McGrawHill Functions 11 Unit 5

CHAPTER
Trigonometric
Functions
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By the end of this chapter, you will
describe key properties of periodic functions arising
from real-world applications, given a numerical or
graphical representation
predict, by extrapolating, the future behaviour of a
relationship modelled using a numeric or graphical
representation of a periodic function
sketch graphs of y = af [k(x d)] + c by applying one

or more transformations to the graphs of f (x) = sin x
and f (x) = cos x, and state the domain and range of
the transformed functions
represent a sinusoidal function with an equation,
given its graph or its properties
make connections between the sine ratio and the

sine function and between the cosine ratio and the
cosine function by graphing the relationship between
angles from 0 to 360 and the corresponding sine
ratios or cosine ratios, with or without technology,
defining this relationship as the function f (x) = sin x
or f (x) = cos x, and explaining why the relationship is
a function
collect data that can be modelled as a sinusoidal

function from primary sources or from secondary
sources, and graph the data
sketch the graphs of f (x) = sin x and f (x) = cos x for

angle measures expressed in degrees, and determine
and describe key properties
determine, through investigation, how sinusoidal

functions can be used to model periodic phenomena
that do not involve angles
determine, through investigation using technology,

and describe the roles of the parameters a, k, d, and c
in functions of the form y = af [k(x d)] + c in terms
of transformations of the graphs of f (x) = sin x
and f (x) = cos x with angles expressed in degrees
predict the effects on a mathematical model of an

application involving sinusoidal functions when the
conditions in the application are varied
determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, domain,

and range of sinusoidal functions whose equations
are given in the form f (x) = a sin [k(x d)] + c or
f (x) = a cos [k(x d)] + c
identify sinusoidal functions, including those that

arise from real-world applications involving periodic
phenomena, given various representations, and
explain any restrictions that the context places on
the domain and range
pose and solve problems based on applications

involving a sinusoidal function by using a given
graph or a graph generated with technology from its
equation
281
Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on
pages 496 to 516 for examples of the topics and
further practice.
Use the Cosine Law

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Shift Functions
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ii)yx'(
iii)yx''
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idi]Z[^ghi#
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30
4
2 0
i)yx '
ii)yx('
iii)yx''
idi]Z[^ghi#
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Find Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

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b) &'%!&*%!'&%!')%!(%%!VcY((%
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282 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5
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Stretch Functions
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Reflect Functions
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i)yx''
ii)yx''
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Combine Transformations
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Solve Equations Involving Rational Expressions

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Chapter Problem
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[gdbi]ZhdjcYhd[ndjg[VkdjgîZWVcYidhdjcYigVX`h[dgbdi^dce^XijgZh#
Prerequisite Skills MHR 283
5.1
Modelling Periodic Behaviour
L]ViYdi]ZhdjcYhd[ndjg[VkdjgîZWVcY!i]Z^Ya^c\d[VXVgZc\^cZ!
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EZg^dY^XeViiZgchXVcWZbdYZaaZYWnig^\dcdbZig^X[jcXi^dch#
Tools
grid paper
protractor
ruler
compasses
or
graphing calculator
Investigate
How can you model periodic behaviour mathematically?
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[ZVijgZi]Zb!VhYdbVcnVbjhZbZcieVg`h#
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5m
30
30
30
Suzanne
John
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ig^\dcdbZig^Xiddah#I]ZY^V\gVbâajhigViZhi]Z[^ghii]gZZY^hiVcXZh
idbZVhjgZ#GZXdgYndjggZhjaih^cViVWaZlî]Vc\aZ^ci]Z[^ghi
XdajbcVcYY^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!^ci]ZhZXdcYXdajbc#
3. ReflectEgZY^Xii]ZkVajZh[dgHjoVccZhedhî^dcVhi]ZXVgdjhZa
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4. JhZi]ZkVajZh^cndjgiVWaZidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[Y^hiVcXZkZghjh
Vc\aZd[gZkdaji^dc#GZXdgYY^hiVcXZVadc\i]ZkZgi^XVaVm^hVcYi]Z
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5. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idndjgegZY^XiZY\gVe]#=dlVgZi]Z
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i]ZidiVaVc\aZd[gZkdaji^dci]ViHjoVccZbdkZhi]gdj\]^c[^kZ
gZkdaji^dch#
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Vc\aZhdcndjgY^V\gVbd[i]ZXVgdjhZa#
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8. =dlbVcncyclesVgZh]dlc^ci]Z\gVe]4
cycle
9. I]Zperiodd[VeViiZgc^hbZVhjgZY^cjcîhVeegdeg^ViZidi]Z
one complete repetition

of a pattern
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period
10. Reflect=dlYdZhVperiodic functionY^[[Zg[gdbVa^cZVg[jcXi^dc
dgVfjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dc4
11. L]Vi^hi]Zb^c^bjbY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZYjg^c\i]Z
[^ghigZkdaji^dc4L]Vi^hi]ZbVm^bjbY^hiVcXZ4
the horizontal length of

one cycle on a graph
periodic function
a function that has a
pattern of y-values
that repeats at regular
intervals
12. L]Vi^hi]Zamplituded[i]^h[jcXi^dc4
13. ReflectHjeedhZi]ViHjoVccZ^hdcV]dghZi]Vi^h'b[gdbi]Z
XZcigZd[i]ZXVgdjhZa#EgZY^Xi]dli]Z\gVe]lâaX]Vc\Z[gdbi]Z
dcZi]VindjYgZl^chiZe)#H`ZiX]ndjgegZY^Xi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]
d[Y^hiVcXZkZghjhVc\aZd[gZkdaji^dc[dgildgZkdaji^dchd[i]Z
XVgdjhZa#
amplitude
half the distance
between the maximum
and minimum values of
a periodic function
5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 285
Example 1
Classify Functions
a) :mVb^cZZVX]\gVe]#9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]Z[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#>[î
^h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY#
ii)
i)
y
4
y
4
6x
b) :mVb^cZi]Z\gVe]#9ZiZgb^cZ
6x
6x
y
4
l]Zi]Zgi]Z[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#>[î
^h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ#
2
6
0
2
4
Solution
a) i)6eZg^dY^X[jcXi^dc]VhVeViiZgc
d[y"kVajZhi]VigZeZVihVigZ\jaVg
^ciZgkVah#I]ZeZg^dY^hi]ZaZc\i]
d[i]Z^ciZgkVa#>ci]^hZmVbeaZ!
i]ZeViiZgcd[y"kVajZh^cdcZ
hZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]gZeZVih^c
i]ZcZmihZXi^dc#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z
[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#
y
4
One Period
One Period
2
6x
2
4
I
dYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!hZaZXiV
XdckZc^ZcihiVgi^c\ed^ciVcYcdiZi]Zx"XddgY^cViZ#>ci]^hXVhZ!
X]ddhZ+!%#BdkZidi]Zg^\]i!VcYZhi^bViZi]Zx"XddgY^cViZ
l]ZgZi]ZcZmiXnXaZWZ\^ch#I]^hVeeZVghidWZVii]Zdg^\^c#
HjWigVXii]Zildx"XddgY^cViZh#I]ZeZg^dY^h%+!dg
+jcîh#
ii)>ci]^hZmVbeaZ!i]ZeViiZgcd[
y"kVajZh^cdcZhZXi^dcd[i]Z
\gVe]YdZhcdigZeZVi^ci]ZcZmi
hZXi^dc#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
cdieZg^dY^X#
y
4
2
6
0
2
4
6x
b) I]Z[jcXi^dcâajhigViZY
y
4
Maximum
^ci]Z\gVe]^heZg^dY^X
Amplitude
WZXVjhZi]ZgZ^hVgZeZVi^c\
2
eViiZgcd[y"kVajZhdcV
gZ\jaVgWVh^h#6eZg^dY^X
6 4 2 0
4
6x
2
Minimum
[jcXi^dcjhjVaan]VhV
2
bVm^bjbkVajZVcYV
4
b^c^bjbkVajZZkZgn
XnXaZ#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h
]Va[i]ZY^[[ZgZcXZWZilZZci]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjbkVajZh#>c
i]Z\gVe]h]dlc!i]ZbVm^bjb^h(VcYi]Zb^c^bjb^h&#
(&

!dg'jcîh#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZVbeaîjYZ^hTT

'
Example 2
Predicting With Periodic Functions
8dch^YZgi]ZeZg^dY^X[jcXi^dch]dlc#
y
4
a) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
b) 9ZiZgb^cZf 'VcYf*#
c) EgZY^Xif-!f&%!VcYf&)#
6x
d) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
e) 9ZiZgb^cZ[djgx"kVajZhhjX]i]Vi
fx'#
Solution
a) HZaZXiVXdckZc^ZcihiVgi^c\ed^ci!hjX]Vh,!%#BdkZidi]Zg^\]i
jciâi]ZeViiZgcWZ\^chidgZeZVi#I]^hdXXjghVi&!%#I]ZeZg^dY^h
ZfjVaidi]Z]dgôdciVaaZc\i]d[i]^hXnXaZ!XVaXjaViZYWnhjWigVXi^c\
i]Zx"XddgY^cViZh#I]jh!i]ZeZg^dY^h&,!dg+jcîh#
b) GZVYkVajZh[gdbi]Z\gVe]/f'&VcYf*%#
c) f-f'+f&%f&%++f&)f&)++

f'
&
f'
&
f'
&
d) I]ZbVm^bjbkVajZ^h(#I]Zb^c^bjbkVajZ^h'#I]ZVbeaîjYZ
('

!dg'#*jcîh#
^hTT

'
From part a), the period

of the function is 6. The
value of the function at x
is the same as the value
at x plus or minus any
multiple of 6.
e) ;gdbi]Z\gVe]!i]ZkVajZd[f%^h'#9ZiZgb^cZdi]Zgx"kVajZh
WnVYY^c\i]ZeZg^dYiddghjWigVXi^c\i]ZeZg^dY[gdbx%#Ild
edhh^WaZVchlZghVgZx+!x&'!VcYx&-!dgx+!x&'!
VcYx&-#
Example 3
Natural Gas Consumption in Ontario
a) :meaV^cl]ni]Z\gVe]]Vh
i]^hh]VeZ#
Residential Natural Gas Consumption

Thousands of Cubic Metres
I]Z\gVe]h]dlhgZh^YZci^Va
cVijgVa\VhXdchjbei^dc^c
DciVg^deZgbdci]!WZ\^cc^c\^c
?VcjVgn'%%&#9ViVVgZdWiV^cZY
[gdbHiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYVi]gdj\]
îhdca^cZ:"HI6I^ciZgVXi^kZ
idda#
1 600 000
1 400 000
1 200 000
1 000 000
800 000
600 000
400 000
200 000
b) 9di]ZYViVVeeZVgidWZ
12 24 36 48 60
Month Starting January 2001
eZg^dY^X4?jhi^[nndjg
VchlZg#
c) 6hhjbZi]Vii]ZXdchjbei^dcd[cVijgVa\Vh^cDciVg^dXVcWZ
bdYZaaZYjh^c\VeZg^dY^X[jcXi^dc#9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVeegdm^bViZ
bVm^bjbkVajZ!b^c^bjbkVajZ!VcYVbeaîjYZd[i]^h[jcXi^dc#
d) :hi^bViZi]ZeZg^dYd[i]^h[jcXi^dc#9dZhi]^hkVajZbV`ZhZchZ4
:meaV^cl]n#
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Solution
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i]ZhjbbZgbdci]h#
b) I]ZYViVVgZVeegdm^bViZaneZg^dY^X#I]ZkVajZhYdcdiZmVXian
bViX][gdbXnXaZidXnXaZ#
c) 6gZVhdcVWaZZhi^bViZ[dgi]ZbVm^bjb^h&+%%%%%i]djhVcYXjW^X
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YdbV^c^hcdi%#I]ZYViVWZ\^c^c?VcjVgn!l]^X]^hi]Z[^ghibdci]#
I]ZgVc\Z^hVeegdm^bViZanpg2!'%%%%%g&+%%%%%r#
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Key Concepts
6eViiZgci]VigZeZVihîhZa[gZ\jaVgan^heZg^dY^X#
6eZg^dY^XeViiZgcXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\VeZg^dY^X
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Period
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4
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VXnXaZ#
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Communicate Your Understanding

