gap with 12 bytes. The following diagram is
an example:

Ethernet--Frame
Frame
Ethernet
7 Bytes 1 Byte 6 Bytes
6 Bytes
Destination Source
Preamble SD
Address
Address

2 Bytes
Type

64 Byte frame

variable length
46 to 1500 Bytes

Data

4 bytes
Frame
Check
Sequence

12 bytes
Interframe
Gap

size 1518 Byte

Result:
84 byte for a minimal frame 1538 byte for maximal frame length Preamble, Start
delimiter (SD) and interframe gap are negligible for long packets, but a significant contribution
in case of short packet length (e.g. around 100 bytes for VoIP)

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Ethernet Frames and MAC Addressing

MAC-Address: (Media Access Control)
Address on Layer 2 most commonly used on Ethernet, 6 Bytes long,
linked to Hardware, worldwide unique
Application

Ethernet Frame

Presentation
Session
Transport

Destination
MAC

Source
MAC

Type
Field

6 Bytes

6 Bytes

2 By

Data of Layers 3 to 7
up to 1500 Bytes

Check
sum
4 Bytes

The Type Field: specifies, which Layer 3 Protocol is contained

The Checksum (CRC) secures both addresses, type field and data

Network
Data Link
Physical

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MAC-Broadcast addresses all stations on a LAN (Address = ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)

MAC-Multicast addresses all stations with a particular property
e.g. all switches supporting a particular protocol

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Ethernet Switching

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SAT Table or MAC-Address-Table

(SAT = Source-Address-Table)

<unknown>
Src:
08:00:06:00:00:0A
Src:08:00:06:00:00:0C
08:00:06:00:00:0A
08:00:06:00:00:0C
Dst:
08:00:06:00:00:0C
08:00:06:00:00:0A
Dst: 08:00:06:00:00:0C
08:00:06:00:00:0A
flooding

08:00:06:00:00:0A

08:00:06:00:00:0B

Nokia Siemens Networks

08:00:06:00:00:0C

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08:00:06:00:00:0D

Port

Address

08:00:06:00:00:0A
08:00:06:00:00:0A

08:00:06:00:00:0B

08:00:06:00:00:0C
08:00:06:00:00:0C

08:00:06:00:00:0D

Ethernet Switching

2/2

The Forwarding Table is learnt dynamically from the packets

source addresses

If the destination MAC address is not known, the packet is

flooded, which means it is forwarded to all ports

If the destination MAC address is known, the packet is only

forwarded to the port where the address has been learnt

Broadcast (eg ARP) and Multicast (without IGMP Snooping)

messages are always flooded

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IEEE 802.3 Frame Capture

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The LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer

Logical Link Control
hardware independent

Network
Network

LLC
LLC

Data
Data Link
Link

MAC
MAC

Physical
Physical

Media Access Control

hardware dependent

MAC
MAC Frame
Frame

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802.2
802.2 LLC
LLC

TG70112EN02GLA1

Layer
Layer 33 data
data

LPDU (LLC Protocol Data Unit)

LPDU (IEEE 802.2)
1 Byte

DSAP

1 Byte

SSAP

1Byte

variabel

Control Field

Data

This is the address of a

network layer protocol

This part
contains information

The most important SAPs:

BPDU
Banyan
IBMNM
IP
ISO
NetBIOS
Novell
RPL
SNA
SNAP
Global
Null

42
BC
F4
06
FE
F0
E0
F8
04, 05 , 08, 0C
AA
FF
00

Bridge Protocol Data Unit (Spanning Tree)

Banyan Vines
IBM Network Management
Internet Protocol
International Standard Organization
Network Basic I/O System
Novell (NetWare)
Remote Program Load
Systems Network Architecture
Sub Network Access Protocol
Broadcast
IBM SAP Negotiation

They are inserted into the DSAP/SSAP Octet

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Ethernet Frame (IEEE 802.3, 802.2) with LLC

Preamble

Frame
Destination
DeliAddress
meter

Source
Address

Length

Data

Checksum

standard encapsulation:
DSAP

SSAP

Control
Field

Now, the service access

point (SAP) defines...
and with
SNAP:

DSAP
0x AA

SSAP
0x AA

Data

... which protocol is

included here

Control Field
Protocol-ID/
Ether-Type
LLC-Type 1 Organization = 0 (e.g. ARP 0x 806)

Now, the SAP

defines...

... that a SNAP

header follows...
... and the header defines
which protocol follows

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Data

Half Duplex Full Duplex

The switch and I can talk 100 Mbits

per second!

Yes, thats called

California Count. Its a
popular way to express
switching capacities.
Instead of saying you can
switch 320 Gbps Full
Duplex you could say you
have 640 Gbps switching
capacity.

But if we talk at the same time, were

in trouble*. Youre on a half duplex
link.
*requires CSMA/CD
L2-Switch

But Im on full duplex. The switch and I

can use the full 1Gbps link capacity at
the same time.

L2-Switch

1 Gbps one way and 1 Gbps the other

way, that sums up to 2 Gbps.
Full-duplex operation is restricted to point to point links
connecting exactly two stations.

