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Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

Figure 9.6

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Creating Pearlite

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.7

After W. F. Smith, The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, 2nd ed.,McGraw-Hill, 1981, p.8

Hypoeutectoid Plain Carbon Steel

Pearlite

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

After W. F. Smith, The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, 2nd ed.,McGraw-Hill, 1981, p.10

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Hypereutectoid Plain Carbon Steel

Proeutectoid Cementite (white)

Figure 9.11
After W. F. Smith, The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, 2nd ed.,McGraw-Hill, 1981, p.12.

Crystal Structure

Austenite
FCC

Slightly distorted

Alpha Ferrite
BCC <0.2%C

Undistorted

Figure 9.17

Martensite
BCC

Distorted (long in c)
BCC- BC Tetragonal
Figure 9.19

After E. R. Parker and V. F. Zackay Strong and Ductile Steels, Sci.Am.,November 1968, p.36; Copyright by Scientific
American Inc; all rights reserved

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Microstructure of Fe C Martensites

Figure 9.13
After A. R. Marder and G. Krauss, as presented in Hardenebility Concepts with Applications to Steel, AIME, 1978, p. 238.

Bainite

Hot quenched 550-350

Hot quenched 350 - 250

Figure 9.24
After H. E. McGannon(ed.), The Making Shaping and Treating of Steel, 9th ed., United States Steel Corp., 1971

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Crystal Formation Requires Time.

After W. F. Smith, The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, McGraw-Hill, 1981, p.14

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Isothermal Transformation (IT)Diagram

Figure 9.22

After W. F. Smith, The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, McGraw-Hill, 1981, p.14

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IT Diagrams for Noneutectoid Steels

Figure 9.25
After R. A. Grange, V. E. Lambert, and J. J. Harrington, Trans, ASM, 51:377(1959)

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Continuous Cooling-Transformation Diagram

Figure 9.26
After R. A. Grange and J. M. Kiefer, Alloying Elements in Steel, ASM 2nd ed., 1966, p.254.

Continuous Cooling-Transformation Diagram

Figure 9.27
After R. A. Grange and J. M. Kiefer, Alloying Elements in Steel, ASM 2nd ed., 1966, p.254.

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Heat Treatments

Annealing
Normalizing
Quenching
Tempering
Austenitizing

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Tempering of Plain Carbon Steel

Tempering
Temperature

Structure

Below 200 C
200 700 0C
400 700 0C

Epsilon Carbide
Cementite (rod-like)
Cementite (Spheroidite)

Spheroidite sphere like cementite particles

most ductile high energy production
since keep at 700C for 30 hours or more
results in softer steel than full anneal
Figure 9.31
From Suiting the heat Treatment to the job, United States Steel Corp., 1968, p.34.

Effects of Tempering

Figure 9.32
After JE. C. Bain, and H. W. Paxton, Alloying Elements in Steel, 2nd ed., American Society for Metals, 1996 p.38.

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Classification

Classification of Alloy Steels

First two digits: Principle alloying element.

Last two digits: % of carbon.

Source: Alooy Steel: Semifinished; Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Bars, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1970.

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In General Choose between:

1. Load Bearing member yield strength & toughness
2. Wear application 60HRC on surface with required thickness
3. Through hardening (C > 0.3%)
4. High-strength, low-alloy weldability and structural uses

Hardenability

Weldability

Machineability

Typical ranges in
alloy steels (%)
Aluminum

<2

Principal effects
Aids nitriding
Restricts grain growth

Sulfur

<0.5

Adds machinability
Reduces weldability and ductility

Chromium

0.34

Increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation

Increases hardenability
Increases high-temperature strength
Can combine with carbon to form hard, wearresistant microconstituents
Promotes an austenitic structure

Nickel

0.35

Copper

0.20.5

Increases hardenability
Increases toughness
Promotes tenacious oxide film to aid atmospheric corrosion resistance

Manganese

0.32

Increases hardenability
Promotes an austenitic structure
Combines with sulfur to reduce its adverse
effects
Removes oxygen in steel making
Improves toughness
Increases hardenability

Silicon

0.22.5

Molybdenum

0.10.5

Promotes grain refinement

Increases hardenability
Improves high-temperature strength

Vanadium

0.10.3

Promotes grain refinement

Increases hardenability
Will combine with carbon to form wear-resistant microconstituents

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Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Steels

Table 9.6

4820

5140 Steel
Treatment

1 Normalized

E
Yield Ultim
(Gp (Mp ate
a)
a)

Elongat
ion

Microstruct

205

22.7%

Fine Pearlite

475

793

2 Annealed 830 C 11C/hr to 650C

then air cooled
3 Oil quenched from 845 with 540 C
temper
4 Oil quench from 845 with 595 C
temper
5 Oil quench from 845 with 650 C
temper

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Aluminum

15

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Effects of Aging on Strength

Figure 9.43

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Copper

Stainless Steel

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Cast Iron

White Cast iron

Iron Carbide
Pearlite

Figure 9.59

Courtesy of central Foundry

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Gray Cast Iron

Graphite
Flakes

Figure 9.60

Figure 9.61

After Metals Handbook, vol. 7, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1972, p.82.

Ductile Cast iron

Figure 9.63
After Metals Handbook, vol. 7, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1972, p.88.

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Malleable Cast Iron

Figure 9.65
After Metals Handbook, vol. 7, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1972, p.95.

Magnesium Alloys

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Titanium Alloys

Nickel Alloys
Alnico (aluminium, cobalt; used in magnets)
Alumel (manganese, aluminium, silicon)
Chromel (chromium)
Cupronickel (bronze, copper)
Ferronickel (iron)
German silver (copper, zinc)
Hastelloy (molybdenum, chromium, sometimes tungsten)
Inconel (chromium, iron)
Monel metal (copper, iron, manganese)
Nichrome (chromium)
Nickel-carbon (carbon)
Nicrosil (chromium, silicon, magnesium)
Nisil (silicon)
Nitinol (titanium, shape memory alloy)

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Shape Memory Effect

Heated
(Austenite)

Cooled
(Martensite)

Deformed
(Martensite)

Ni
N
Ti
iT
i

Heated
(Austenite)

Amorphous Metals

crystalline

Amorphous

22