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A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 5, refer to
Example 1.
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2
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15. I]ZXînd[Fjîd!
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12. Use TechnologyHjchedihVgZ]j\Z
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Location
at Time t
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6400 km
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18. Chapter ProblemGVcYnXdccZXih]^h
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Date
Daylight
(Hours:Minutes)
Jan. 1
9:09
Feb. 1
10:00
Mar. 1
11:14
Apr. 1
12:43
May 1
14:04
Jun. 1
15:04
Jul. 1
15:14
Aug. 1
14:28
Sep. 1
13:10
Oct. 1
11:45
Nov. 1
10:21
Dec. 1
9:19
a) :meaV^cl]ni]ZhZYViVlâah]dlV
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2
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Co nne ct io ns
One of the oldest purely electronic
instruments is the theremin,
invented in 1919 by Leon Theremin,
a Russian engineer. Players control
the instruments sound by moving
their hands toward or away from the
instruments two antennas. One antenna controls the
pitch of the sound; the other controls the volume. You
have probably heard the eerie, gliding, warbling sounds
of a theremin in science fiction or horror films.
b) EgZY^Xii]ZcjbWZgd[]djghd[YVna^\]i
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Achievement Check
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Va\ZWgVdgig^\dcdbZign4
A ,
B %
C &'
D &
y
2
0
100
200
300
5.2
The Sine Function and
the Cosine Function
L]ViYdVcdXZVcd\gVe]Zg!VhidX`VcVanhi!
VcVjY^dZc\^cZZg!VcYVbjh^X^VceaVn^c\
ZaZXigdc^X^chigjbZcih]VkZ^cXdbbdc4
I]ZnVaaYZValî]eZg^dY^XeViiZgch#EZg^dY^XeViiZgchXVcWZgZegZhZciZYVh\gVe]h!ZfjVi^dch!
iVWaZh!VcYdi]ZgbVi]ZbVi^XVa[dgbh#:kZcVXdbeaZmeZg^dY^XeViiZgcXVcWZWgd`ZcYdlc^cid
Vhjbd[iZgbh!ZVX]d[l]^X]^hgZegZhZciZYVhVh^cZdgVXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#I]^hegdXZhh^h`cdlc
Vh;djg^ZgVcVanh^h!l]^X]^hVeea^ZY^chjX]Y^kZghZ[^ZaYhVhbjh^Xhnci]Zh^h!Xgneid\gVe]n!
VXdjhi^Xh!dXZVcd\gVe]n!hidX`dei^dceg^X^c\!VcYegdWVWâîni]Zdgn#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâajhZndjg`cdlaZY\Zd[i]Zh^cZVcYXdh^cZgVi^dhidYZkZadeh^cZVcY
Xdh^cZ[jcXi^dch#Ndjlâa^ckZhi^\ViZi]ZegdeZgi^Zhd[i]ZhZ[jcXi^dchVcYWZXdbZ[Vbâ^Vglî]
i]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhd[i]Z^g\gVe]h#
Tools
calculator
grid paper
Investigate A
How can you use a table and grid paper with the sine ratio to construct
a function?
>ci]^hX]VeiZg!ndjlâaXdch^YZgl^YZgVeea^XVi^dchd[i]Zig^\dcdbZig^X
gVi^dh!^cXajY^c\Veea^XVi^dchl]ZgZi]Z^cYZeZcYZcikVg^VWaZYdZh
cdigZegZhZciVcVc\aZ#>ci]ZhZVeea^XVi^dch!î^hVeegdeg^ViZidjhZx
gVi]Zgi]VcidgZegZhZcii]ZkVg^VWaZVcYidi]^c`d[h^cZVcYXdh^cZVh
[jcXi^dchd[x/fxh^cxVcYgxXdhx#
1. JhZVjcîX^gXaZid[^cYZmVXikVajZh[dgh^cx#JhZVXVaXjaVidgid
YZiZgb^cZVeegdm^bViZkVajZh[dgh^cx#7Z\^cVi%VcYXdci^cjZ
ZkZgn(%jciândjgZVX](+%#8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZ#
sin x
x
0
Rounded to
One Decimal Place
0.0
30
T1
0.5
360
Exact Value
2. a) Eadii]ZdgYZgZYeV^ghx!h^cxdcV\gVe]![gdbx%id
x(+%#JhZi]ZYZX^bVakVajZh[dgh^cx#EaVXZi]Z\gVe]WZh^YZ
i]ZjcîX^gXaZ#
b) 9gVlVhbddi]XjgkZi]gdj\]i]Zed^cih#
3. ReflectL]nYdndji]^cì]Vii]^h\gVe]^hd[iZcXVaaZYVh^cZ
lVkZ4
4. 8dci^cjZndjgiVWaZeVhi(+%[dghZkZgVabdgZgdlh#L]ViYdndj
cdi^XZVWdjii]ZZcig^Zh4
5. a) EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]eVhi(+%#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) KZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
6. JhZndjgiVWaZVcY\gVe]idXdenVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZd[egdeZgi^Zh
[dgyh^cx[dg%id(+%#AZVkZi]Zi]^gYXdajbcWaVc`[dgcdl#
NdjlâajhZi]Zi]^gYXdajbc^c>ckZhi^\ViZ8#
Property
y = sin x
maximum
minimum
amplitude
period
domain
range
y-intercept
x-intercepts
intervals of
increase
intervals of
decrease
7. Reflect:meaV^cl]ni]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx^heZg^dY^X#
8. =dlXVcndjkZg^[ni]Viyh^cx^hV[jcXi^dc4EZg[dgbi]Z
kZg^[^XVi^dc#LgîZi]Z[jcXi^dcjh^c\[jcXi^dccdiVi^dc#
BVcneZg^dY^XeViiZgch[daadlVsinusoidalgZaVi^dcVcYXVcWZ
gZegZhZciZYVhVh^beaZh^cZdgXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#DcZd[i]ZhZeViiZgch
^hi]ZVaiZgcVi^c\XjggZcid[ZaZXig^Xîni]Viegdk^YZhZcZg\n[dg
a^\]ihVcYVeea^VcXZh^cndjg]dbZ#Di]ZgeViiZgchXVcWZbdYZaaZY
jh^c\XdbW^cVi^dchd[ilddgbdgZh^cZVcYXdh^cZ[jcXi^dch!dg
igVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]ZhZ[jcXi^dch#NdjlâahZZhdbZd[i]ZhZaViZg^c
i]^hX]VeiZg#
sinusoidal
having the curved form
of a sine wave
5.2 The Sine Function and the Cosine Function MHR 295
Investigate B
Tools
TI-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus
graphing calculator
How can you use technology with the sine ratio to construct a
function?
Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator
1. EgZhh 2nd PI7AH:IRidVXXZhhi]ZTABLE
SETUPhXgZZc#I]^hhXgZZcVaadlhndjidheZX^[n
i]ZhiVgi^c\kVajZVcYi]Z^cXgZbZci[dgViVWaZ
d[kVajZh#HZiTblStartid%VcYNTblid&%!Vh
h]dlc#BV`ZhjgZIndpntVcYDependVgZhZiid
AUTO#
2. EgZhh MODE VcYZchjgZi]VindjgXVaXjaVidg^h^cDEGREEbdYZ#
:chjgZi]ViVaaeadihVgZijgcZYd[[#6XXZhhi]ZY=ZYîdg!VcYZciZg
i]ZZmegZhh^dch^cM^cY1#
3. 6Y_jhii]Zl^cYdlhZii^c\hhjX]i]ViM^headiiZY[gdb%id(+%lî]
VhXVaZd[(%VcYN^headiiZY[gdb'id'lî]VhXVaZd[%#*#
EgZhh GRAPH #
4. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]h]dlcWni]Z\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidi]Z
\gVe]i]Vindjh`ZiX]ZY^c>ckZhi^\ViZ6#JhZi]ZhXVaZdcZVX]Vm^h
id]ZaendjXdbeVgZhZkZgVaed^cih#EgZhh 2nd P86A8R#HZaZXi1:
valueidZkVajViZy[dgndjghZaZXi^dcd[x#
5. EgZhh 2nd PI67A:RidVXXZhhi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZh#HXgdaaYdlcVcY
XdbeVgZi]ZiVWaZidi]ZdcZndjXdchigjXiZY^c>ckZhi^\ViZ6#
6. 8dci^cjZhXgdaa^c\eVhi(+%id[^cYi]ZcZmibVm^bjb#=dlYdZh
îXdbeVgZidndjgegZY^Xi^dc^chiZe*Vd[>ckZhi^\ViZ64EgZY^Xi
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VchlZg#
7. HXgdaaWVX`jeVcYXdci^cjZeVhi%#EgZY^Xil]ZgZi]ZcZmibVm^bjb
lâadXXjg^ci]^hY^gZXi^dc#8dci^cjZhXgdaa^c\idX]ZX`ndjgVchlZg#
8. ReflectHjeedhZi]VindjXVchZZi]Z\gVe]d[fxh^cx[gdb
x,'%idx,'%#=dlbVcnXnXaZhldjaYndjZmeZXiid
hZZ4L]ZgZldjaYi]ZbVm^bjbkVajZhdXXjg4L]ZgZldjaYi]Z
b^c^bjbkVajZhdXXjg4
9. 6Y_jhindjgl^cYdlkVg^VWaZhhdi]VindjXVchZZi]Z\gVe]d[
fxh^cx[gdbx,'%idx,'%#8]ZX`ndjgegZY^Xi^dch[gdb
hiZe-#
Method 2: Use a TI-Nspire CAS Graphing Calculator

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i]Ze`ZnidhXgdaaYdlcidAngle!VcYZchjgZi]Viî^hhZiid
Degree#8dci^cjZdcidAuto or ApproxVcYZchjgZi]Viî^hhZiid
Auto#8dci^cjZYdlcidOKVcYegZhhxil^XZ#
Tools
TI-NspireTM CAS
graphing calculator
b) EgZhhcVcYhZaZXi6:New Document#HZaZXi
2:Add Graphs & Geometry#

c) IneZh^cm[dg[jcXi^dcf1#EgZhh#
d) EgZhhb#HZaZXi4:Window#HZaZXi
1:Window Settings#HZiXMinid
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i]Z\gVe]i]Vindjh`ZiX]ZY^c>ckZhi^\ViZ6#
b) EgZhhb#HZaZXi6:Points & Lines#HZaZXi2:Point On#BdkZi]Z
Xjghdgidi]Z\gVe]!VcYegZhh#
c) EgZhh/xid\gVWi]Zed^ci#JhZi]ZXjghdg`ZnhidbdkZi]Z
ed^ciVadc\i]Z\gVe]#8dbeVgZi]ZY^heaVnZYkVajZhidi]dhZ^c
ndjgiVWaZ[gdb>ckZhi^\ViZ6#
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eV\Z#
b) EgZhhb#HZaZXi5:Function Table#
HZaZXi1:Switch to Function Table#

EgZhh#6iVWaZlâaVeeZVg#
c) EgZhhb#HZaZXi5:Function Table#
HZaZXi3:Edit Function Table Settings#

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id&%#IVWYdlcidOKVcYegZhh#I]Z[jcXi^dciVWaZlâaWZ
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l]ZgZi]ZcZmibVm^bjblâadXXjg#HXgdaaYdlcidX]ZX`ndjg
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6. HXgdaaWVX`jeVcYXdci^cjZeVhi%#EgZY^Xil]ZgZi]ZcZmibVm^bjb
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7. a)EgZhh/VcYi]ZaZ[iXjghdg`ZnidgZijgcidi]Z\gVe]Y^heaVn#
b) HjeedhZi]VindjXdjaYhZZi]Z\gVe]d[fxh^cx[gdb
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8. Reflect6Y_jhindjgl^cYdlhZii^c\hhdi]VindjXVchZZi]Z\gVe]
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[gdbhiZe,#
Investigate C
How can you use the cosine ratio to construct a function?
I]ZXdh^cZXjgkZ]Vhh^bâVgî^Zhidi]Zh^cZXjgkZ!VhlZaaVhhdbZ
Y^[[ZgZcXZh#;daadli]ZhiZehd[>ckZhi^\ViZ6VcY>ckZhi^\ViZ7id
^ckZhi^\ViZi]ZXdh^cZXjgkZ#L]Zcndj[^c^h]!XdbeaZiZi]Zi]^gYXdajbc
d[i]ZiVWaZ^chiZe+d[>ckZhi^\ViZ6idhjbbVgôZi]ZegdeZgi^Zhd[i]Z
Xdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
Key Concepts
I]Zh^cZVcYXdh^cZgVi^dh!Vadc\lî]i]ZjcîX^gXaZ!XVcWZjhZYidXdchigjXih^cZVcY
Xdh^cZ[jcXi^dch#
7di]i]Zh^cZVcYXdh^cZ[jcXi^dch]VkZVlVkZ"a^`ZVeeZVgVcXZ!lî]VeZg^dYd[(+%#
y = sin x
Properties
sketch of graph
y = cos x
y
1
0
y
1
90
180
270
x
360
90
180
270
x
360
maximum value
minimum value
amplitude
domain
{x 2}
{x 2}
range
{y 2, 1 y 1}
{y 2, 1 y 1}
x-intercepts
0, 180, and 360 over one cycle
90 and 270 over one cycle
y-intercept
intervals of
{x 2,0 x 90, 270 x 360}
{x 2,180 x 360}
{x 2,90 x 270}
{x 2,0 x 180}
increase (over
one cycle)
intervals of
decrease (over
one cycle)

