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Circuits
Fundamentals
Effects of Network Impedances
Examples
Use of Bus Impedance Matrix
8 Symmetrical short circuits
Three-phase Short-Circuit on an
Unloaded Generator
Subtransient and transient AC currents
Decaying sinusoids
DC current
Decaying unidirectional
Steady-state AC currents
Small double-frequency term
8 Symmetrical short circuits
0
T
Ia(t)
k
Ia
10
15
0.1
0.2
0.3
T
k
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
T
k
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
10
Ib
T
Ib(t)
k
10
Ic(t) k
Ic
t [sec]T k
Subtransient current I
and envelope of AC current
I
3
Iac T
Iac
2
I''
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
time k[sec]
8 Symmetrical short circuits
10
Iac T
I 1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.6
Subtransient Current
Peak value of the AC current I"
Prefault voltage of generator is E
I" = E/Xd"
where Xd" is the generator subtransient reactance
(usually tabulated)
T2
G1
40 ohms
13.8 kV 115 kV
G2
50 ohms
115 kV
X" = 20%
X" = 20%
14.4 kV
X" = 10%
X" = 10%
8
10
j0.302
j0.40
j0.20
j0.378
+
1.0
-
j0.0667
j0.1333
+
1.0
-
j0.368
+
I2
I1
1.0
If
1.0
-
11
12
13
Multimachine Case
For a few generators, use Thevenins
Theorem:
Replace network with its equivalent at the point
of the fault
Open-circuit voltage is the prefault system
voltage (usually 1.0 per unit)
14
8.3%
W
2.6%
P
32%
2%
7.8%
Z
L
7.2%
115 kV LINES Z IN PER UNIT ON 100 MVA
15
0.083
0.026
0.32
0.072
0.02
0.25
0.788
1.736
9.07
0.078
16
0.083
0.0196
0.02
0.00478
0.072
0.0589
P
1.038
10.81
17
0.0823
1.038
10.81
+
1
-
If
(c) AFTER NETWORK REDUCTIONS.
18
19
Short-Circuit MVA
Thevenin equivalents of systems are
sometimes given as short-circuit MVA
values:
ScMVA = Isc(per unit) (Base MVA)
so Xth = E/Isc = 1/Isc
or Xth = (Base MVA)/(ScMVA) in per unit
20
Load Currents
Neglect load currents for typical shortcircuit studies
The load currents can be found from a loadflow study and added to the results of the
short-circuit study, if needed
See the notes section 2-2 for alternative
21
Multimachine Study
In practice, there are a large number of
generators and hand calculations are
impractical
Development of matrix methods is simple
as demonstrated in the next lecture.
22
Matrix Methods
For systems with more than a few
generators, use matrix methods to set up the
circuits for short-circuit studies
Nodal admittance matrix is easy to calculate
Nodal impedance matrix is more difficult to
calculate but gives short-circuit currents easily
23
Example
1
I1
-j 4.0
-j 5.0
I2
-j 3.0
-j 0.1
3
-j 0.5
Admittances in per unit
8 Symmetrical short circuits
24
Example
Nodal analysis:
I1 = -j 9.0 V1 + j 4.0 V2 + j 5.0 V3
I2 = j 4.0 V1 j 7.1 V2 + j 3.0 V3
0 = j 5.0 V1 + j 3.0 V2 j 8.5 V3
or I = Ybus V
where Ybus is the nodal admittance matrix
or bus admittance matrix
25
26
Another Example
Branch
Number
Bus
Numbers
Impedance [per
unit]
Admittance
[per unit]
0.00 + j0.20
0.00 - j5.00
0.00 + j0.25
0.00 - j4.00
0.00 + j0.40
0.00 - j2.50
0.00 + j0.10
0.00 - j10.0
Bus
Number
Admittance
[per unit]
0.00 j0.80
0.00 j0.80
0.00 j0.00
0.00 j0.60
27
Ybus
-j 9.80
j 5.00
j 4.00
j 0.00
j 5.00
-j 8.30
j 2.50
j 0.00
j 4.00
j 2.50
-j 16.5
j 10.0
j 0.00
j 0.00
j 10.0
-j 10.6
28
Zbus
j 0.5036
j 0.4357
j 0.4392
j 0.4143
j 0.4357
j 0.5117
j 0.4277
j 0.4035
j 0.4392
j 0.4277
j 0.5415
j 0.5108
j 0.4143
j 0.4035
j 0.5108
j 0.5762
29
Remainder of system
Fault
0
4
3
2
1
+
1
-
+
1
30
DV1
-1
DV3
Z11
Z12
Z13
Z21
Z22
Z23
-If
Z31
Z32
Z33
V1 = 1 - Z12 /Z22
8 Symmetrical short circuits
V3 = 1 - Z32 /Z22
31
Last Example
Zbus
j 0.5036
j 0.4357
j 0.4392
j 0.4143
j 0.4357
j 0.5117
j 0.4277
j 0.4035
j 0.4392
j 0.4277
j 0.5415
j 0.5108
j 0.4143
j 0.4035
j 0.5108
j 0.5762
Vj = 1 - Zjk /Zkk
32
Ik
V1
V2
V3
V4
-j 1.986
0.0
0.1349
0.1278
0.1772
-j 1.954
0.1487
0.0
-j 1.847
0.1889
-j 1.735
0.2809
0.1643
0.2116
0.2102
0.0
0.0566
0.2998
0.1135
0.0
33
34
Case 1 is straightforward
Add a new axis (row and column n+1) to the Z
matrix for the new bus having the branch
impedance z in the diagonal and zeros offdiagonal
Znew =
1 ... n
n+1
0...
