METROPOLITAN MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE OF ARTS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Formerly Metropolitan Hospital College of Nursing
1357G Masangkay St. Sta. Cruz, Manila 1003

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/STUDIES

According to Mellor (1990) in his article “Readiness to Learn”,

maturation is the quantitically controlled process of growth that orderly change
in behaviour. He further said that a person’s maturation trigger changes in his
capacity to learn.

The above article is related to the present study because it says that as
a person matures, and so with his ability to learn. This supports the idea that
the higher a person’s level of maturation, the better is his ability to understand
things and to apply what he has learned. So the higher the level the education
the nursing students belong, the better is their preparation. This is what the
researchers want to see.

Based on Windsor A. (2001), in his article “Nursing Students’

Perception of Clinical Experience” the nursing students were indeed learning
their clinical experience. The major categories of nursing were classified as
nursing skills, time management, and profession socialization. The quality of
learning was reportedly affected but the student’s perception, characteristics
of the instructor, and variety of clinical activities to which students are exposed
are not affected.

This article has bearing to the study because the researchers are trying
to determine the readiness of level I nursing students of MMC-CAST to be
exposed in clinical areas. The researchers are convinced that the students
theoretically knows but they also know that the hospital setting will be harder
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and different and that being exposed to the hospital is what they really wanted
to experience so they have to be ready.

According to Crawford (2002), in the article “Educational Experience

Fully Immerses Students in a Learning Environment”, to gain insight about a
problem, there must be intensive analysis of different ways to approach the
actual setting. In addition to that interactive classroom experiences will allow
student to practice skills that will boost their confidence as an intern.

The above article is related to the present study because the

researchers are also looking into factors that involve both focused attention
and peripheral attention that will guide the students to prepare mentally before
their exposure as one of the trained nurse in the clinical area.

According to Crawford (2003) in his article “How to learn”, he said that

learning needed to be practice. If you want to learn to do something you’ve got
to do it over and over to be able to put it in your mind and say that you already
have learned it like in reviewing, you just don’t read the topic once and learn it
but you must do it over and over again to really memorize it.
The above article has relation to the study that the researchers are
conducting because it talks about how doing things repeatedly or practicing it
can help an individual to really learn it, just like what nursing students are
doing at their clinical exposures.

According to Thompson (2004), in her article “Education Impact on

Clinical Performance”, activities are most effective when it is learned. She
further claimed that educators need to help students to have appropriate
educational experiences and capitalize on those experiences.

The above article is related to the present study because the

researchers are also looking into the factors that learned best to solve realistic
problems and at the same time want to find out if the respondents’ educational
experiences and concrete learning style will fit the expectations in the clinical
setting.
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Kolb (2004) in his article "Learning Style of Nursing Students",

experiential proposes four phases and these are concrete experience,
reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation.
Experimentation is "doing", reflective observation is "watching" abstract
conceptualization in "thinking" and concrete experience is "feeling".

This article has bearing in the study because it explains the entire
process of learning from watching, thinking doing and feeling.

Based on Linda Yenzon (2004) in the article "Is Nursing a Profession or

Vocation" nursing as a profession is defined as an occupation or calling that
requires advanced training experience in specific area or specialized body of
knowledge which provide services to the society in that special field. While,
she said that nursing on the other hand is an occupation that requires a
unique body of knowledge, skills, and positive attitude acquired through rigid
repeated trainings and drills from being a student up to being a registered
nurse.

The article above has relation to the study because it tries to explain
what nursing is, as well as what characteristics a nurse should have. This will
help the respondents understand his profession.

According to ANA (2004) Standards of Professional Performance

possess the following primary characteristics. First, a profession requires an
extended education of its members, as well as basic liberal foundation.
Second, a profession has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined
skills, abilities and norms. Third, a profession provides specific service. Fourth,
members of the profession have autonomy in decision making and practice.
Fifth, the profession as a whole has a code of ethics for practice.

This article states that in order for one to become professional,

he must pass all the standards of the professions he wants to join. In being a
professional nurse, students must pass through rigid training to develop their
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skills in nursing practice and broaden their knowledge on nursing concepts

and theories which are very important in the nursing profession.

According to Goldberg (2005) in her article “Academic-Based Learner’s

Experience” specific and traditional course work in the classroom can become
beneficial. She further claimed that teachers must immerse learners in
complete, interactive experiences that are both rich and real because in actual
settings interns should practice good nursing skills.

The above article is related to the present study because the

researchers are also trying to find out the different preparation that the
students and teachers are doing prior to the actual exposure to the clinical
area as well as the extent to which these preparations are done.