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B Connect and Apply

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Con n ec t i on s
In musical terms, you have added the second harmonic,
sin 2x, to the fundamental, sin x. An electronics
engineer can mimic the sounds of conventional
instruments electronically by adding harmonics, or
overtones. This process is known as music synthesis
and is the basic principle behind the operation of
synthesizers. To learn more about how the addition of
harmonics changes a sound, go to the Functions 11
page of the McGraw-Hill Ryerson Web site and follow
the links to Chapter 5.
c) 6YYi]Zi]^gY]Vgbdc^X!h^c(x!idndjg
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i]Z\gVe]dci]ZXVaXjaVidgidi]Z\gVe]
i]Vindjh`ZiX]ZY^cfjZhi^dc)#
e) NdjXVcVYYVhnbeidiZhViVeegdeg^ViZ
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EgZhh 2nd P9G6LR#HZaZXi
4:Vertical!VcYineZ.%#GZijgcidi]Z
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f) L]Vi^hi]ZYdbV^cd[i]ZiVc\Zci
9. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcyh^cxXdhx#
[jcXi^dc4L]Vi^hi]ZgVc\Z4LgîZZVX]
jh^c\hZicdiVi^dc#
a) EgZY^Xii]Zy"^ciZgXZeid[i]Z[jcXi^dc#
b) EgZY^Xii]Zx"^ciZgXZeih[gdb%id(+%#
?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
6. a) H`ZiX]i]Z[jcXi^dcfxh^cx[gdb
x%idx(+%#
c) JhZV\gVe]dgV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid
kZg^[nndjgVchlZghideVgihVVcYW#
b) GZk^Zli]ZYZ[^cî^dcd[XdhZXVci#Jh^c\
ndjg\gVe][gdbeVgiV!YZiZgb^cZi]Z
h]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[yXhXx#
10. Math Contest;dg%(+%!dkZg
l]Vi^ciZgkVah^hh^cXdh4
c) JhZ\g^YeVeZgVcYVhX^Zci^[^X
11. Math Contest;dg.%.%![dg
XVaXjaVidg!dgV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg!
idX]ZX`ndjgVchlZgideVgiW#6YY
VhnbeidiZhl]ZgZVeegdeg^ViZ#
l]VikVajZhd[YdZhiVcXdi4
12. Math Contest;gdbVa^hid[[^kZcjbWZgh!
d) H]dli]ViyXhXx^hV[jcXi^dc#
VeV^gVgZX]dhZcVcYi]ZcidiVaaZY#I]Z
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&)!&-!'%!''!'+!VcY(%#L]Vi^hi]Zhjb
d[Vaa[^kZcjbWZgh4
e) L]Vi^hi]ZYdbV^cd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
L]Vi^hi]ZgVc\Z4
7. JhZVbZi]dYh^bâVgidi]Vi^cfjZhi^dc+
A &+)B-'
idVcVanhZi]Z\gVe]d[yhZXx#
C )&Dcdiedhh^WaZidYZiZgb^cZ
8. JhZVbZi]dYh^bâVgidi]Vi^cfjZhi^dc+
idVcVanhZi]Z\gVe]d[yXdix#
Career Connection
BVg^V]XdbeaZiZYVi]gZZ"nZVgYêadbV^c
gZhe^gVidgni]ZgVenVi8VcVYdgZ8daaZ\ZVcYi]Zc
VXXjbjaViZYi]gZZnZVghd[ZmeZg^ZcXZ#Cdl
h]Z^hVeZg[jh^dc^hi!l]ZgZh]ZVhh^hihYjg^c\
deZc"]ZVgihjg\ZgnWndeZgVi^c\i]Z]ZVgi"ajc\
bVX]^cZ#I]^hbVX]^cZ[jcXi^dch^ceaVXZ
d[VeVi^Zcih]ZVgiVcYajc\hl]âZi]ZnVgZ
WZ^c\deZgViZYdc0îiV`Zhi]ZeVi^ZcihWaddY!
dmn\ZcViZhî!VcYejbehîWVX`^cidi]ZWdYn#
I]^hVaadlhi]ZYdXidgidhidei]ZeVi^Zcih]ZVgi
hdi]ViîXVcWZldg`ZYdc#BVg^V]^hdeZgVi^c\
i]ZeVi^Zciha^[Za^cZh]ZbjhibdcîdgkîVa
h^\chVcYbV`ZcZXZhhVgnVY_jhibZcihidi]Z
]ZVgi"ajc\bVX]^cZVhlZaaVhVYb^c^hiZgYgj\h!
^cigVkZcdjh[aj^Yh!VcYWaddY#
Use Technology
Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle
Tools
graphing calculator
9gVlV\gVe]d[i]ZjcîX^gXaZVcYeadiVed^ciVi&!%#GZXVaai]Vii]Z
XddgY^cViZhd[Ved^cidci]ZjcîX^gXaZXVcWZZmegZhhZYVh
Xdh!h^c!l]ZgZ^hVcVc\aZ^chiVcYVgYedhî^dc#>bV\^cZi]Zed^ci
bdk^c\XdjciZgXadX`l^hZVgdjcYi]ZX^gXaZ#6hi]Zed^cibdkZh!i]Z
Vc\aZ^cXgZVhZh[gdb%id(+%#6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!i]Zy"XddgY^cViZd[
i]Zed^ci[daadlhi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc#NdjXVcjhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid
eadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVcYi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dch^bjaiVcZdjhan#
1. EgZhh MODE #HZii]Z[djgi]a^cZideVgVbZig^X
bdYZPARVcYi]Zh^mi]a^cZidh^bjaiVcZdjh
bdYZSIMUL#
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
When you are in

parametric mode,
pressing X, T, U, n will
return a T.
2. >ceVgVbZig^XbdYZ!ndjXVcZciZgVhZeVgViZZfjVi^dc[dgZVX]d[
xVcYy^ciZgbhd[Vi]^gYeVgVbZiZg#I]ZXVaXjaVidgVhh^\chi]Z
kVg^VWaZIidi]Zi]^gYeVgVbZiZg#I]ZSIMULbdYZlâaeadii]Zild
\gVe]hVii]ZhVbZi^bZ!gVi]Zgi]VcdcZV[iZgi]Zdi]Zg#EgZhh Y= #
Cdi^XZi]Vii]Za^hiadd`hhdbZl]ViY^[[ZgZci[gdbl]VindjVgZjhZY
id#:ciZgi]ZZmegZhh^dcXdhI[dgX1TVcYh^cI[dgY1T#
3. Reflect8dbeVgZi]ZhZZmegZhh^dchidi]ZXddgY^cViZhd[Ved^cidc
i]ZjcîX^gXaZ#
4. Eadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVcYi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcdc
i]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#I]ZjcîX^gXaZ]VhV
gVY^jhd[&VcYi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dccZZYhVc
^ciZgkVad[%id(+%[dgdcZXnXaZ#I]ZhZ
hXVaZhVgZcdiXdbeVi^WaZ#IdXdbeZchViZ!
VY_jhii]ZhXVaZ[dgi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcWn
Y^k^Y^c\Wn+%#I]^hVaadlhndjidjhZV
l^cYdli]ViXVcVXXdbbdYViZWdi]\gVe]h#
:ciZgI$+%[dgX2TVcYh^cI[dgY2T#
5. EgZhh WINDOW #I]Zl^cYdlkVg^VWaZhlâaVahdadd`VaîiaZY^[[ZgZci
[gdbl]VindjVgZjhZYid#HZii]ZI^ciZgkVa[gdb%id(+%lî]V
hXVaZd[&!i]ZM^ciZgkVa[gdb'id-lî]VhXVaZd[&!VcYi]Z
N^ciZgkVa[gdb(id(lî]VhXVaZd[&#
6. EgZhh GRAPH #LViX]]dli]ZjcîX^gXaZVcY
i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcVgZYgVlc^chiZelî]ZVX]
di]Zg#Note:@ZZe^cb^cYi]Vii]ZhXVaZhVgZ
Y^[[ZgZci[dgi]Zild\gVe]hhdi]VindjXVc
Y^heaVni]Zbdci]ZhVbZhXgZZc#;dgi]Zjcî
X^gXaZ!ZVX]bVg`dci]Zx"Vm^hgZegZhZcih
&jcî#;dgi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc!ZVX]bVg`dci]Z
x"Vm^hgZegZhZcih+%#
7. ReflectI]Z^chigjXi^dchY^gZXindjiddeZgViZi]Z\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidg^cVbdYZi]Vi^hegdWVWancZlidndj#GZk^ZlZVX]
hiZeidZchjgZi]VindjjcYZghiVcYl]Vi^hWZ^c\YdcZ^ci]VihiZe#
:meaV^ci]ZgdaZd[I^ci]Z[jcXi^dchWZ^c\\gVe]ZY#
8. BdY^[nhiZeh&id+ideadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVadc\lî]i]ZXdh^cZ
XjgkZ#L]ViX]Vc\ZhYdndjcZZYidbV`Z4:meaV^cl]ni]ZhZ
X]Vc\ZhVgZcZXZhhVgn#
Extend
9. HjeedhZi]VindjlVciideadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVadc\lî]i]ZiVc\Zci!
XdhZXVci!hZXVci!VcYXdiVc\ZciXjgkZh!dcZViVi^bZ#
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
If you want to watch

the graphs be drawn
again, you cannot just
press QUIT and then
press GRAPH . The
graphing calculator
remembers the last
graph that you asked
for, and will just
display it, provided
that you have not
made any changes
that affect the graph.
There are several
ways to get around
this feature. One is
to select PlotsOn
from the STATPLOT
menu and then select
PlotsOff. When you
press GRAPH , the unit
circle and sine function
will be drawn again.
a) :meaV^cl]^X]d[hiZeh&id+cZZYidWZX]Vc\ZYVcYl]^X]Yd
cdi#
b) BV`Zi]ZX]Vc\Zhi]Vindj^YZci^[^ZY^ceVgiV#I]Zc!eadii]Z
[djg\gVe]h#
Use Technology: Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle MHR 303
5.3
Investigate
Transformations of Sine
and Cosine Functions
BVcngZVa"ldgaYegdXZhhZhXVcWZbdYZaaZYlî]h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dch#=dlZkZg!i]ZWVh^Xh^cZ
[jcXi^dcjhjVaangZfj^gZhdcZdgbdgZigVch[dgbVi^dchid[îi]ZeVgVbZiZghd[i]ZegdXZhh#DcZ
ZmVbeaZ^hi]Zedhî^dcd[i]ZhjcVWdkZi]Z]dgôdccdgi]d[i]Z6gXi^X8^gXaZ^chjbbZg#7ZXVjhZ
i]ZhjcYdZhcdihZiYjg^c\i]^hi^bZ!i]ZgZ^hcdcZ\Vi^kZkVajZ[dgîhedhî^dcgZaVi^kZidi]Z
]dgôdc#6hVgZhjai!i]ZWVh^Xh^cZ[jcXi^dcbjhiWZVY_jhiZYhdi]Vii]ZgVc\Z]VhcdcZ\Vi^kZ
kVajZh#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâaaZVgc]dlidigVch[dgbi]Zh^cZVcYXdh^cZ[jcXi^dchhdi]VindjXVcjhZ
i]ZbVhbdYZah[dggZVa"ldgaYVeea^XVi^dchaViZg^ci]ZX]VeiZg#
Investigate
Tools
graphing calculator
Optional
graphing software
How can you investigate transformations of sine and cosine functions

using technology?
A: Graph y = a sin x
1. a) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgdg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZid\gVe]yh^cx
VcYy'h^cxdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh![gdbx%idx(+%#
b) =dlVgZi]Z\gVe]hh^bâVg4=dlVgZi]ZnY^[[ZgZci4
2. a) 6YYi]Z\gVe]d[y(h^cxidi]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZZ[[ZXid[bjaiêan^c\i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcWnVXdchiVci
[VXidg4
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
Another way to
compare two graphs
is to toggle them on
and off. In the Y=
editor, move the cursor
over the equal sign
and press ENTER .
When the equal sign is
highlighted, the graph
is displayed. When
the equal sign is not
highlighted, the graph
is not displayed.
3. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]hd[y'h^cxVcYy(h^cx#EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZ
&h^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
d[i]Z\gVe]d[yT
'
&
T
b) <gVe]y h^cxVcYXdbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx#
'
LVhndjgegZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4

