IT

SEEMS ONLY NATURAL

THAT HAVING

learned how to determine the measure of a plane figure, we would turn

to spacc geometry and try to devise some means of computing the measure
of a spacc figure. Our first objective will be to establish an appropriate unit
'for determining this measure. With this as a tool, we can then turn our attention to ccrtain special solids and develop theorcms that will enable us to
compute their measure in terms of this unit.
Of the many spacc figures that exist, perhaps the most important of
these arc solids such as those

in Figure 18-1,

Digutc 1&1.

6t2

VOLUMES
Each of there lolldr * oallcd
a
was necessary that thc pyramidal lriin,Before a pyrarnld
surfacc first.be defined,
so, too, before
the prism can be defined,' ,n"
1rr;*riir'l,r1r'r, *rtthave to be defined.
Drnrnrrlon 107: A prismatic
surfacc is a surface-that is generated
by a rine
that moves so as to
{yuyr u. puort.t to a fixed rine and arways intersect a fixed

** ,rOJ'r:

i;il;;

poryson. Thefixedlin. aoo

,ot
iri,"Trin. n_"a
polygon' (Note the similarity
l.t*.*
this
definition
Yv"r.lrvu
----auq that
and
frl
of a
pyramidal surface.)

figurc l&2.

In Figure 18'2 the fixed line is the

line /,.wrr,e rBCD io the fixed
porygon. The lines a, b, c, d, c,
f, and,g
prri,iorJoriil

";;;;;;,
Dr.nrrrou:,gi A prism is a sorid bounded
by a prismatic
parallel planes.

*""r,

,r"..

surface and two

c2

Figurc

18-3.

. The lines ,411r, B#t, CrCrare ealied the latcra! cdges ofttre prism. Since
they represent the *"..":"-g_l:".in ,a.io,rr'positionr,
ifr"y *rrii. par.allel
to each other, for linee in spacc that ,." pr.dr.l
to tt . ,"ie li;;;; pararc!

to each cther.

621

VOLUMES
THEOREM 149: The lateral
edgcs of a prisnr arc parallel.
Tire inrersection of a pranc
n"a u
a- segljon.
In the prisnr above, tn" r."tlonr;;fi:ril'
AzL.ctor.ir,. Lrrr?,rr" prism,
If the

./

.r'LTi;i#;.'r,",

is rnade bi.:.pt"r;;;;;i,.ii"
,n. basei, thei-this section is a
t"l:!n
of
the
prism. Ir..the ,""rion i,
?"tt
latcral edge, then it Ls a
rffia'i",rtu, ,o u
"r"a" uy
light scct;n of ifri:Jrrr*. "-d"
secticn

t/
1/

The polygons

eraWdirCi,,-

{"o AzArcrczare calted

of the prism. The common perpe.ndicular.to
the basqs of . O;r.*"r{ffi

ffi" b;if ,i'l',n" o,**

1#,f J#!i^ii;x!".*";;;;;;;';;

t/

rrums are also'classlfi:g 0.,

the polygons thar fcrm
their bases. fhus, a
lrism is onc in which t'e rrur"r',,.l.triur*r"r.
i.t OrrrJ-"n prg. Of f
is a triangular prisrn.
were it *, ti*r,ri)rt,hiangurar
"
prism,
thebases wourd
be cquilahral
kiqngular

tl

triangles.

EXERCISES

A nurnber of the statements

to be prov.ed in the following
sroup of probrems shourd be conridere;
in the proofs that are to follow. gact,
u" ur"a
of tf,.se statements will be
with an asterisk.
marked

; il;.,; ;il;'ii,r

faces

:. ll. lateralof a prism are parallelograms. *

edges of a prism ,r;-;;;;*,.
:. :1.
3.
The bases

of a triangular prism
are con

''

il.::',:

J, J

j*; ;il;

il' fi:;"l1TTffi':f;;

c,,,,o

ci,,, er

5. A cross section of
prism.* (Hint, i;:ril'[j:ir||':i*,'ongruent to cither basc or thc

6'

the information in problem

Thc tateral area of

4.)

tgruent poiygons and

then use

a prism is equat to thc

product of the perimeter
of a

right section ancr thc

measurc
prism is the sum of

7' lf

the arcas

;' ;;;;;

ccrge.

,r.'rrr".r,l

* (The laterar
area of a

",
;;;:;;;cent
*itt #*

a ptane is passed through

rarerar edges of a prism,

the intersection of
the prun".
t;;;
tr \'vrlr
w,l be a paratlelogra
pararerogram.
a right prism are rectangres.
Ia:11.*

:. rr o prane{is passeci
s'

ry:rtr to an ed-ge of a triangurar prism, the inter-

secfion of the prane

with the

congruent line
segrnents

roo""uia]o*.,

uur.rof theprismwill be

VOLUMES
625

10. Given: prism IBC_DBF.is

a right
equilateral fiangular prism.
plane
Qfi.f ll plane DEF
piane pR,S
contains ffi,.