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Ethernet Auto-Negotiation

Twisted-pair Auto-negotiation defines a standard to address the

following:
Provide easy, plug-and-play upgrades from 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1000

Mbps as the network infrastructure is upgraded

Prevent network disruptions when connecting mixed technologies such as
10BaseT, 100BaseTX and 1000BaseT
Accommodate future PHY (transceiver) solutions
Allow manual override of auto-negotiation
Support backward compatibility with 10BaseT
Provide a parallel detection function to recognize 10BaseT and 100BaseTX
non-auto-negotiation devices
Mandatory auto-negotiation for 1000BaseT
Configure master and slave modes for the PHY

Fiber optic Auto-negotiation

Only defined for the 1000BASE-X fiber optic media system
Used by the link partners on a Gigabit Ethernet fiber optic link to determine

which modes of operation they support in common (e.g., full-duplex, PAUSE

operation)

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Virtual LAN (VLAN)

Broadcast Domain Separation

VLAN1 -> Broadcast Domain

VLAN2 -> Broadcast Domain
VLAN3 -> Broadcast Domain

L2-Switch

L2-Switch

Several logical networks (VLAN)

share one physical media (LAN)
VLANs are used for customer separation
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Virtual LAN

1/2

SAT Table (MAC-Address-Table)

Port Address

VLAN-ID

08:00:06:00:00:0A

08:00:06:00:00:0B

08:00:06:00:00:0C

4
5

08:00:06:00:00:0D

08:00:06:00:00:10

1,2

08:00:06:00:00:10

10.0.0.254/24

15

08:00:06:00:00:01

08:00:06:00:00:02

08:00:06:00:00:03

08:00:06:00:00:04

IP 10.0.0.1/24
GW 10.0.0.254

IP 10.0.1.1/24
GW 10.0.1.254

IP 10.0.0.2/24
GW 10.0.0.254

IP 10.0.1.2/24
GW 10.0.1.254

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10.0.1.254/24

Virtual LAN

2/2

Switch ports are logically grouped with the help of VLANs (PVID)
Each group behaves like an individual switch
Inter-VLAN communication is only possible with a router

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Ethernet Frame
VLAN
Additional Bytes:
In a VLAN-tagged frame 4 bytes are added between the Type-Field and the DataField

EthernetIIIIFrame
Frame(with
(withVLAN
VLANtag)
tag)
Ethernet
7 Bytes

1 B.

6 Byte.

6 Byte

2 B.

2 B.

2 B.

46 to
1500 Bytes

Preamble

SD

Dest.
Address

Source
Address

TPID
TPID

TCI
TCI

Type

Data

TPID (Ether type)

Tag protocoll identifier

Defines type of 802.1q tag

Total Ethernet
Frame Size
68...1522 Byte
(without Preamble,
SD and Interframe Gap)
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User priority

12 bytes
Interframe
Gap

TCI
Tag Control Information

3 1

12

CFI (Cannonical
format identifier)

TG70112EN02GLA1

4 bytes
Frame
Check
Sequence

VLAN ID
(n <= 4094)

Ethernet Protection Mechanisms

1/2

An incoming Ethernet packet with

unknown destination

Is forwarded to any port (except

the receiving port)

So its obvious that Loops lead

to problems (a.k.a. Broadcast
storm).
Here its also nice that
Ethernet packets have no
time to live counter

The problem is solved by STP = Spanning Tree Protocol

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Ethernet Protection Mechanisms

2/2

STP blocks the network at certain

links

So loops are avoided

This can also be used for

protection if another link goes
down, the block is released

STP Variants:
- STP (tens of seconds protection switching time)
- RSTP (Rapid STP, around one second): the protection links are pre-calculated by the
switches: Faster, but manual configuration of switches required, some configurations
required (root bridge, backup root bridge)
- PV(R)STP: RSTP per VLAN
- MSTP: RSTP per VLAN-Groups, scales much better than RSTP / PV(R)STP

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Other Spanning Tree Operational Modes

Spanning Tree 802.1D

Rapid Spanning Tree 802.1w
- Faster than 802.1D due to better Topology Change mechanisms
(reconfiguration within 1s)
Per VLAN Spanning Tree (PVSTP)
- Uses same mechanism as 802.1D but independent for each VLAN
- Scalability problem (~ 128 VLANs at a time)
Per VLAN Rapide Spanning Tree (PVRSTP)
- Uses same mechanism as 802.1w but independent for each VLAN
- Scalability problem (~ 128 VLANs at a time)
Multiple Spanning Tree 802.1s
- Same recovery time as 802.1w
- Allows grouping of VLANs into regions instances within a region
- Only one BPDU per region is necessary

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Tagged Port
in order to reduce the number of Switch-to-Switch and Switch-to -Router
connections additional information (tags) for the VLAN association is
inserted into the Ethernet frame.
A tagged port is part of several VLANs and Broadcast Domains.

frame with tag

2
1

1
2

ports are assigned

simultaneous

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1
2