T&
4. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[y h^cx#EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[
'
yh^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cxVcYXdbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[
yh^cx#LVhndjgegZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4
c) EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[y'h^cx#KZg^[nndjg
egZY^Xi^dcWn\gVe]^c\#
5. Reflect8dch^YZgi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dci]VigZhjaih
[gdbbjaiêan^c\i]Z[jcXi^dcWnV[VXidga/yah^cx#9ZhXg^WZi]Z
igVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) a&
b) %a&
c) a&
d) &a%
B: Graph y = sin kx
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^c'xdci]ZhVbZhZid[
VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
c) =dlVgZi]ZeZg^dYhgZaViZY4
2. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[yh^c'x#EgZY^Xii]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z\gVe]d[
yh^c(x#
b) <gVe]yh^c(xidkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[yh^c(x#EgZY^Xii]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z\gVe]d[
&x#
yh^cT
'
&
b) <gVe]yh^cTxidkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#NdjbVncZZYid
'
&x.
VY_jhindjgl^cYdlidVXXdbbdYViZdcZ[jaaXnXaZd[yh^cT
'

[gdbbjaiêan^c\i]ZkVg^VWaZxWnV[VXidgk/yh^ckx#
a) =dl^hi]ZeZg^dYd[yh^ckxgZaViZYidi]ZeZg^dYd[yh^cx4
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VidXXjghl]Zck&VcYl]Zc
%k&#
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VidXXjghl]Zck&VcYl]Zc
&k%#<gVe]idX]ZX`ndjgXdc_ZXijgZh#

C: Graph y = sin (x d)
1 a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^cx(%dci]ZhVbZ
hZid[VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
2. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx+%lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[n
ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx+%idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx(%lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[n
ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx(%idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
[gdbhjWigVXi^c\VeVgVbZiZgd[gdbi]ZkVg^VWaZx/yh^cxd#
9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) d3%
b)d1%
5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions MHR 305
D: Graph y = sin x + c
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^cx&dci]ZhVbZhZi
d[VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
2. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx&lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[nndjg
egZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx&idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx(lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[nndjg
egZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx(idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#NdjbVncZZYid
VY_jhindjgl^cYdlkVg^VWaZhidY^heaVni]Z\gVe]egdeZgan#
[gdbVYY^c\VeVgVbZiZgcidi]Z[jcXi^dc/yh^cxc#9ZhXg^WZ
i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) c%
b) c%
5. ReflectGZk^ZlndjggZ[aZXi^dch[gdbeVgih6!7!8!VcY9#8denVcY
XdbeaZiZViVWaZh^bâVgidi]ZdcZh]dlcidhjbbVgôZi]ZZ[[ZXi
i]Vii]ZkVajZd[ZVX]d[i]ZhZ[VXidgh]Vhdci]Z[dgbd[i]Z\gVe]#
I]Z[^ghia^cZd[i]ZiVWaZ^h[âaZY^c[dgndj#
Factor
Value
Effect
a>1
amplitude is greater than 1
0<a<1
1 < a < 0
a < 1
k>1
0<k<1
1 < k < 0
k < 1
d
c
d>0
d<0
c>0
c<0
Example 1
Functions of the Form y = a sin kx
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy(h^c)x#
a) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZ4
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) =dlbVcnXnXaZhlâadXXjgWZilZZcx%VcYx(+%4
d) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx(+%#
Solution
8dbeVgZy(h^c)xidyah^ckx#
a) a(0i]Zy"kVajZhd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcVgZbjaiêa^ZYWnV[VXidgd[
(#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h(jcîh#
(+%
T

.%#
b) k)0idYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!Y^k^YZ(+%Wnk/
I]ZeZg^dY^h.%#
c) H^cXZi]ZeZg^dY^h.%VcYk)![djgXnXaZhlâadXXjgWZilZZc
%VcY(+%#
d)
y
3
90
270
180
360 x
Example 2
Functions of the Form y = a sin (x d) + c
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcyh^cx)*'#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i!dg]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dc#
Con n ec t i on s
d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i!dgkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc#
In a sinusoidal function,
a horizontal translation
is also known as a
phase shift. A vertical
translation is also
known as a vertical
shift.
e) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx,'%#
Solution
8dbeVgZyh^cx)*'idyah^cxdc#
a) a&0i]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h&#
b) k&0i]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h(+%#
c) d)*0i]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h)*idi]Zg^\]i#
d) c'0i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h'jcîhje#
e)
y
4
2
0
180
360
540
720 x
Example 3
Functions of the Form y = a sin [k(x d)] + c
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy'h^cP(x(%R&#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i#
d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i#
e) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx(+%#
Solution
8dbeVgZy'h^cP(x(%R&idyah^cPkxdRc#
a) a'0i]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h'#
(+%
T

&'%#
b) k(0i]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
The value of d is negative.
This indicates a horizontal
translation to the left.
c) d(%0i]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h(%idi]ZaZ[i#
d) c&0i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h&jcîYdlc#
e)
y
2
0
90
180
270
360 x
Key Concepts
I]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcbVnWZigVch[dgbZYWn^cigdYjX^c\
[VXidgha!k!d!VcYc/yah^cPkxdRc
aYZiZgb^cZhi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^hqaq#
(+%
kYZiZgb^cZhi]ZeZg^dY!p!d[i]Z[jcXi^dcVXXdgY^c\idi]ZgZaVi^dcpT
#
qkq
dYZiZgb^cZhi]Z]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dc!dge]VhZh]^[i!d[i]Z[jcXi^dc#>[d^hedhî^kZ!
i]Zh]^[i^hidi]Zg^\]i#>[d^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Zh]^[i^hidi]ZaZ[i#
cYZiZgb^cZhi]ZkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc!dgkZgi^XVah]^[i!d[i]Z[jcXi^dc#>[c^hedhî^kZ!i]Z
h]^[i^hje#>[c^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Zh]^[i^hYdlc#
I]ZXdh^cZ[jcXi^dcbVnWZigVch[dgbZY^ci]ZhVbZlVn/yaXdhPkxdRc.Ndj
lâaldgì]gdj\]ZmVbeaZh^ckdak^c\i]ZXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^ci]ZZmZgX^hZh#

C1 8dch^YZgi]Z\gVe]d[y*h^c'xc#L]VikVajZhd[cVgZgZfj^gZYhdi]Vii]Z\gVe]]Vh
dcanedhî^kZy"kVajZh4:meaV^c]dlndj[djcYndjgVchlZg#
C2 8dbeVgZi]Z[daadl^c\\gVe]h#:meaV^c]dlV]dgôdciVagZ[aZXi^dcXVcWZjhZYidigVch[dgb
\gVe]V^cid\gVe]W#
a)
b)
2
180
2
180
360
180
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A Practise
Example 1.
For help with Questions 4 to 8, refer to

Examples 2 and 3.
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b)
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6. 9ZiZgb^cZi]Ze]VhZh]^[iVcYi]ZkZgi^XVa
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c) IgVYZZfjVi^dchVcYY^hXjhhVcn
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Achievement Check
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[jcXi^dcy+XdhP*x)*R(#
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iv)i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[i]Z[jcXi^dc
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Extend
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yh^cx#6aadi]ZgeVgVbZiZghd[i]Zild
[jcXi^dchVgZi]ZhVbZ#
a) EgZY^Xii]ZcjbWZgd[ed^cihd[
d) HjeedhZi]Vii]Z\gVe]^hXdci^cjZY
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20. Math ContestI]Zhjbd[Z^\]i
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A *%#*
B 'q &%&
C &%&
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A
B
D
5.4
Graphing and Modelling With

y = a sin [k(x d)] + c and
y = a cos [k(x d)] + c
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lgîZVXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc#
Example 1
Determine the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Function From an
Equation
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a) L]ViVgZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!eZg^dY!e]VhZh]^[i!VcYkZgi^XVah]^[id[i]Z
edhî^dc[jcXi^dc4
b) L]ViVgZi]ZadlZhiVcY]^\]ZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dchi]Vii]ZgdY
gZVX]Zh4
c) Use TechnologyJhZiZX]cdad\nid\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#8]ZX`ndjg
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igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#
Solution
a) 8dbeVg^c\i]Z\^kZcZfjVi^dcy(XdhP'x*R)idi]Z\ZcZgVa
ZfjVi^dcyaXdhPkxdRc\^kZha(!k'!d*!VcY
c)#
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5.4 Graphing and Modelling With y = a sin [k(x d)] + c and y = a cos [k(x d)] + c MHR 313
9ZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY#
(+%
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T

k
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ejh]Zhi]^hid,#I]Z]^\]ZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dc^h,b#
c) Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator
I]Z\gVe]^hh]dlc#EgZhh 2nd P86A8R#JhZ4:maximumid

YZiZgb^cZi]ZbVm^bjbkVajZVcY3:minimumidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
b^c^bjbkVajZ#

Method 2: Use a TI-NspireTM CAS Graphing Calculator

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i]Zb^c^bjb#L]Zcndj]VkZgZVX]ZY
i]Zb^c^bjb!i]ZldgYb^c^bjb
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d) ;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcyXdhx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#
I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!&y&r#
;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcy(XdhP'x*R)!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#
I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!&y,r#
Example 2
Sketch a Graph
a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibjhiWZVeea^ZYidi]Z\gVe]d[
fxh^cxiddWiV^ci]Z\gVe]d[gx)h^c(x&#6eeani]ZhZ
igVch[dgbVi^dchidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gx#
b) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fxVcYgx#
c) BdY^[ni]ZZfjVi^dc[dggxid^cXajYZVe]VhZh]^[id[(%idi]Z
g^\]i#8Vaai]^h[jcXi^dchx#6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[iidi]Z\gVe]d[
gxVcYigVch[dgbîidhx#
Solution
a) HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[
iv
iii
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4
ii
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2
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i
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0
90
180
270
360
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2
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4
ndj#
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b) ;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxh^cx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#I]ZgVc\Z^h
py2!&y&r#;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcgx)h^c(x&!i]ZYdbV^c
^hpx2r#I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!(y*r#
c) I]ZZfjVi^dclî]Ve]VhZh]^[i
d[(%idi]Zg^\]i^h
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h]dlc#
y
4
g(x)
h(x)
2
0
90
180
270
360 x
L]Zc\gVe]^c\VigVch[dgbZYh^cZdgXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc![daadli]ZhZhiZeh/
1. H`ZiX]i]ZWVh^X[jcXi^dc#
2. 6eeani]ZkZgi^XVahigZiX]dgXdbegZhh^dcidVX]^ZkZi]ZYZh^gZY
VbeaîjYZ#
3. 6eeani]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i#JhZV]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZa^cZid]Zaendj#
4. 6eeani]Z]dgôdciVahigZiX]dgXdbegZhh^dcidVX]^ZkZi]ZYZh^gZY
eZg^dY#
5. 6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[i#
Example 3
Represent a Sinusoidal Function Given Its Properties
a) 6h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc]VhVcVbeaîjYZd[(jcîh!VeZg^dYd[&-%!
VcYVbVm^bjbVi%!*#GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dclî]VcZfjVi^dc^c
ildY^[[ZgZcilVnh#
b) JhZ\g^YeVeZgdgV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidkZg^[ni]Vindjgild
bdYZahgZegZhZcii]ZhVbZ\gVe]#
Solution
a) Method 1: Use a Cosine Function
I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h(!hda(#
I]ZeZg^dY^h&-%#
(+%
T

&-%
k
k'
6bVm^bjbdXXjghVi%!*#L]Zcx%!Xdhx&!l]^X]^hîh
bVm^bjbkVajZ#I]ZVbeaîjYZ]VhVagZVYneaVXZYi]ZbVm^bjb
Vi(#I]ZVYYî^dcVakZgi^XVah]^[igZfj^gZY^hjelVgY'jcîhid*#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!c'#
I]Z[jcXi^dcXVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]ZZfjVi^dcfx(Xdh'x'#
Method 2: Use a Sine Function
JhZi]ZhVbZkVajZhd[a!k!VcYcVh^cBZi]dY&#I]Zc!Veeani]Z
Veegdeg^ViZe]VhZh]^[iidWg^c\i]ZbVm^bjbid%!*#
I]ZbVm^bjbd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dccdgbVaandXXjghVix .%#
=dlZkZg!i]ZeZg^dY^ci]^hXVhZ^h&-%!hdi]ZbVm^bjbdXXjghVi
.%
T