Concl.: APRS is isosceles.

,j,jf--1.

f'".rP-.-'-r'l\
11..Given: ABCD-EFGHis
a prism.
Concl. : If M and. ED
r." .l.u*n,
they will bisect each other.
I

H)-- 12. Use the same diagram

as in problem t 1l
Given: Right prism ABCD_EFGH

ENH
Concl.: (HB\t

is a rectangle.

= tnq, i itpl, *

1^ar1,

Each of the problems in

this group will depend upon
the
theorem you proved in lrroblcrn
O uf U,"..*""riscs in
Group A.

1. The base of a right

$irT the
], an cight siclccl equilatcal polygon, one
of whose sides is 5. Find
late,;- ar.u or the piism if
edge is 12.

the lateral

2' A side of the base of a right equ,ateral

triangurar prism is 10. If the
lateral edge of the prism is 15,
what irir,. r^,-"'.rr
3' The. base of a righi triangura" p.rrr"ll'"
**-,
".lrl?,il
right triangl*
whose regs.are
18 and 24 respectively. Iithe
r-,*a[ie. of rhe pffum ir 3g, what ir
the lateial area of the prism?
4' The laterar area of u p.ir* is 44g.
If the lateral ecige is 7. what is the

perimeter of a iight section?

5. The lateral area of a prism is 6g4,
ri.hile thc length of a lateral cdge
is-12, If-a right section is
equilateral triangle, what ir the lcngth
".,
of one of its sides?

'6' The base of a right triangutar prism

is a right triangre whose rcgs are

625

VOLUMES
24 and 32 resPcctively. If a latcra!
edge is 14, what * ,n" ao,
of urre prism? (Tire total
of u Orir_ is the sum of the
"".u
1ea
iateral arda
and the areas of
thc ba"es,)

7'' A.side of the baseof a right

square prisnr is i 6. The rength
of a tateral
cdge.is 24. What is thc totat
ar.u oi,i * prism?
8. A side of the base of.a
{sht "n",r",;;#"r;ar prism is 4. if a laterat edge is 6, what is the
totai*.r;f rf," prism?

9' A right section of a prism

ir
sidcs is 12 inchcs.

triangle, one of whose

"gr,"terar

n"ir-t
11r"

an anglc of 450 with a rareral"fri*i,.*rfr*" Icngth is g inchcc, makes

;l the prism. what is thc laterar
anea of thc prism?
"dg"
The right section of a prism

l0'*

is a rhombus whose

diagonars are 6 inches

and 8 iaches rcspecrivcty.
ffr. fut urla of
,nu"r,
inchcs' If a laterar edge'oi
rh";;;';akes an angre of 45o with
the
altitude of the prism, *ho,
,,
of the artitude?

rf

Volumc o[ a prism

,,box.,,

/
{

knoum

,(

since its

";

;;il;;i,

"i-i."rii.

prism is thc simprc

H:in'*r::':.":y:lY:b':*:a
its laterat .agu, * p.rp'.r,;fiil;

:iijfyt-::::

*.rsd@i,"piffi
"

Dgru$flox 109: A parallelepiped

is a prism whose base
is a parallclogram.
DnrurmroN 110: A rectangular
pararerepin.a

rr.,rgffi#*ror.

a rectangle.

*rJi xl:ilH,;:'J
o"H:il.'11:

A cube

does

a rectansular.parallelepiped

is a rectangurar

*:t':lx ffi

:: :^xfi lf, ;1 lliH

differ from rhe

pariuclepiped whose

are sonc or the prolerties

"'l;of these
solids?

ie

basc is

cdges are con_

r.
rauerepiped, whire Figletters
of these

diagrams what

t
,'6

;a

(P
I

Iigurc

a
1&4.

Iigurc I&5,

Each

of thesc definitione brings

us somewhat closer to
the obJective of
this chapter: to determine
u *.ur,", o?.*.pressing the
measure of a sorid.
There
were a number or .rnit,

il ;,
"i

rr.'irme wq were
seeking away to express
the measure"vu,abr"
for the..gion;;;i;;'by jprane
figure' The unit serected
a
that

*"r-;;;;*;s,

possibr-y,

tt. ;Li*j.*t,,

prane.;;;;i. il;;.;,,.'rolloo,
ing the unit throigh wti"r','tr,",n;,il
encrosed a resion

ortr,e

of.a

polygon

in ierect-

sorid
s.-lo-puter, we
reach for d sorid that appears
to us to have the ,,sirgp,[es1,,
"ur,
form. Thii solid
is the.cglre. Thus, ar LuuE,
cube, cacn
each or whose edges is one
unit
in
length, is ealled
d" cubic

y'