0
1...
0 ... 0
n+1
35
36
1 ... n
n+1
Z1p...
Znp
1...
Zpp+ z
n+1
Znew =
where 1 p n
37
38
Off diagonal:
Zn+1, j = Zpj-Zqj
Zi, n+1 = Zip-Ziq
39
Case 4 (continued):
Use Kron reduction to eliminate the new axis
representing the loop
Zijnew = Zij (Zi, n+1 Zn+1,j )/ Z n+1,n+1
40
41
Removing a Branch
Any branch (of impedance z) may be
removed during a study by adding a new
branch in parallel with impedance of z
Zeq = -z2/(z-z) = -z/0 an open circuit
42
43
Axis Discarding
If I1= 0 and we dont need V1 then:
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + Z13 I3
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + Z23 I3
V3 = Z31 I1 + Z32 I2 + Z33 I3
becomes:
V2 = Z22 I2 + Z23 I3
V3 = Z32 I2 + Z33 I3
44
Axis Discarding
Axis discarding for short-circuit calculation:
Divide system into study system and external
system
Start building Z matrix in external system
After all branches are added to external node,
its axis is discarded
All study system nodes are kept
45
Branch Z [pu]
0.0175
0.0185
0.1983
0.1763
0.1737
0.1160
0.0420
0.0820
0.0414
0.0599
0.2000
0.0379
46
Add 7-1
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
j 0.0185
j 0.0185
j 0.0185
j 0.0185
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0978
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0978
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.2301
j 0.0564
47
Discard 7
Add 3-1
Z=
Z=
j 0.0978
j 0.0564
j 0.0564
j 0.2301
j 0.0978
j 0.0564
j 0.0414
j 0.0564
j 0. 2301
-j 0.1737
j 0.0414
-j 0.1737
j 0.3914
Kron reduction on L: Z =
j 0.09342
j 0.07477
j 0.07477
j 0.15301
48
Discard 3: Z = j
0.15301
0.07477
0.07477
0.07477
0.07477
0.13542
0.09342
0.09342
0.07477
0.09342
0.17542
0.09342
0.07477
0.09342
0.09342
0.15332
0.15301
0.07477
0.07477
0.17542
49
Add 1-0 perform Kron Reduction. Then add 2-5 and 1-2
and perform another Kron Reduction:
Z= j
0.01556
0.01004
0.01208
0.01004
0.10280
0.06856
0.01208
0.06856
0.12090
Fault at bus 2:
If = 1/j0.1209 = -j 8.27 per unit
V5 = 1 - j0.06856/j0.1209 = 0.433 per unit
I52 = (V5-V2)/z52 = (0.433-0.00)/j0.116 = -j 3.73 per unit
50
51
Circuit
representation
NC
NO
NC
Zg1
Zg2
One-line
diagram
0
-z
N+1
2
Fictitious new bus
52
53
Circuit Breakers
Interrupt faults
SF6 Generator
Breaker
SF6 HV
Breaker
Vacuum
MV Breaker
Air LV
Breaker
54
Relays
(logic elements)
Electromechanical
Overcurrent Relay
Digital Electronic
Digital Electronic
Overcurrent Relays Multifunction Relay
55
BRACKET
EXPULSION TUBE
PORCELAIN
SUPPORT
LINE TERMINAL
56
Fusible Link
TIN-PLATED BUTTON HEAD
TIN FUSIBLE ELEMENT
TUBE
LEADER
57
58
Theory
Sudden three-phase short circuit on a
generator with external reactance Xe
ia(t) = 2 Iac(t) cos(wt+q) + 2 I" e-t/Ta
Iac(t) = (I"-I')e-t/T"d + (I'-I)e-t/T'd + I
I"=E/(X"d+Xe)
I'=E/(X'd+Xe)
I=E/(Xd+Xe)
T"d=T"do(X"d+Xe)/(Xd+Xe),
T'd=T'do(X'd+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
59
60
Circuit Breakers
Basically, an AC circuit breaker is a piece
of switchgear that can
withstand the momentary short-circuit current
interrupt the short-circuit current at the current
zero following contact parting
withstand the transient recovery voltage across
its open contacts
61
Interrupting time
Contact parting time
Tripping
delay