)*#IdbdkZi]ZbVm^bjbidi]Zy"Vm^h!Ve]VhZh]^[id[)*
'
idi]ZaZ[i^hgZfj^gZY#
I]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc^hgx(h^cP'x)*R'#
b) :ciZgi]ZXdh^cZbdYZa^cY1VcYi]Zh^cZbdYZa^cY2#8]Vc\Zi]Z
a^cZhinaZ[dgY2id]ZVkn#L]ZcndjegZhh GRAPH !i]ZXdh^cZbdYZa

lâaWZYgVlc[^ghi#I]Zc!i]Zh^cZbdYZalâaWZYgVlc#NdjXVc
eVjhZi]Z\gVe]^c\egdXZhhWnegZhh^c\ ENTER l]âZi]Z\gVe]^h
WZ^c\YgVlc#EgZhh ENTER V\V^cidgZhjbZ#
Example 4
Determine a Sinusoidal Function Given a Graph
9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[V
h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dci]VigZegZhZcih
i]Z\gVe]#8]ZX`ndjgZfjVi^dcjh^c\
V\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#
y
2
0
60 120 180 240 300 360 x
2
4
Solution
;gdbi]Z\gVe]!i]ZbVm^bjbkVajZ
d[y^h(VcYi]Zb^c^bjbkVajZ^h
*#
(*
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)
y
2
0
60 120 180 240 300 360 x
2
4
I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h)#
8djciYdlc)jcîh[gdbi]Z
bVm^bjbdgje)jcîh[gdbi]Z
b^c^bjbVcYYgVlV]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZa^cZ#I]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]^ha^cZ
^hy&#I]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h&jcîYdlclVgY#I]ZgZ[dgZ!c&#
JhZZî]ZgVh^cZ[jcXi^dcdgVXdh^cZ[jcXi^dcidXdchigjXii]ZbdYZa#
;dgi]^hZmVbeaZ!jhZVh^cZ[jcXi^dc#9ZiZgb^cZi]ZhiVgid[i]Z[^ghih^cZ
lVkZidi]Zg^\]id[i]Zy"Vm^h!bdk^c\Vadc\i]Z]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZ
a^cZ#I]^hdXXjghVix+%#I]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h+%idi]Zg^\]i#I]ZgZ[dgZ!
d+%#
8dci^cjZVadc\i]ZgZ[ZgZcXZa^cZidYZiZgb^cZi]ZZcYd[i]Z[^ghiXnXaZ#
I]^hdXXjghVix&-%#I]ZeZg^dY^h&-%+%&'%#
(+%
&'%
T
k
k(
HjWhiîjiZi]ZeVgVbZiZgha)!k(!d+%!VcYc&^cidi]Z
\ZcZgVaZfjVi^dcyah^cPkxdRc#
y)h^cP(x+%R&#
8]ZX`jh^c\V\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#I]Z\gVe]dci]ZXVaXjaVidgbViX]Zh
i]Z\^kZc\gVe]#
Key Concepts
I]ZVbeaîjYZ!eZg^dY!e]VhZh]^[i!VcYkZgi^XVah]^[id[h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dchXVcWZ
YZiZgb^cZYl]Zci]ZZfjVi^dchVgZ\^kZc^ci]Z[dgb
fxah^cPkxdRcdgfxaXdhPkxdRc#
I]ZYdbV^cd[Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc^hpx2r#I]ZgVc\ZZmiZcYh[gdbi]Zb^c^bjb
kVajZidi]ZbVm^bjbkVajZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc#6cnXnXaZXVcWZjhZYidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
b^c^bjbVcYi]ZbVm^bjb#
IgVch[dgbVi^dchXVcWZjhZYidVY_jhii]ZWVh^Xh^cZVcYXdh^cZ[jcXi^dchidbViX]V\^kZc
VbeaîjYZ!eZg^dY!e]VhZh]^[i!VcYkZgi^XVah]^[i#
I]ZZfjVi^dcd[Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dcXVcWZYZiZgb^cZY\^kZcîhegdeZgi^Zh#
I]ZZfjVi^dcd[Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dcXVcWZYZiZgb^cZY\^kZcîh\gVe]#

C1 I]ZZfjVi^dcd[Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc^hy*h^c(x+%'#:meaV^cl]ni]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h
cdi+%#9ZiZgb^cZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i#
C2 I]ZZfjVi^dcd[VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^hyXdhP'x+%R#
a) HiVgilî]i]ZWVh^XXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#BV`ZVgdj\]h`ZiX]d[i]ZZ[[ZXid[Veean^c\i]Z
b) HiVgilî]i]ZWVh^XXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#BV`ZVgdj\]h`ZiX]d[i]ZZ[[ZXid[Veean^c\i]Ze]VhZ
c) 8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]h^ceVgihVVcYW#>ceVgi^XjaVg!XdbeVgZi]ZadXVi^dcd[i]Z[^ghi
d) L]^X]YZhXg^WZhi]ZXdggZXiegdXZYjgZ!eVgiVdgeVgiW4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#JhZV
]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dc[^ghiVcYi]ZcbV`ZVhZXdcYh`ZiX]d[i]ZZ[[ZXid[Veean^c\i]Z
e]VhZh]^[i#
h]^[i[^ghiVcYi]ZcbV`ZVhZXdcYh`ZiX]d[i]ZZ[[ZXid[Veean^c\i]Z]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dc#
bVm^bjbidi]ZaZ[id[i]Zy"Vm^h#:meaV^cVcnY^[[ZgZcXZh#
\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidX]ZX`ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
C3 >c:mVbeaZ(!i]ZYZh^gZY[jcXi^dcXVcWZgZegZhZciZYjh^c\Zî]ZgVh^cZ[jcXi^dcdgVXdh^cZ
[jcXi^dc#>hi]^hValVnhi]ZXVhZ4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
A Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to
Example 1.
1. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!i]ZeZg^dY!i]Z
2. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!i]ZeZg^dY!i]Z
e]VhZh]^[i!VcYi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[ZVX]
[jcXi^dclî]gZheZXiidyXdhx#
e]VhZh]^[i!VcYi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[ZVX]
[jcXi^dclî]gZheZXiidyh^cx#
a) y(XdhP*x)*R)
a) y*h^cP)x'*R(
c) y(XdhP,'x&%R(
b) y'h^cP&-x)%R*
d) y Xdh x )%
c) y(h^cP&'%x(%R'
T(
PT'(
T&
d) y h^c x+%
'
b) y'XdhP')x-%R&
T*
'
PT()
T&
'

Example 2.
3. a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]Vibjhi
WZVeea^ZYidi]Z\gVe]d[fxh^cx
iddWiV^ci]Z\gVe]d[
gx(h^c'x&#6eeanZVX]
igVch[dgbVi^dc!dcZhiZeViVi^bZ!id
h`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gx#
b) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fxVcY
gx#
c) BdY^[ni]ZZfjVi^dc[dggxid^cXajYZ
Ve]VhZh]^[id[+%idi]ZaZ[i#8Vaai]^h
[jcXi^dchx#6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[i
idi]Z\gVe]d[gxVcYigVch[dgbîid
hx#
4. a) IgVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[
fxXdhxidgx)Xdh(x'Wn
Veean^c\igVch[dgbVi^dchidi]Z\gVe]
dcZhiZeViVi^bZ#
For help with question 7, refer to Example 4.

7. a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[VXdh^cZ
[jcXi^dcidgZegZhZcii]Z\gVe]^c
:mVbeaZ)#
b) 8]ZX`ndjgZfjVi^dcjh^c\V\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidg#
B Connect and Apply

8. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dc
fx&%h^cx)*&%#
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!i]ZeZg^dY!
i]Z[jcXi^dclî]gZheZXiidyh^cx#
b) L]ViVgZi]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjb
kVajZhd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z[^ghii]gZZx"^ciZgXZeihid
i]Zg^\]id[i]Zdg^\^c#
d) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Zy"^ciZgXZeid[i]Z
[jcXi^dc#
gx#
c) BdY^[ni]ZZfjVi^dc[dggxid^cXajYZ
Ve]VhZh]^[id[+%idi]Zg^\]i#8Vaa
i]^h[jcXi^dchx#6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[i
idi]Z\gVe]d[gxVcYigVch[dgbîid
hx#
Example 3.
5. 6h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc]VhVcVbeaîjYZd[
*jcîh!VeZg^dYd[&'%!VcYVbVm^bjb
Vi%!(#
a) GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dclî]VcZfjVi^dc
jh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
b) GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dclî]VcZfjVi^dc
jh^c\VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
6. 6h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc]VhVcVbeaîjYZ
&jcîh!VeZg^dYd[,'%!VcYV
d[T
'
( #
bVm^bjbVi %!T
'
jh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc#

gx*XdhP'x(%R#
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!i]ZeZg^dY!
i]Z[jcXi^dclî]gZheZXiidyXdhx#
kVajZhd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z[^ghii]gZZx"^ciZgXZeihid
i]Zg^\]id[i]Zdg^\^c#
d) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Zy"^ciZgXZeid[i]Z
[jcXi^dc#
10. Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg
dg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZidkZg^[nndjgVchlZgh
idfjZhi^dch-VcY.#
11. a) IgVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fxh^cxid
gx*h^cP+x&'%R)#H]dl
ZVX]hiZe^ci]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc#
gx#
c) Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidgidX]ZX`ndjg[^cVa\gVe]#
a) >[i]ZhZXdcY^chigjbZciXdjaYeaVn
12. a) IgVch[dgbi]Z\gVe]d[fxXdhx
eZg[ZXian^ce]VhZlî]i]Z[^ghi!i]Zild
hdjcYhldjaYWZgZegZhZciZYWn
idgx+XdhP*x+%R'#H]dl
ZVX]hiZe^ci]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc#
gx#
yh^cxh^cx
'h^cx
<gVe]i]^hgZegZhZciVi^dcVcY
yh^cxdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#=dl
VgZi]ZildgZaViZY4
c) Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidgidX]ZX`ndjg[^cVa\gVe]#
13. a) GZegZhZcii]Z\gVe]d[
fx'h^cP(x(%Rlî]Vc
ZfjVi^dcjh^c\VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
b) >cgZVaîn!i]Zild^chigjbZcihlâaWZ
b) Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\
XVaXjaVidgidX]ZX`ndjg\gVe]#
14. a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z
ZfjVi^dcd[V
Representing
Selecting Tools
h^cZ[jcXi^dc
Problem Solving
i]VigZegZhZcih
Reecting
i]Z\gVe]h]dlc# Connecting
Communicating
8]ZX`ndjg
ZfjVi^dcjh^c\V
\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#
y
4
2
0
60 120 180 240 300 x
b) Use Technology9ZiZgb^cZi]Z
ZfjVi^dcd[VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dci]Vi
gZegZhZcihi]Z\gVe]#8]ZX`ndjg
ZfjVi^dcjh^c\V\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#
15. Chapter ProblemHjeedhZi]Viild
igjbeZieaVnZgheaVni]ZhVbZcdiZ#9dZh
i]ZgZhjaihdjcYa^`ZdcZigjbeZieaVn^c\
il^XZVhadjYdga^`ZildigjbeZiheaVn^c\
id\Zi]Zg4Ndj]VkZegdWVWancdi^XZYi]Vi
ild^chigjbZcihd[i]ZhVbZ`^cYeaVn^c\
i]ZhVbZcdiZValVnhhdjcYa^`Zild
^chigjbZcih!VcYcdia^`ZdcZ^chigjbZci
eaVnZYadjYZg#I]ZhVbZZ[[ZXidXXjgh[dg
eZdeaZh^c\^c\#I]ZgZVhdc^hi]Vii]Zild
cdiZhlâaValVnhY^[[ZgWnVe]VhZh]^[i#
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yh^cxgZegZhZcidcZ^chigjbZcieaVn^c\
VcdiZ#
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gZegZhZcihi]Zild^chigjbZciheaVn^c\
id\Zi]Zg^hyh^cxh^cx.%#
<gVe]i]^h[jcXi^dc#=dlYdZhî
XdbeVgZidy'h^cx4
c) 6bjh^Xhnci]ZhôZgXVcbV`Z
ZaZXigdc^XX^gXjîhi]Vih^bjaViZ
^chigjbZciheaVn^c\^ce]VhZlî]
ZVX]di]Zg#I]^h^h\ZcZgVaancdikZgn
^ciZgZhi^c\!h^cXZi]ZhdjcY^hi]ZhVbZ
VhVh^c\aZ^chigjbZcieaVn^c\adjYZg#
:aZXigdc^XZc\^cZZghejgedhZanX]Vc\Z
i]Ze]VhZd[ZVX]^chigjbZciidVX]^ZkZ
VX]dgjhZ[[ZXid[hZkZgVa^chigjbZcih
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e]VhZh]^[ihVcYlgîZV[jcXi^dci]Vi
gZegZhZcih[djg^chigjbZciheaVn^c\
id\Zi]Zg#<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcVcY
YZhXg^WZi]Z\gVe]#
Con n ec t i on s
Robert Moog invented the electronic synthesizer in
1964. Although other electronic instruments existed
before this time, Moog was the first to control the
electronic sounds using a piano-style keyboard. This
allowed musicians to make use of the new technology
without first having to learn new musical skills. Visit
the Functions 11 page on the McGraw-Hill Ryerson
Web site and follow the links to Chapter 5 to find out
more about the Moog synthesizer.
TTTTT
16. 6ii]ZZcYd[V
YdX`!]^\]i^YZd[
Representing
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&)b^hgZXdgYZYVi
Problem Solving
./%%V#b#Adli^YZ
Connecting
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d[+b^hgZXdgYZY
Communicating
Vi(/%%e#b#6
h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc
XVcbdYZai]ZlViZgYZei]kZghjhi^bZ#
19. 8dch^YZgi]ZgZaVi^dcyq h^cx