;;h;;;';

unit,

":'H::l_,,Y

Durwnrrtr 112: The volrr-" nt e .^riJ :

of a solid is the number of
cubic unirs contained by ,n. r'liJ.""*
Let us exarnine what this wi,
impry in terms of the rectangurar
parallelepiped. By actuar count
we nra rii, there are 24
cubic unie in thc

I
I

l*o- -

,(f t'!

i,L1/-

--T

-i -i

t-t-i
figure l&6.

bottom layer of this box. since

this box is 4 units high, there
win bc a totar
of 4 layerg or 96 cubic uni,r,
The number.of cubic uni* in
the first layer could have been
finding the area of the base
of the rectangurar paralrerepiped,
r..,rr*.
exists.a
ence between the cubic u"it.
ir, ,ir; fi*;;*.and the.q,.";;
rcgion
of the base. To find the vorume
wourd then be a matter of
simply multiplying the area of the
base Uiliir. measure of the

*iiirin;;;.,
a.i.rJr.iiy
,iiirr-llla

.;";;;;"l.r.pooai;;e
altitude.

Posrur ere 47:

15" r:lrT:.of re*angirlar parallelcpiped

is equai to the
proJuet of tire area of *ie .a
base
*.usure of trie altitrrde.
"iJ-,i.
it is innportant tc realize that ,,volumcr,,
like ,rury^r,ll-.rrr..
,rr.
8egment," anc
of
"measure

of the solid bcunds.

.i-ply u o{En. rill",n. "r,

nurrrbes
nu-u", of cubic units that the suiface

an angle," ir

a'qsigned to a solid dependent upon"thc

628

VOLUMES

This principre can.bc.,rusrratecr

by examinlng a deck of playing carcis,
whether they are stacked verticatty
rl rrH.a sfightry and pracecr on thc
table such as in Figure 1g-7rr, rhc
i,rir*-'rr thc deck -,vil not be artered.

t)--.---_
t/

No maner how we
*;is;:,'":rosition orthe cards, just so we
do not separate the cards, trrc
vrume oi ttrc deck wi, arways
be the totar
volume of the individual cards,
' This same concrusiou can bc justified
in terms of cavarieri,s principre.
were a pranc passccr para[cr ,"
on which the cards were rying,
it would

ill,yj,

il;;;

intersecr eactr of the Oc"k,

in
card. As the decks are identical' the cards of intercection
wi, have equur ,r.ur. since every pranc
parallel

,lilsf.

to the tabre and cutting r"irr'l*iJ

arways do the same, then
cavalieri's Principle grants
",ust
us thc right to say
that
t6'e volumcs of the decks
will
be equal.

i In this
illustration thc. polygorrs or
carcls happcned to be congruent.
This is not of importarcc.
w,ui i,,itri, ttuugri, i"i that thc scctio's
by each plane paralrel to
made
the i_;l ;;;.'ur*uy, b.
i;;i-j;;;;;.
Below,
sections or equat
q"ia.iiut.rul

lil;[:n"

,'al'f

Figure
I)os:'ur.,tr.u 49:

il,"'ir,l-otr,." i, u

18_8,

for any givcn

;xrlyuon therc cxists a rectangle ofequal area,

VOTUME OF

,629

PRISM

TIInORIiM 150: The volume of a ptism is equal

to the product of the
measure of its

altitude and the area of its base.

Givcn: prism with lrase C and altitude /!
Concl.: V=Ch
,

,il
Iigure

lB-9.

lTRooFl
1. Prism rvith base Cand altitude.i
2. Lct rectangle D have the samc
area as the base of the prism
and be in thc same plane as thc
base of the prism; thus,C
- D.
3. At each vertex of the rectangle
Ict thc lines in the diagram bc
the perpendiculars to the plane

that exist at those points.

4. At a distance i from D let thc
plane drawn be the one that is

1. Given
2. Postulatc

47

3. Thcrc exists only one line perpcndicular to a given plane'at

a given point on the plarre.

4. Why

possible?

5. Samc

as 4

parallel to the plane of the base.

5. Let any planc be passcd parallel to the plane of the base intersecting the prisms in A and B.

6..8*D,A=C

6. A

cross section

of a prism is a

polygon congruent to the base.

(See Problem 5, page 612.\

7..'.8:DrA=C

7. The areas of congruent polygcns are cqual. (Prob. 7,. p.

se3.)