According to Kathleen (2005) in the study "Defining College Readiness

on the Inside Out", the study provides understanding of college readiness from
the perspective of the older first-generation college students. The results
indicate that life experiences contribute to the academic skills, time
management, goal focus, and self advocacy.

The article has bearing to the present study because the researchers
are trying to look for the factors that will help unprepared 2nd year level
students to be exposed in the hospital setting. If life experiences will affect the
2nd year student's performances, academic and skills background on their
ability to handle and give nursing care to the ill patients.

According to Romack (2006) in her article, “Enhancing Students,

Readiness to Learn”. Learning is not a spectator sport. Fundamentally, the
responsibility to learn is yours and yours alone. For learning to happen in any
course, one must take an active role in the process. Being prepared enables
to construct a knowledge base on which subsequent learning tests.
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The article is related to the study because learning tasks are designed
for the students in attaining learning outcomes and getting students motivation
about learning. The respondents will be engage in learning tasks that will
require them to use a variety of reasoning strategies and to write reflectively
about what they learned and how it relates to their lives.

According to Carter (2007) in his article, “Learners Experience and

Success”, to maintain competency in rapidly changing health care systems,
and meet the challenge of overcoming fear barriers to continuing education,
interns need to access and to innovate traditional method.

This article has bearing to the present study because the researchers
are investigating the readiness of the first year students to be exposed in the
clinical area. The researchers want to find out how competent the first year
students in facing another learning environment are.

According to Adler (2007) in the article “Measurable Way to Evaluate

Nursing Student”, student nurses learn many important subjects. A student
nurse may study how to remove a burned victim’s dressing or how to educate
teenagers on proper nutritional habits. Student nurses are also required to
master academic subjects... to help ensure that the patient gets the best care
possible. She further explained that “Clinical Education is designed to help
nursing students to learn essential nursing procedures.”

The article shows that it is important for the student to have mastered
various body of knowledge to be able to provide the best possible care for
patient needing health care assistance. It was also stressed in this article that
clinical education is vital for nursing students for during this time they would
learn various essential procedures that would help alleviate the pain or
discomfort that the patient is experiencing.

Based on Adler (2007), in the article “How to Grade Clinical Nursing

Students”, nursing students should at least complete one semester of Clinical
Nursing Education where in they learn to work with patients directly in hospital
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settings. Students should be evaluated carefully in order to help them become

better nurses.

In the article it was said that it is important for a student nurse to be

evaluated regularly by the clinical instructors to help them become better
nurses in the hospital. It was also stated that the evaluation would stand as
the baseline in knowing the readiness of the student nurse, in this way
weakness can be strengthened and strength can be maintained.

Tome, RN (2008) in her article “Developing Characteristics of Nursing

Excellence” states that, during orientation, nurses learned what was expected
of them in their individual units, and they continued this process by orienting
others to the same routines. Often what was done, or not done, was based on
habit.

After thorough analysis regarding o the article stated, the nursing

excellence could be achieved not only observing the daily routines done
during dues but also a standard procedure on the proper maintenance should
be established through school program to be given to the nursing students.

According to Stauton Chiarella (2008), author of the article “The

Standard Care of Expected Nurses Acting in a Professional Capacity” is that
for nurses concerned to know what the law expects of them in carrying out
their professional responsibilities, an understanding of this principle and its
application is crucial. The approach to be taken in establishing the standard of
care for health professionals, including medical practitioners and nurses is the
same. The established common law principle is that a health professional
such as registered nurses have achieved a particular level of skills, knowledge
and expertise through the years of practice as a student by doing return
demonstrations and 1st hand experiences in the field they want to pursue.

The article above states that the one who aspires to be working in the
field of healthcare should have a formal training and a quality education in
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order to render quality service to their clients. We must have an understanding

that the field of nursing or nay health care providing job is very crucial to the
lives of all people and having a mastery of the field they want to pursue with is
a must. She also pointed out the need of return demonstrations and first hand
experience a student must undergo with to prepare them in every situation
that they are going to encounter while working on their chosen field.

According to Helen Harkreader (2008), author of “The Fundamentals of

Nursing”, helpful methods to evaluate a student’s learning include discussions,
oral tests, and written tests and return demonstration. Testing should be fun
and non-threatening. It should give the student positive reinforcement that
learning has occurred, rather than focusing on what is need to be learned. In
student education, testing is more teaching tool than it is an evaluation
process.

The above article states that in order to facilitate learning, a teacher

should focus and identify if learning has occurred rather than focusing on what
needs to be learned as it creates an environment conducive to learning and
creates a rapport between the learner and the teacher. It is more effective to
give positive feedback to reinforce the student so that they would be more
interested and would do better compared to their previous performance. We
should give way to little fun to give the students a room to breathe in.