#
a) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dc
yh^cxdkZgildXnXaZh#
b) JhZi]Z\gVe][gdbeVgiVidh`ZiX]V
c) JhZiZX]cdad\ndg\g^YeVeZgVcYV
iVWaZd[kVajZhidX]ZX`ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
GZhdakZVcnY^[[ZgZcXZh#
a) 8dchigjXiVbdYZa[dgi]ZlViZgYZei]
jh^c\VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc!l]ZgZi^bZ^h
bZVhjgZY^c]djgheVhi]^\]i^YZ#
b) 8dchigjXiVbdYZa[dgi]ZlViZgYZei]
jh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc!l]ZgZi^bZ^h
bZVhjgZY^c]djgheVhi]^\]i^YZ#
c) 8dchigjXiVbdYZa[dgi]ZlViZgYZei]
jh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc!l]ZgZi^bZ^h
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d) 8dchigjXiVbdYZa[dgi]ZlViZgYZei]
jh^c\VXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc!l]ZgZi^bZ^h
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e) 8dbeVgZndjgbdYZah#L]^X]^hi]Z
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:meaV^cl]ni]ZgZ^hVY^[[ZgZcXZ#
Achievement Check
17. a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]Vibjhi
WZVeea^ZYidi]Z\gVe]d[
fxh^cxiddWiV^ci]Z\gVe]d[
gx'h^cP)x)%R(#
b) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gxWnVeean^c\i]Z
igVch[dgbVi^dchYZhXg^WZY^ceVgiV#
c) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[gx#
?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
Extend
18. HjeedhZi]VindjVgZ\^kZci]Z
XddgY^cViZh!p!q!d[Ved^ci#8Vcndj
ValVnhYZiZgb^cZVkVajZd[ahjX]i]Vi
i]Z\gVe]d[yah^cxlâaeVhhi]gdj\]
i]Zed^ci4>[hd!ZmeaV^cl]n!egdk^Y^c\V
Y^V\gVb#>[cdi!ZmeaV^cl]n!VcY^cY^XViZ
i]ZaZVhiVbdjcid[^c[dgbVi^dci]VicZZYh
idWZVYYZY#
egZY^Xi^dc[dgi]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[
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yqh^cx
#
d) =dlYdndji]^cì]Z\gVe]d[
TTTTTTTTT
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4
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e) <gVe]yq h^cx&
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20. a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Zb^c^bjbcjbWZgd[
igVch[dgbVi^dchi]ViXVcWZVeea^ZYid
yh^cxhjX]i]Vii]ZbVm^bjbkVajZh
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lî]i]Zx"^ciZgXZeihd[yXdhx#>[i]^h
^hcdiedhh^WaZ!ZmeaV^cl]n!^cXajY^c\
VY^V\gVb#
b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Zb^c^bjbcjbWZgd[
igVch[dgbVi^dchi]ViXVcWZVeea^ZYid
yh^cxhjX]i]Vii]ZbVm^bjbkVajZh
d[i]ZigVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dcXd^cX^YZ
lî]i]Zx"^ciZgXZeihd[yiVcx#>[i]^h
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21. Math Contest<^kZci]Z[jcXi^dc
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22. Math ContestI]ZeZg^dYd[
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A (+%
B .%
C +%
D &'%
23. Math ContestL]ZcVcjbWZg^hY^k^YZY
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Wn,4
A &
B (
C *
D +
5.5
Data Collecting and
Modelling
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6h:Vgi]ijgch!i]ZVm^hd[hl^c\d[i]ZeZcYjajb
gdiViZhlî]î#
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i]ZcXdchigjXiVhjîVWaZbdYZajh^c\igVch[dgbVi^dch#
Tools
Investigate
graphing calculator
motion sensor
pendulum
How can you collect data on the motion of a pendulum and use the
data to construct a sinusoidal model?
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
These instructions
assume the use of a
CBRTM motion sensor
with a TI-83 Plus or
TI-84 Plus graphing
calculator. If you
are using different
technology, refer to
the manual.
1. HZijeVeZcYjajb#JhZVaVg\ZdW_ZXiVhi]ZWdWViaZVhii]ZhôZd[V
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gdeZadc\Zcdj\]id\^kZi]ZeZcYjajbVeZg^dYd[bdgZi]Vc&h#
2. a) 8dccZXii]Z87GIBbdi^dchZchdgidi]Z\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgjh^c\
i]ZXVWaZegdk^YZY#
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ndjgXVaXjaVidgbVn]VkZVY^[[ZgZcicjbWZg#
c) 6ii]ZCBL/CBRhXgZZc!egZhh ENTER #HZaZXi3:RangerVcYegZhh
ENTER #CdiZi]Vii]ZGVc\Zgegd\gVbdcndjgXVaXjaVidgbVn]VkZ
VY^[[ZgZcicjbWZg#
d) HZaZXi1:SETUP/SAMPLE[gdbi]ZbV^cbZcj#BdkZi]ZXjghdg
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
The motion sensor

cannot measure
distances less than
about 0.5 m. Ensure
that your pendulum is
never closer than this.
The maximum distance
that it can measure is
about 4 m, but your
pendulum may be too
small a target to return
a usable signal from
this distance.
jeidSTART NOW#EgZhh ENTER #

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[gdbi]ZhZchdg#EgZhh ENTER VcYXdaaZXiYViV[dg&*h#6ii]ZZcYd[
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4. Reflect>cheZXii]Z\gVe]#9dZhîVeeZVgh^cjhd^YVa46gZi]ZgZVcn
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hd!VY_jhindjge]nh^XVahZije#EgZhh ENTER VcYhZaZXi
REPEAT SAMPLE#8dci^cjZgZ[^c^c\ndjgZmeZg^bZciVaVggVc\ZbZci
jciândj]VkZVhbddi]\gVe]#
5. a) EgZhh ENTER VcYhZaZXiSHOW PLOT#8dc[^gbi]Vii]Z\gVe]^hV
hbddi][jcXi^dci]ViVeeZVghh^cjhd^YVa#
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L1VcYi]ZY^hiVcXZYViVlâaWZhidgZY^ca^hiL2#
6. a) EgZhh GRAPH VcYi]Zc TRACE #JhZi]ZXjghdg
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VbeaîjYZ!a#
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c#JhZi]ZY=ZYîdgideadiV]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZa^cZjh^c\i]^h
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3:Horizontal#
c) GZijgcidi]Z\gVe]#JhZi]ZgZ[ZgZcXZa^cZid]ZaendjigVXZi]Z
Con n ec t i on s
For help in determining
an equation given a
graph, refer to
Example 4 in Section 5.4.
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e]VhZh]^[i!d#
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8. ReflectHiVgii]ZeZcYjajbhl^c\^c\VcYZhi^bViZi]ZVbeaîjYZ
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kVajZh#
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ii)i]ZVbeaîjYZ^h^cXgZVhZY
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bdi^dchZchdg#
5.5 Data Collecting and Modelling MHR 323
Example 1
Retrieve Data from Statistics Canada
Jh^c\YViV[gdbHiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYV!YZiZgb^cZ^[i]ZgZ^hVeZg^dYd[i^bZ
dkZgl]^X]X]Vc\Zh^ci]ZedejaVi^dcd[8VcVY^VchV\ZY'%id')XVcWZ
bdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
Solution
K^hîlll#hiViXVc#\X#XV$ZYj$ZYj%*T%%&-X"Zc\#]ib#
HZaZXiSinusoidal#
HZaZXitable 051-0001#
JcYZgGeography!hZaZXiCanada#
JcYZgSex!hZaZXiBoth sexes#
JcYZgAge group!hZaZXi20 to 24 years#
HZii]ZgZ[ZgZcXZeZg^dYidfrom 1976 to 2005#
HZaZXiRetrieve as individual Time Series#>[ndjeaVcidVcVanhZi]ZYViV
lî]VhegZVYh]ZZidgdi]Zghd[ilVgZ!hZaZXii]ZYdlcadVYVWaZ[âZ[dgbVi
VhCSV (comma-separated values)!lî]Time as rows#
Di]Zgl^hZ!ndjXVchZaZXii]ZhXgZZcdjiejiVhVc=IBAiVWaZ!lî]Time
as rows#HZaZXiRetrieve Now#I]ZiVWaZ^hh]dlc#
Population of Canada, Aged 20 to 24 Years, Both Sexes, By Year
Year
Population
Year
Population
Year
Population
1976
2 253 367
1986
2 446 250
1996
2 002 036
1977
2 300 910
1987
2 363 227
1997
2 008 307
1978
2 339 362
1988
2 257 415
1998
2 014 301
1979
2 375 197
1989
2 185 706
1999
2 039 468
1980
2 424 484
1990
2 124 363
2000
2 069 868
1981
2 477 137
1991
2 088 165
2001
2 110 324
1982
2 494 358
1992
2 070 089
2002
2 150 370
1983
2 507 401
1993
2 047 334
2003
2 190 876
1984
2 514 313
1994
2 025 846
2004
2 224 652
1985
2 498 510
1995
2 009 474
2005
2 243 341
HdjgXZ/HiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYV
I]ZedejaVi^dcd[eZdeaZ^c
8VcVYVV\ZY'%id')[gdb
&.,+id'%%*VeeZVghid
[daadlVh^cjhd^YVabdYZa#
Population Aged 20 to 24 in Canada,

1976 to 2005
Population
<gVe]i]ZYViV#
3 000 000
2 500 000
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
0
10 20 30
Year Relative to 1976
Example 2
Make Predictions
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V;Zgg^hl]ZZaVcYi^bZXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXidci]^h[jcXi^dc^[i]ZeaVi[dgb[gdbl]^X]i]Z
eZghdcZciZghi]Zg^YZ^hgV^hZYWn&b#
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXidci]^h[jcXi^dc^[i]Z;Zgg^hl]ZZaijgchil^XZVh
[Vhi#
Solution
a) 7ZXVjhZi]ZeaVi[dgb^hcdiVi
i]ZadlZhied^cid[i]Zl]ZZa!V
e]VhZh]^[i^h^cigdYjXZY#I]Z
g^YZgYdZhcdigZVX]i]ZadlZhi
ed^cijciâi]Zl]ZZaijgch
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>[i]ZeaVi[dgbjhZYidZciZg
i]Zg^YZ^hgV^hZYWn&b!i]Z
e]VhZh]^[i^cXgZVhZhVcYî
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Platform
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g^YZ#I]Z\gVe]lâah]^[iidi]Zg^\]i#
Direction
of
Rotation
Phase
Shift
b) >[i]Zl]ZZaijgchil^XZVh[Vhi!i]ZeZg^dYlâaWZ]Va[Vhadc\#
&#
I]Z\gVe]lâaWZXdbegZhhZY]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T
'
Example 3
Use a Sinusoidal Model to Determine Values
I]Z]Z^\]i!h!^cbZigZh!VWdkZi]Z\gdjcYd[Vg^YZgdcV;Zgg^hl]ZZa
V[iZgthZXdcYhXVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc
ht&%h^cP(t(%R&'#
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b) 9ZiZgb^cZZVX]d[i]Z[daadl^c\#
i)i]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjb]Z^\]ihd[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcY
ii)i]Z]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYV[iZg(%h
iii)i]Zi^bZgZfj^gZY[dgi]Z;Zgg^hl]ZZaidXdbeaZiZdcZgZkdaji^dc
Solution

a)
b) I]ZkVajZhXVcWZYZiZgb^cZYZî]ZgWnXVaXjaVi^dcdgWnjh^c\
iZX]cdad\n#
Method 1: Use the Equation
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i]ZbVm^bjb]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcY^h
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'b#
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ht&%h^cP(t(%R&'

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%&'

&'

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iii)I]ZkVajZd[k^h(#

Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
If you are using a

TI-NspireTM CAS
graphing calculator,
refer to the
instructions on
page 33 to determine
the maximum and
minimum values and
the period.
(+%
(+%
T
T

(
k
k&'%
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I
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Method 2: Use the Graph

i)EgZhh 2nd P86A8R#JhZi]Zmaximum
deZgVi^dc[gdbi]ZCALCULATEbZcj#

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I
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i]ZCALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
b^c^bjb#
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Con n ec t i on s
ii)JhZi]ZvaluedeZgVi^dc[gdbi]Z
CALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z]Z^\]i
V[iZg(%h#
I]Z]Z^\]iV[iZg(%h^h&'b#
iii)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!hjWigVXii]ZXddgY^cViZhd[i]ZVY_VXZci
A maximum and an
adjacent minimum are
half a cycle apart. To
obtain the value of
the full period, it is
necessary to multiply
by 2.
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Key Concepts
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I]Z\gVe]dgZfjVi^dcXVcWZjhZYidYZiZgb^cZkVajZh#

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A Practise
1. 6hZchdg^hjhZY
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kVajZhid[^cYi]ZVbeaîjYZ!a#
b) 8deni]Z\gVe]VcYh`ZiX]V]dgôdciVa
d
Distance (metres)
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to the

Investigate.
3
2
1
0
4
6
8
Time (seconds)
10 t
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Example 3.
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Achievement Check
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5.6
Use Sinusoidal
Functions to Model
Periodic Phenomena
Not Involving Angles
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Investigate
Tools
How can you use sinusoidal functions to model the tides?