9. I{cnce, voiunne of prism p

=-

voiume of rectanguiar paraileiepiped R

10. But volume of R = Di
11. Volume of prism P * Ch

3. Why-?
9. Cavalicri's Principie

10. Postulate 45
11. Sub*itution pootulatc

VOLUMES
EXERCiSES

tE
1. The altitude of a prism is 12, while its base is a right
triangle whose
tlsr are24 and lo-respectivciy. wrratis ttrc votume'J,r," plir*a
?, Thc base of a prism is fr square 15 on l' sidc. what is the volurne
of thc
prism if thc altitude is 25?
3. A ridc of thc base of a right equilateral triangurar prism
is 6. what is
thc volumc of the prism if a lateral edge is
14?
4' h? basc of a right triangurar prism is an isosceres triangle
whosc Ieg
and base are respectively 1 5 and 24. rf
alateral edge of thl prism is r 6,
what is the volume of the prism?
5' The base of a right prism is a parallerogram in which
two adjacent
sidcs are 8 and 12 respectivery, The antre
between thcsc sides is 45o.
What is the volumc of the prism if the altitude
is 17?
6. A prism whose altitude is 1g has a base with
an arca of 72,The volume
of a rectangular paralelepiped is equal to the volume
of the prism.
If tbe dimensions of the base of the rectangular para,a"pif.a
-" e
_ P{ 6, what is the length of its lateral edge?

7. (a) If the volume of a cube is 64, what-is the length

of one of its
(b) what is the length of a diagonal in a face
of thc cube?
G) wt at is the- tength of the lir]re segment th"t

edges?

ii;;

of opposite
" o;i,
vertices of the cube? (This is called a diagonal
of tne cube.)

8. A diagonal of the base of a cube is SJl,,What

9. [Iow nany iubic feet of water could
be stored in a tank such as the one
lhown i:r the diagrarn at the right? -

is the yolume of the cube?

,^,

10' 'The front yard of the Evans home

was rcctangurar, having dimensions
' of 100 feet
by 45 feet, In pranning his front lawn Mr.
Evans decided to
cover the arca with top soil to a depth of
9 inches, If the cost of top soil
is $3.50 per cubic yard, what was
the totar cost of the soil?
11' watering trough for horscs has an cnd that
is in the shapc of an
I
isosceles trapezoid whose
lower basc i, z rr"t
il;.;;;;r-L;
'is 3 fcet. The distance between the bascs is 1g "nl
inches. liirrlcngtL or

VOLUME OF

PYRAMID
631

the troug'h is g feet,

what is the rvei.ght
full? (l cu. ft. of water:62.;;;;;;;;"'of the water when the trough is

1'' If'two'prisms.have
equar bases, then the ratio
of their vorumes is equal
to the ratio of the measu..,
of th"i. altitudes.
!' If two prisms have congru.nr rrtiia.r,
then the ratio of their
vorumes
is

Volume,of a pyrarnid
.1"

'

t'.

gid,*""r,,nrffuli,,.i?,1$."JI{}iii#lr,:i.;ffiffi
:t ::ffi :::'

l/

theorem

*i,r,",+""r,s

Posrularr.S0: If the
intersection of
the voruie

;; ilffi

,::,llffi ;
"',j

i-""il,:: tn.oi.,,

tv

"r,r,. i"riJ;#J ilff :iii:,i;J.,ffi,

sum of the volumes
of the two

THEOREM

sotiUs.

lll: Ifrwa i.i-__-_r__

ff :,'i1n'Jiiifli:,,j,"1,ffi

"fl

"l:

iflT.;,f :

;,:i,lil.;,o..o,,_

Given: hand Bzlie in the same

planea.
Br= Bt

h-

hz

Concl.: Volume of V

rnlume of

VOLUMES

f,igure IB-10.

lffi-

1.

REASONS

Pass any plane

parallel to a

1. Why

ihat intersects the two pyra-

possiblc?

mids.

2, 81 =

lJz, hr

3. .'. Ar =

= lu

2. Civcn

At

3.,

If two triangular

pyramids have

equal bases and congruent

altitudes,
then sections made Uy
pturr", pu"J

allel to the bases and equidisiant

from thc vcrtices are
equal. (See

4, Hence, volume of V
ume of

'I'',,'olr[M

vol_

Problem g, page 601,)

4. Cavalieri's principle

r52: The-vorume of a trianguiar

pyramid is equal to onethird the product of the ,i"*u""
of the altitude and the
area ofthe base.

Given: pyramid p_STI,y

Concl.-: 'Volume of p_STW

= iBh

Iigurc t&ll.
Arualvsls: A prism is constructed
around the given pyramid.
then becomes one
our objective
of showing t;;,;;;*
pyramid is one of thrce
pyrarnids in this prism..perhipil;rl'fficurt
equal
part of this proof is visuar-

ifl #M;1,fr;k$;ryf

l;r$l*;rfu

VOLUME OF

PYRAMID

1. Inplane.gpWrctfitt
+-)

lJ

fr

1. Why possible?

and WR fi ii,.