Opening
time
Arcing
time
t
Initiation
of short
circuit
Trip
circuit
energized
Primary
contacts
part
Arc on
primary
contacts
extinguished
62
63
Simplified Method
Simplified method method is based on
calculation of Thevenin reactance Xth at the
point of the fault, then I = E/Xth
If resistance is significant, calculate Zth =
(Rth2 + Xth2)1/2, and I = E/Zth
64
First-cycle duties
Breakers that are rated on a total current
basis
momentary rating must exceed the calculated
first-cycle duty
65
First-cycle duties
Look up machine reactances from tables in
ANSI standards
HV (and MV) circuit breakers (above 1000 V)
use
ANSI C37.5 (total interrupting rating)
ANSI C37.010 (symmetrical interrupting rating)
66
1.00 Xd"
0.75 Xd'
Synchronous motors
1.00 Xd"
above 1000 hp at
1800 rpm or less
above 250 hp at
3600 rpm
Induction motors
50 - 1000 hp at 1800
rpm or less
50 - 250 hp at 3600
rpm
Below 50 hp
1.00 Xd"
1.20 Xd"
neglect
67
First-cycle duties
Compute I" using the appropriate reactances
in the short-circuit study
The first-cycle duty is 1.60 I"
approximates the duty on the breaker during the
first half cycle of short-circuit current.
breaker must be able to close and latch, while
withstanding the mechanical forces produced
by this large current
compare to breaker momentary rating
8 Symmetrical short circuits
68
LV CB and Fuses
For LV circuit breakers and fuses, see ANSI
C37.13 for reactances and multipliers to
estimate the momentary current
LV circuit breakers can be power circuit
breakers or molded-case circuit breakers
LV power CB must close and latch into a fault to
allow coordination with downstream devices
molded-case circuit breakers often use blow-off
contacts that limit current (magnetic forces push
contacts apart before trip mechanism unlatches)
8 Symmetrical short circuits
69
70
System X/R
Every generator has its own X/R, but a safe
approximation is as follows:
Find the Thevenin reactance seen from the
fault, neglecting all resistances, call that Xth
Find the Thevenin resistance seen from the
fault, neglecting all reactances, call that Rth
Then X/R ratio = Xth/Rth
71
Interrupting Rating
Total current basis (older breakers)
Interrupting rating based on total
(asymmetrical) current including ac and dc
components. See notes section 2.7
72
1.00 Xd"
0.75 Xd'
Synchronous motors
1.50 Xd"
above 1000 hp at
1800 rpm or less
above 250 hp at
3600 rpm
Induction motors
50 - 1000 hp at 1800
rpm or less
50 - 250 hp at 3600
rpm
Below 50 hp
1.50 Xd"
3.00 Xd"
neglect
73
74
75
Breaker Ratings
ANSI C37.06 has ratings for HV breakers
with symmetrical interrupting ratings:
76
K factor
If K = 1, then interrupting rating = rated
short-circuit current
If K > 1, then interrupting rating is inversely
proportional to the operating voltage, up to
a limit of K times the rated short-circuit
current
Breaker has an operating region with a MVA
rating
8 Symmetrical short circuits
77
Example
Vmax = 15 kV, Iscrated = 19.0 kA, K=2.27,
apply at 13 kV:
Interrupting rating = 19 kA15 kV/13 kV = 21.9
kA
Check maximum int rating = KIscrated =
2.2719.0 kA = 43.1 kA
Interrupting rating = 21.9 kA
78
45
40
Iint rated( V )
35
kA
Isc rated.K
kA
30
25
20
15
10
15
Vmax
V
kV
K
kV
79
80