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graphing calculator
Optional
graphing software or
other graphing tools
Con n ec t i on s
Tides are caused
principally by the
gravitational pull of the
moon on Earths oceans.
The physics of rotating
systems predicts that
one high tide occurs
when the water is
facing the moon and
another occurs when
the water is on the
opposite side of Earth,
away from the moon.
This results in two tide
cycles each day. To learn
more about tides, visit
the Functions 11 page
on the McGraw-Hill
Ryerson Web site and
follow the links to
Chapter 5.
5.6 Use Sinusoidal Functions to Model Periodic Phenomena Not Involving Angles MHR 333
Example 1
Co nne ct io ns
The adoption of AC
power transmission
in North America was
spearheaded by the
inventor Nikola Tesla.
He demonstrated that
AC power was easier
to transmit over long
distances than the
direct current favoured
by rival inventor Thomas
Edison. There is a statue
honouring Tesla on Goat
Island in Niagara Falls,
New York.
Model Alternating Electric Current (AC)

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Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
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expressions for the
window variables. To
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1
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30
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1
30. When
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HZii]ZgVc\Zd[y[gdb'%%Kid'%%KVcY
i]Zy"hXVaZid*%K#:VX]i^X`dci]Zy"Vm^h
gZegZhZcih*%K#
I]Z\gVe]^hh]dlc#
Example 2
Model the Angle of the Sun Above the Horizon on the Summer Solstice
in Inuvik
I]ZiVWaZh]dlhi]ZVc\aZd[i]ZhjcVWdkZi]Z]dgôdc[dgZVX]]djgdc
i]ZhjbbZghdahi^XZ^c>cjk^`!Cdgi]lZhiIZggîdg^Zh#
Hour Past Midnight
10
11
Angle Above the

Horizon ()
2.4 1.8 2.4 4.2 7.2
11
16
22
27
33
38
42
Hour Past Midnight
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Angle Above the

Horizon ()
45
46
45
42
38
33
27
22
17
12 7.5 4.3
a) JhZi]ZiVWaZidYZiZgb^cZVh^cjhd^YVabdYZa[dgi]ZVc\aZd[i]Zhjc
VWdkZi]Z]dgôdc#
b) <gVe]i]Zed^cih^ci]ZiVWaZdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZhVhndjgbdYZaid
kZg^[ni]Z[î#
c) >hi]Z[îVhZmeZXiZY4:meaV^cVcnY^hXgZeVcX^Zh#
Solution
a) ;gdbi]ZiVWaZ!i]ZbVm^bjbVc\aZd[ZaZkVi^dc^h)+VcYi]Z
)+&#b^c^bjbVc\aZ^h&#-#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^hTT

''#&#I]ZgZ[dgZ!
'
i]ZkVajZd[a^h''#&#
I]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h&#-''#&'(#.#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZkVajZd[c^h
'(#.#
I]Zh^cZlVkZhiVgihVi'(#.#I]^h^hVWdji,#*]eVhib^Yc^\]i#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!d,#*#
I]ZeZg^dY^h')]#
(+%
T

')
k
k&*
I]ZVc\aZVWdkZi]Z]dgôdcXVcWZbdYZaaZYlî]i]ZZfjVi^dc
ht''#&h^cP&*t,#*R'(#.#
b) I]Z\gVe]^hh]dlc!hjeZg^bedhZYdkZgi]ZYViVed^cih#
c) I]Z[î^h\ddYVi[^ghi!WjiWZ\^chidYZeVgi
[gdbi]ZYViVed^cihVhi]ZYVnegd\gZhhZh#
:Vgi]hbdkZbZciVgdjcYi]ZhjcbVn
VXXdjci[dgi]ZYZeVgijgZ[gdbVejgZan
h^cjhd^YVabdYZa#I]ZgZVaeZg^dY^hcdi
ZmVXian')]#
Example 3
Predator-Prey Populations
L]ZcildVc^bVah]VkZV
egZYVidg$egZngZaVi^dch]ê!i]Z
edejaVi^dcd[ZVX]dkZgi^bZXVc
WZbdYZaaZYlî]Vh^cjhd^YVa
[jcXi^dc#>[i]ZedejaVi^dcd[
egZn^haVg\Z!i]ZedejaVi^dcd[
egZYVidgh^cXgZVhZhh^cXZi]ZgZ
^hVcVYZfjViZ[ddYhjeean#6h
i]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZYVidgh^cXgZVhZh!i]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZnYZXgZVhZh#
:kZcijVaan!i]ZgZ^hcdiZcdj\][ddY[dgi]ZegZYVidgh!VcYi]ZnVahd
WZ\^cidY^Zd[[#6hi]ZcjbWZgd[egZYVidghYZXa^cZh!bdgZegZnhjgk^kZ!
VcYi]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn^cXgZVhZhV\V^c#
HjeedhZi]Vii]ZcjbWZg!N!d[egZn^cV\^kZcVgZVXVcWZbdYZaaZYWn
i]Z[jcXi^dcNt'*%h^c.%t*%%!l]ZgZt^hi]ZcjbWZgd[nZVgh
h^cXZVWVhZnZVgd[&..%#
a) L]VilVhi]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn^c&..%4
b) L]ZcY^Yi]ZedejaVi^dcgZVX]VbVm^bjb4
c) L]VilVhi]ZbVm^bjbedejaVi^dcVii]^hi^bZ4
d) L]ZcY^Yi]ZedejaVi^dcgZVX]Vb^c^bjb4
e) L]VilVhi]Zb^c^bjbedejaVi^dcVii]Vii^bZ4
f) =dlbVcnnZVgheVhhZYWZilZZcbVm^bjbedejaVi^dch4
Solution
a) HjWhiîjiZ%[dgt#H^cXZh^c%%!i]ZedejaVi^dc^c&..%lVh*%%#
b) Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg
id\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcdkZgViaZVhiildXnXaZh#
6Y_jhii]Zl^cYdlkVg^VWaZhVXXdgY^c\an#
I]Zc!jhZi]ZmaximumdeZgVi^dc[gdbi]Z
CALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z[^ghi
bVm^bjb#>idXXjggZYV[iZg&nZVg!^c&..&#
c) I]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn^c&..&lVh,*%#
d) JhZi]ZminimumdeZgVi^dc[gdbi]Z
CALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z[^ghi
b^c^bjb#>idXXjggZYVii]ZZcYd[(nZVgh!
^c&..(#
e) I]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn^c&..(lVh'*%#
f) I]ZcZmibVm^bjbdXXjggZY^c&..*#;djgnZVgheVhhZYWZilZZc
bVm^bjbedejaVi^dch#
Key Concepts
H^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dchXVcWZjhZYidbdYZaeZg^dY^Xe]ZcdbZcVi]ViYdcdi^ckdakZVc\aZh
Vhi]Z^cYZeZcYZcikVg^VWaZ#
I]ZVbeaîjYZ!e]VhZh]^[i!eZg^dY!VcYkZgi^XVah]^[id[i]ZWVh^Xh^cZdgXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc
XVcWZVY_jhiZYid[îi]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhd[i]Ze]ZcdbZcdcWZ^c\bdYZaaZY#
IZX]cdad\nXVcWZjhZYidfj^XànYgVlVcYVcVanhZi]Z\gVe]bdYZaaZYWni]ZZfjVi^dc#
I]Z\gVe]XVcWZjhZYidhdakZegdWaZbhgZaViZYidi]Ze]ZcdbZcdc#

C1 6hîjVi^dcbdYZaaZYWnVh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc]Vhcdx"^ciZgXZeih#L]ViXdcXajh^dchXVcndj
YgVlVWdjii]ZgZaVi^dcWZilZZcaVcYc4
C2 6hîjVi^dcXVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]Zh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dcyah^cPkxdRc#>[i]Z\gVe]
eVhhZhi]gdj\]i]Zdg^\^c!XVcndjXdcXajYZi]Vii]Ze]VhZh]^[i!d!^h%4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg!
^cXajY^c\VY^V\gVb#
C3 I]ZeZg^dYd[Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc^h\gZViZgi]Vc(+%WjiaZhhi]Vc,'%#L]VigZhig^Xi^dch
YdZhi]^hXdcYî^dceaVXZdci]ZkVajZd[k4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
A Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to the
Investigate.
1. >ci]Z>ckZhi^\ViZ!i]Zh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc
ht*h^cP(%t(R^hjhZYidbdYZa
i]Z]Z^\]id[i^YZh^cVeVgi^XjaVgadXVi^dc
dcVeVgi^XjaVgYVn#DcVY^[[ZgZciYVn!
i]ZbVm^bjb]Z^\]i^h-b!i]Zb^c^bjb
]Z^\]i^h -b!VcY]^\]i^YZdXXjghVi
*/(%V#b#
a) BdY^[ni]Z[jcXi^dchjX]i]Viî
bViX]Zhi]ZcZlYViV#
b) EgZY^Xii]Zi^bZh[dgi]ZcZmi]^\]VcY
adli^YZh#
2. HjeedhZi]ViVXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^hX]dhZcid
bdYZai]Zi^YZh^ci]Z>ckZhi^\ViZ#
b) KZg^[ni]Vii]ZXdh^cZbdYZaXdggZXian
egZY^Xihi]ZadlVcY]^\]i^YZh[dgi]Z
YVn#
3. HdbZi^bZhYZbVcY[dgZaZXig^XînWZXdbZh
hd\gZVii]Vihjeea^ZghhjX]VhDciVg^d
EdlZg<ZcZgVi^dcXVccdibV^ciV^ci]Z
YZh^gZYbVm^bjbkdaiV\Zdci]ZZaZXig^Xîn
\g^Y#I]^hXgZViZhVXdcYî^dc`cdlcVh
VWgdlcdji#>cVWgdlcdji!^cXVcYZhXZci
aVbehY^bVcYhdbZVeea^VcXZhYdcdi
ldg`ViVaa#=dlYdZhi]Z\gVe]d[kdaiV\Z
kZghjhi^bZX]Vc\ZYjg^c\VWgdlcdji4
H`ZiX]i]ZcZl\gVe]VcY_jhi^[nndjg
X]Vc\Zh#
a) BdY^[ni]Z[jcXi^dchdi]ViVXdh^cZ
[jcXi^dc^hjhZYWjiVaaegZY^Xi^dchd[
i^YZhgZbV^ci]ZhVbZ#