2. In plane Jprlet
ff
ea{
and ?Q llJp.
3. Through p let plane pQR

ft #

oe parallel

to

2. Why possible?
3. Why

plane STW.

:. PQR$TIII is a prism.
I,
ASI'W = APQR

4. Why?
5. 'I'he bases of a triangular

0.

7. Altitucle otp_STW:
alti- /
tude of l4/_pet
/

8.

.'.

P-STW: W_peR

if yo

ArQw=aRwe
19
11.

Altitude of p-TeW
titude of p_RWe

7. Ilc.flcxivc p.op..iy
of equality (Both
'of
alrrtudcs arc thc
altitudc
the
prism.)

B.

If

^
9.

then trreir votum:J*'gruent

two triangular pyramids

have

p-Tew

J. theorem on congruence
(prove

al-

10, Same as 6
11. Reflexive property
a.ltitudes

of both

of equality (The
pyramids is the

perpendiqular segment
from

l?, :'.
nut w-peR = p_RWe
]1.
l!. :. r+rW = p_TeW
15. P-STtil + P_rQw
+
p_RWe

W-PQR = peR_fT,fir
16. P+TW + P$TW
+
P$TW = peR_STW
17. But peRlSTW

Bh

18. Hence, 3p-STW

=
19. ... ?-STW
gBh

J'.,.t

altitudes,

the
urv triangles
urzlnglCS concruent.)

312

i,

triangles are congruent,

then

tlrcir areas arc cqual.

equal bases and con

9. AI'QW X ARWQ

prism are

congruent triangles.
(See piobl.m
pagc 612.)

6, ASTW = APQR

possible?

planc Q?.WR.)

to

12. Samc as g
13.
property of equality 14. r ransrtive property
of cquality
15. I'ostulate 4g, pagd

XI:y.

619.

16. Substitirtion

postulate

',

17. The volume of

a prism is equa! to

the product ofrthe rrreasure

of its
.'altitrrde and the area
of its Urr.,

18. Same as 16
19: Division postulate

--l

(
THE'REM ,rr;,I1,"

f::;".,

VOLUMES

of a prraTid is equal"
.uol1*.
of
the

-.uru'. rri*

""";';.
"r,i,"il-"# ,TJ"'"* rrr*

,'/

Given: V-peRST is a pyramid.

'-:-'
Concl.: V-peRST
- tr'An

Iigurc I&I2,

PROOF

SIATEMENTS

Let VTR bc the plane

that exists
tnrough V, T, and

) Let VTQ

R.

be the plane that

exists

tnrough V, T, and
3,

1. Why possible?
2. Why possible?

O.

v-TRl = *arRS,)

,.

volume of a

arpyfi_
"I is equal totriangul
mid
one.third
thc

product of the measure

of its altitude and the area
of the base,

4. V-TQR

"

= iArqn.1,
=
Y:lPa tariq.n

4, Shme as 3

WTQR

5._

5, I/-pQ.R.sr

= rr_z,is +
V-TPQ

ftr

I'
.

-ff

the intersection of
two solids is

aregionofa piane, thcn

the volume of the solid formcd
from

6.

f*!!' =+ *aia rns'r,

1
t^Ia!.h
rPQ.h

these two solids is

equal to ,fr" rurn

- ot the volumes of the two solids,

6. Substitution postulate

xiTfl?;#,orx,s+
7.

8.

= A'rRs +
lu:ign^tr
A rQx

ATpo
t -rqns = gn pQ.RSI
".rjr,_
or,Z-PQ&fT=ihB"

7. Postulate 42, see page

5g2.
8. Same as 6

ri
li
J

;*

YOLUME OF

PYRAMID
63s

EXERCISES

tr

1' Find the

o

vorume of a pyramid
whose base is a square
with 12-inch sides
and whose altitude is 15
inches.

wrrose diagonar and

one side are
;trffiI ;:: il.,1T:1.r:_1 ...:,sre
u.iv. i ;; fiil:1' 1X",
ffi ;5ff ;
is
i',i:':ji,,
the volume
3.i"?
: :spe.
of i:'i
the pyramid?
ti

3. The solid at the right

is a cube whose
eCge is 9 inches. What
is the

of the pi,iamid I-DFH?

volume

4' Find the vorume of an equiraterar

triangurar
---E-'irs'qr p/r4rruq
pyramid *r,n
olitr, rz-ir"r,
sides and whose artitude
is g inches'5' A pyramid whose
base is u rrro.. rro, an
artitude of 15 feet. If the
volume of the pyramid is 180
f..r,
*tut
---'
i,
rr
ruc
""qr
*
l;;il;;
rcflgfn
ot
oir.
o'
or ,n.
"ubi"
sides of the square?
6'* A pyramid whose base is an
egu,aterdr triangre has
a vorume of g,y'i
cubic inches. rf the
;
,h;;;,rid
is
i0
inches,
whai is the
:l:i*q.
length of
,

one of the sides of the

base?

7' apyramid has a base of 4g squarc incrres'and

an artitude ora jin"tro.

A'plane is passed paralrer
to the base urri-o ir.t
from the verte4. what
of the pvramid tr'ut *r,
off",the ,", ;;

;;:ht]urne

*t

;I;,rr::i

8' A plane

is passed para,el to the

base and g feet from the
,.rti* of.
pyramid whose base is 45
square i""t *a wh,ise artitucic
is ir2 feet.
What is the volume of that p*,
oi ,fr" pirr*ia thar r6mainsd
after the
top had been removed?
9' a pyramici has a' square base, each of
whose sicies is 12 inches,
A plane is
passed paralrer to thc basc
and 2 incrrcs frorrr it. If trre
artitude
of thc
pyramid is I inches. r'rhat is
the vorur4e or ,rr" pyr"*i;'il;.r*
moved?

".-

636

VOLUMES

I0. In tlre pyranricl ar tharighi.

LBCDis
a squarc. V-8, iirc allitu<.ic ,rf itr"

pyrarnii,

passes through

the point

oft---iniersection <;f thc diag<tnals,

ni ZEVC - 45. If- CD
v, wlat its
- 6,
.l
-the volurne of tLe pyranri<!?

A\
\l\
\r./
x'/
--ta\

I' If two pyramids

have equar bascs, trrcn thc

ratio of trrcir vorumcs is
equal to the ratio of the
measur., oi th.i, altituclcs.
t
2' If two pyramids have congru*,
then the ratio of their volumes
is equal to the ratio of
"r,iira*,
tnj"

bor"r.t-'--

3' If the bases of two

4'

pyramids are simirar triangles,

then the ratio of the
volurnes of t^e pyramicrs
is equal ,u irr. ratio of thc
products of the
measures of their artitudes.
and the squares of the measurcs
of a pair of
corbesponding sides of
the bases.
rf a plane is passed pararer
to the base of a triangurar
pyramid, then the
ratio of the vorume.of

pyramid

5' A plane

the top py.amid to

is equar to the rado

tf

bisects the artitude

tt"-uotr*; ;il

original

the cubes of the nreasures

of their artitudcs.
,rr"".qrlar pyramid and is pararer
to the

"rr
of jn: r:,yrn*
;;:;rr"micr abovc the ptane ro
original pyramicl is 1:g. (Hint:
Use *rt,.* o.l
base. The rario

Surface

rhe

Aras anC Volum. of a Crlinder

and a Cone

Wjth but slight variatiorrs ol,tlrr:

dclirritiorrs that wc irlrt,acly
have, it is possiblc
to cxtencr tir" ,t...".",,,,

f' l;:lT'j[j:,

ffilil,,';;'d'

.r.r"top.,t rbr prisrrrs,rcr

1:yrrrrrrid
;;,,;, ;;,,)," :,,,t ii,,,, t o,, 1,,,n i,i.,,,',,,,,,
u

",,
A circular cyri'drical surfacc,is
a surfacc gcr)cratccr by a
line that *ovcs so as
to arways rr. pr.ull"l tu
o li*",r ri,. ,r, always
i.tersect a fixcd oir"t"n"'i'-.oltl"'r""s ,or ,ic i, lrrc,larrc
of rhe
(How

Dri.rrur.ror'r

,3:

|};:.3i"'

clocs

t f'hcse statemcnts oftcn

lopcai

,hi";;;,;rl;,,

;r

tlreorcrrrs.

n,n'., rrorrr rhar or tirc prisrrratic

ilttr

ffi
l,lf

ffi

AREA AND VOLUME OF CYLINDER

AND CONE

;;
tI

'l.lr

637

tl/

-l -l-lz

'...._*..L--

/,/
figurc

lii-13.

f)r:r'rN'rrrrru 114; A circular cylinder

is a sorid bounded by a circurar cylindrical surfacc and two parallcl plancs.

Terms such as uctkn of a circurar cyrinder, bases,

cross section, right secrion,
allilude, and riglt circurar
Erinder harc rrrcarrings sirrrilar to thosc usccl with
the prism.

Figure

18:14;

rncthocls sirrrilar to thosc cruployecl in thc

proof of
.- Appiying
it is possible for .s to provc thc th",rrc,rrs'below. As lonors Theorcrrr
woik,

147,

rrright wanr ro clctc,rri,c what

lxrsr.rrrirtr.s wiil havc to
each of thcsc thcorcnls carl bc
lrrovr:<l,

b;;;;;;;;i;nd

you
how

TI-IEORBM 154: Thc volume of a circular

cylindcr ir equal ,to the
product of the measure of its altitude aad the
area of
iB base.
sincc thc basc of a circurar cyii*<icr is a circlc, thcu thc
arca of thc
baseisrepresentedbyA:rrr,.Hence,itfollowsthai,

THEORE^{ 155: The voiume of a circular cylinder

can be expressed
by the ibrmular

y = rfzh
where r ir the rneasure of the radius of the baee and h
is the rneasure of the altittrde of the cylinder.