4. I]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn^cVegZYVidg"egZn
gZaVi^dc^hh]dlc#I^bZ^h^cnZVghh^cXZ
&.-*#
N
Population
1000
800
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
c) <gVe]i]ZlViZgaZkZadkZg')]#
d) >[i]ZlViZg^haZhhi]Vc(bYZZe!
aVcY^c\VhZVeaVcZ^hXdch^YZgZYjchV[Z#
9jg^c\l]Vii^bZ^ciZgkVah!WZilZZc
b^Yc^\]iVcYb^Yc^\]ii]Z[daadl^c\
YVn!^hîXdch^YZgZYjchV[ZidaVcYV
hZVeaVcZ4
e) L]Vidi]Zg[VXidghVgZ^bedgiVci^c
600
YZX^Y^c\l]Zi]Zgî^hhV[ZidaVcY4
400
6. 6iVcdi]Zgi^bZd[nZVg^ci]ZhVbZ
200
0
8
12 16
Time (years)
20
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjb
kVajZhd[i]ZedejaVi^dc!idi]ZcZVgZhi
*%#JhZi]ZhZid[^cYi]ZVbeaîjYZ#
b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i!c#
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i!d#
d) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY#JhZi]ZeZg^dYid
YZiZgb^cZi]ZkVajZd[k#
e) BdYZai]ZedejaVi^dckZghjhi^bZlî]
Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
f) <gVe]ndjg[jcXi^dc#8dbeVgZîidi]Z
\gVe]h]dlc#
B Connect and Apply

5. I]ZYZei]!d!^cbZigZh!d[lViZg^cV
hZVeaVcZ]VgWdjgdcV\^kZcYVnXVcWZ
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i^bZeVhib^Yc^\]i!^c]djgh#
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lViZgYZei]^h''bVcYi]Zb^c^bjb
YZei]^h+b#I]Z[^ghi]^\]i^YZdXXjghVi
*/%%V#b#
a) BdY^[ni]ZbdYZa^cfjZhi^dc*id
bViX]i]ZcZlYViV#
b) <gVe]i]ZlViZgaZkZadkZg')]#
c) 9jg^c\l]Vii^bZ^ciZgkVah!WZilZZc
b^Yc^\]iVcYb^Yc^\]ii]Z[daadl^c\
YVn!^hîXdch^YZgZYjchV[ZidaVcYV
hZVeaVcZ4
7. I]ZZaZXig^Xîn
hiVcYVgYjhZY^c
Representing
Selecting Tools
:jgdeZVcYbVcn
Problem Solving
di]ZgeVgihd[i]Z
Connecting
Reecting
ldgaY^hVaiZgcVi^c\
XjggZci68lî]V
Communicating
[gZfjZcXnd[*%=o
VcYVbVm^bjbkdaiV\Zd[')%K#I]Z
kdaiV\ZXVcWZbdYZaaZYVhV[jcXi^dcd[
i^bZjh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
a) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[*%"=o684
c) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]ZkdaiV\Z
[jcXi^dc4
e) Use TechnologyJhZiZX]cdad\nid
\gVe]i]ZkdaiV\Z[jcXi^dcdkZgild
XnXaZh#:meaV^cl]Vii]ZhXVaZhdci]Z
VmZhgZegZhZci#
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjb
YZei]hd[i]ZlViZg^ci]Z]VgWdjg#
8. ?ja^VXdchigjXihVbdYZa68\ZcZgVidg^c
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jeV[aVh]a^\]iWjaWi]Vi^hgViZY[dg+K#
a) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z68egdYjXZY4
10. GZ[ZgidndjgbdYZa^cfjZhi^dc.#
a) EgZY^Xii]ZcZmii]gZZdXXjggZcXZhd[
bVm^bjbhjchediVXi^kînV[iZg'%%+#
b) EgZY^Xii]ZcZmii]gZZdXXjggZcXZhd[
b^c^bjbhjchediVXi^kînV[iZg'%%+#
c) L]Vi^hi]ZkVg^Vi^dc^ci]ZbVm^bjb
c) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]ZkdaiV\Z
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VcYb^c^bjbkVajZhdkZgi]ZYViV^c
i]ZiVWaZ4
Con n ec t i on s
Sunspots were observed as early as 165 B.C.E. Like
many phenomena in the sky, they were thought to
have a mystical significance to humans.
11. >c:mVbeaZ(!i]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZnXVc
Sunspots
(Annual
Average)
Year
(since
1970)
Sunspots
(Annual
Average)
107.4
19
162.2
66.5
20
145.1
67.3
21
144.3
36.7
22
93.5
WZbdYZaaZYlî]i]Z[jcXi^dc
Nt'*%h^c.%t*%%#GZhZVgX]h]dlh
i]Vii]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZYVidgh[daadlh
i]ZeZg^dYd[i]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZn!
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Vb^c^bjbedejaVi^dcd[*%VcYV
bVm^bjbedejaVi^dcd[&%%#
32.3
23
54.5
a) 8dchigjXiVbdYZa[dgi]ZedejaVi^dcd[
14.4
24
31.0
egZYVidghjh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
11.6
25
18.2
b) <gVe]i]ZedejaVi^dcd[egZnVcY
26.0
26
8.4
86.9
27
20.3
145.8
28
61.6
10
149.1
29
96.1
11
146.5
30
123.3
12
114.8
31
123.3
egZYVidg"egZnh^bjaVi^dc\VbZ#
13
64.7
32
109.4
a) EaVni]Z\VbZ^cVhbVaa\gdjeVcY
14
43.5
33
65.9
15
16.2
34
43.3
16
11.0
35
30.2
17
29.0
36
15.4
18
100.9
VXi^kîn[gdb&.,%id'%%+#
Year
(since
1970)
a) JhZi]ZiVWaZidYZiZgb^cZVh^cjhd^YVa
bdYZa[dgi]ZcjbWZgd[hjchedih#
b) <gVe]i]Zed^cih^ci]ZiVWaZdci]Z
egZYVidghdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZhdkZgV
eZg^dYd[&'nZVgh[gdbi]ZWVhZnZVg#
c) Hj\\ZhigZVhdchl]ni]ZgZ^hVe]VhZ
h]^[iidi]Zg^\]i#
12. Use TechnologyHZVgX]i]Z>ciZgcZi[dgV
\ZcZgViZViVWaZd[YViV#
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c) JhZi]Z\gVe]VcYi]ZiVWaZidXdchigjXi
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Residential Natural Gas Consumption

Thousands of Cubic Metres
b) JhZi]Z\gVe]VcYi]ZiVWaZidXdchigjXi
Vhi]ZYViV#8dbbZcidci]Z[î#
d) JhZndjgbdYZaidegZY^Xii]ZcjbWZg
1 600 000
1 400 000
1 200 000
1 000 000
800 000
600 000
400 000
200 000
0
d[]djghd[YVna^\]idc?VcjVgn(&#
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VcnadXVi^dcdc:Vgi]#<didi]Z
Functions 11eV\Zd[i]ZBX<gVl"=âa
GnZghdcLZWhîZVcY[daadli]Za^c`hid
VXXZhhi]ZdWhZgkVidgnhLZWhîZ#
12 24 36 48 60
Month Starting January 2001
a) JhZi]Z\gVe]idXdchigjXiVh^cjhd^YVa
bdYZa[dgcVijgVa\VhXdchjbei^dc#
b) <gVe]i]ZbdYZa[dgVeZg^dYd[*nZVgh!
i]ZaViîjYZVcYadc\îjYZd[ndjg
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hiVgi^c\^c?VcjVgn'%%&#
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'%%-#
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&*i]d[ZVX]
bdci]!WZ\^cc^c\
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cdgi]#
a) JhZVcViaVhdgi]Z>ciZgcZiidYZiZgb^cZ

Representing
Selecting Tools
Problem Solving
Connecting
Communicating
Duration of Daylight Table for One Year#

:ciZgndjgadXVi^dcYViVVcYdWiV^ci]Z
iVWaZ#GZXdgYi]ZYViV[dgi]Z&*i]d[ZVX]
bdci]idbV`ZViVWaZd[kVajZh#
c) <gVe]i]ZYViV#
d) JhZi]Z\gVe]VcYi]ZiVWaZidXdchigjXi
VbdYZa[dgi]ZcjbWZgd[]djghd[
YVna^\]iVindjgadXVi^dc#
e) <gVe]i]ZbdYZadci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh
Reecting
f) JhZndjgbdYZaidegZY^Xii]ZcjbWZg
d[]djghd[YVna^\]idcVcnXdckZc^Zci
YVn#8]ZX`ndjgegZY^Xi^dcWnY^gZXi
dWhZgkVi^dc#
Month
Hours of Daylight
8:30
10:07
11:48
13:44
15:04
16:21
15:38
a) BdYZai]Z]Z^\]id[dcZd[i]ZegdeZaaZg
14:33
12:42
iêhVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYVhV[jcXi^dcd[
i^bZjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
10
10:47
11
9:06
12
8:05
a) <gVe]i]ZYViV#
16. I]ZegdeZaaZgd[VhbVaaV^geaVcZ]VhVc
dkZgVaaaZc\i]d['#%b#I]ZegdeZaaZg
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VcYhe^chVi&'%%gZkdaji^dcheZgb^cjiZ
l]âZi]ZV^geaVcZ^hiVm^^c\#
b) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcdkZg[djgXnXaZh#
c) 9ZiZgb^cZVaai^bZh^ci]Z[^ghiXnXaZ
l]Zci]Ziê^h&#%bVWdkZi]Z\gdjcY#
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C o nne ct io ns
Reflection from a film that is
much thinner than the
wavelength of the light
being used forms a
perfect window. No
light is reflected; it
is all transmitted.
This is why images
viewed through nonreflective eyeglasses
appear brighter than
when viewed through
lenses without the coating.
You can use a soap bubble kit
to see another example of this perfect window. Dip
the bubble blower into the solution, and hold it so
that the soap film is vertical. Orient the film to reflect
light. You will see a series of coloured bands as the
soap drains to the bottom. Then, you will see what
looks like a break in the film forming at the top. This
is the perfect window. You can test to see if there is
still soap there by piercing the window with a pin or a
sharp pencil.
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Use Technology
Create a Scatter Plot and a Function Using a TI-NspireTM CAS
Graphing Calculator
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Hour Past Midnight
Tools
1
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TI-Nspire CAS
graphing calculator
Angle Above the Horizon () 2.4 1.8 2.4 4.2 7.2 11 16 22 27 33 38 42

Hour Past Midnight
12
13
14
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16
17
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Angle Above the Horizon () 45 46 45 42 38 33 27 22 17 12 7.5 4.3

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Use Technology: Create a Scatter Plot and a Function Using a TI-Nspire CAS Graphing Calculator MHR 343
Chapter 5 Review
5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour,
pages 284 to 293
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5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and

Cosine Functions, pages 304 to 312
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5.4 Graphing and Modelling With

y = a sin [k(x d)] + c and
y = a cos [k(x d)] + c, pages 313 to 321
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322 to 332
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5.6 Use Sinusoidal Functions to Model

Periodic Phenomena Not Involving Angles,
pages 333 to 341
Month (21st day)
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Chapter Problem
WRAP-UP
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Chapter 5 Review MHR 345
Chapter 5 Practice Test

For questions 1 to 8, select the best answer.
For questions 1 to 3, refer to the graph of the
periodic function shown.
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McGrawHill Functions 11 Unit 5

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CHAPTER

sketch graphs of y = af [k(x d)] + c by applying one

make connections between the sine ratio and the

collect data that can be modelled as a sinusoidal

sketch the graphs of f (x) = sin x and f (x) = cos x for

determine, through investigation, how sinusoidal

determine, through investigation using technology,

predict the effects on a mathematical model of an

determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, domain,

identify sinusoidal functions, including those that

pose and solve problems based on applications

Use the Cosine Law

Find Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

Determine the Domain and Range of a Function

282 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

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12. I]ZeVgVWdaVyx) ^hhigZiX]ZY

Solve Equations Involving Rational Expressions

Prerequisite Skills MHR 283

284 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

one complete repetition

10. Reflect=dlYdZhVperiodic functionY^[[Zg[gdbVa^cZVg[jcXi^dc

the horizontal length of

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 285

286 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

From part a), the period

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 287

Residential Natural Gas Consumption

288 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

Communicate Your Understanding

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 289

Reasoning and Proving

B Connect and Apply

Reasoning and Proving

Reasoning and Proving

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 291

19. Use TechnologyJhZYncVb^X\ZdbZign

292 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

24. Math Contest>[i]Z[gVXi^dc  ^hlg^iiZc

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27. Math ContestD[*%hijYZcihhjgkZnZY#

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour MHR 293

294 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

296 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

Method 2: Use a TI-Nspire CAS Graphing Calculator

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2:Add Graphs & Geometry#

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0, 180, and 360 over one cycle

90 and 270 over one cycle

{x 2,0 x 90, 270 x 360}

298 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

Communicate Your Understanding

B Connect and Apply

Reasoning and Proving

300 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

Reasoning and Proving

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11. Math Contest;dg.%.%![dg

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302 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 5

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