I
I

I
l

638

VOLUMES
Thc circular cone that wc r.erti,,ccr
yarlje-r has a crefi,ition rrrucli
like tliat of rhc pyrarrrid'
An.J ;,, ;;;;';;'t"rive<r rro,
'- "'
',
a surfacc siririrar.io
thu ptrarnida! surface.

Thris,

l)r*;lirrcx

.."'

115: A cir,rrar conic

surhcc is a, surface gencr:rted
that r,oves Bc as to always
prr"**rrgt,

liif

ffi i,fj[:i;ffiii ff.ffi; *1,",;

b,,a

rinc

a given poi.t
-*',i"'a,d always

poi

nl i,

no'r

l,r

",,.-li

Algain, such terrns as n-t,,* .,.'..,.,..

n, r r ca n rn uc h thc sa r'e
* n",, lio.
ffi ' :ili,|.!i"l;,,!lJ, *,,;f,|,,,,,,,
its
tlicy
do in rhc pyrarrriclal
surhcp (p. Sg5).

i*ffi

I)ri'rNr'ro'

116:

circurar cone is a solid,

rrounded by one nappe
of a
TJnera,ing

;['l,1il:::ffi:ti:i"r

;;;;ffi 'il *,. ;;;

'-----.'---l__.,

---\

Figurc
Theorems r42

1g-15.

Figure

18-16.

153 apply equally

well for the circular cone
do for the pyramiJ.-nd
as they

THE,REM !56: rf a
pl.a1e ir

m.,F
THEOBEM

passed

pa"p.r

lo the base of a circular

ff1ffi1,:il:T;r::::r:;:;;;;:
U7: The v.olume

:l:fi*:."

of the".r*i""
..u,o"e or:ol.
it

l'.",.*,,r,.,,

is equal to one_ihird
"i,i,ii].u,ii th" u""u

since the base of

a circurar cone is a circre,-then
can be found by
the area of the
the formula A
= ;;;, H;;., it follows that,
THEOREM fiB:
The volume of a circul,
vr cooe can be
the

formula,

expresscd by

wherl-1c to.
g" radius or the
ir rhe measu". or rr,"
uitiiua..

[;,:::'tr

base

base and ,,

AREA AND VOLUME

OF CYLINDER AND CONE
639
The rogurar firanid
i, probrern 13 on page 605 finds
.discussed
counterpart in the rrg*f circular
its
conc.
Drrrnmro* rr7: A risht
circurar cone is a circular
cone in which one endpoinr of the altitidc is
the c"nt.r J rfr.^frr*. (Figure
lB-17.)

\
/-_----f.-.-__
/f-:
I

lo

Figure

"r

rn]L..JlltJ,;,f,1,

"

18-17.

thc rcsrrtar pyranrid which is

an altitude of one

segments whose endpoints

are the vertex
rv^

the base.

of the
vr
L^rs (_:urre
.on. and

"rJ "

point of

Notice that the srant height

has bcen defined in terms
of a right,circurar
why

cone only.

was this dehnition not broadened

to incrude

cones?

a,

circurar

with this as a backgrouncr, Theorc,r

15g below appears to be
a natural
cxtcnsion ofproblcnr 6 on pagc
606.

THEoitEM ti9: The raterar srrrfacc

area of a right circutar
cone is
equat to one_half the ntoduct
,f
;i;
;.;;;"
of the
slant height and
the circumferen."

Necdless to say, the circurnlcrcncc

of
.

of this bcc.rrres

TIIE.REM

and,

th*cforc,

;i,i;;.

thc base is 2rr.Heuce,

rru,,uc1 onc-half

Th;;;;;, isq u"".,"*rrr'

160: The latera! sur.facc area

of a right circurar
be expreused by thc formula, e --: -'-E- rcone can

A: *l
where r ie [irc mrasurc of the radius
of
5.8 base
u.u ;n(l I
". the

is the meeeure of thc ,iun,

ir"ighr:'-"

shoddfie now add the area or th. irr*"to;;;;

we colne up with,

"t

the iaterar surface,

640

VOLUMES

TrrEoP'EM 161: The total surface

area of u
be erprersed liy the formula, "isht "i."urar cone can
I
7'A' = iirt * rr!
:

,
j

wherc r is the measure of the

radius of the base and I
ic the rncasure of the slant
hcight.
C)ur work woutd rlot
if wc failccl to considcr the arca of
!e cornplctc ,.tJ;
1111." of a risht
1:
outgrowth of problcrn 6 on
page 624 we"u,
"i*,,tu"-"yit,,a;;

,i,.'ihur,

THEOREM 162: The Iaterar

surface area. of a right
circurar cvrindcr
is equar to th" p";;;;;iit"
.i""o*f.rence of the base
;
and the measure of the altitude.
i
THBQREM ,rr;I*y:::1"::*"..u"".u
of a right circurar cyrinder
can be expressed by the
fo"*riu,
i
:

A = 2zrrh
THBOREM 164;
total
surfac"
of a right circular cylinder
'The
:."1ror*.,tu,
can be expressed by the
""" '
I

?,A, = 2rrl

or

T.A,

* 2th
{ t)

= 2rr(r

lllustration 1;
In a right circura-r.co,c, trrc
artit,crc rirrrrrs

;'Ji :hH':Hiti
Itir.llou:

l*Hf::

i;dl;;,;:;i,"

c<,,,c

a, argrc ,r

30 <*.grccs
is, 2 iichcs, ri,,a
1u; tr,"

Using thc diagrarn, we

car.l
detcrnrine the rncasurc,
of tf,* ottitra.
and the radius of the
base. Heuce,

(a) r.a, = m(r {

(b)

t)

= 16(6 * t2)
= 10gzr square inches

grrllr

= +T62.6\/5
= 72tfi cubic

inchcs

lllustration 2:

rong*;::31i:r|ltose

dirttcrui<.t's arc 6 I'cct

r.ry 8 r'cct is ,.u,r',.,1
abour its

(a) the vorumc (b)

the total surfacc arca

.f t'c

solid gcncrated.

AREA AND VOLI.'ME OF

CYLINDER

AND

CONE

641

in

thc ciiasrarn at thc right

.1..r_,trr1.,r:.
we perceivc that thc solid
gencralecl
is a.right circular cylirrdcr
r"t or..oai.o
aud altitudc havc rucasdrcs
of 6 arrcl g

rcspcctivcly, I{encc,

(")

v721,

= t62.9
2ggr cubib inches

(b) f.e. = 2m(r * h)

= 2r.6(6 * B)

16gr square iuches

EXERCISES

(Leave

i"

all answers in tcrrns of

zr unless otherwise
stated.)

Find the voluiire of each of

the following circular ci,linders.
(a) r r", n =

r,.,,.,,

i;i; _ 72,rh= 4t,

(c)a=llt,h-6t4rt

Uir_24,,h_53t,

2. Find rhe volume of^each of the

following cirqplar cones.
(a) 7: 6 cnr, /r: grru
ibl', = 15 yards, rt = 5 yards
(c) a = 8fcet, /r 4 feet6
=
inchcs iii'O =3 yards 2feet,
h.=6 yards
latcral surfacc arca of cach
of
thc
foltowing
right circular
'.
l

ilfr:T
-

(a) ,

4'

Firrd

70,,lt = 4,1,,
(b) rl:14,, lt = 5,6rr
the total surfacc arca of cach
of the folrowing right

(a)r=

5,,,1=g,,

(b) r=6,,,1:41,,
ili, =lCfcct, h : 71feet

(") 7 = 6 crr.r1 /r = g^crn

5. A.riglrt circrrlar cylindcr

'hc

ar t i tude

"i,ri"

.r,,

has a lat<.ral surfi

"0""

;;

; ;ffi:.' ffi:lT :i: lTilTJliil';

6' A right circrrlar cone has a lateral

The slant height of the cone g
ir
cf the cone?

'

8'

circurar cyl-

surface area of 32tr squateinches.

what is the total eurface area

i;";;.

The volurne of a right circurar

cone is 9riz. cubic inches"
If rhe artitude
cf the cone is g i.rches, what
fu the iaterar surrbce area?
The altitudc of a right circular
conc rrrakcs an angle o, nu o*...s
with
thc.slant height. If the radius
or tr," urr. is 6
v 'vvl,
fcct, what
vYrr4! rr
is
the
tllc
volume
v
Of the COrfe?

649

VoLUMEs

9. (a) If the altitude of a rigrrt circular co,c is

doubred while the radius
of the bage renrai,: rhe sanre, what happerts
to rhe ,oiurr..i; *
couc?

(b) If the radius of rhe base of

thc altitude renrains the

sanrc,

coue?

right cir,cular cone is .doubleC .,vhiie

what happens to the volume of the

(") tr both the artitude a'd thc radir-is oi

the basc of a right circular
I cone are doubled, what happens

10.

to the ,olrrrr" uf the cone?

A plane is pased parallel to the base
of a
cohe and 6 inches from the base.
The

altitude and radius of the base

of the
original cone are shown in
the

hc

diagram,

(a) What is the radius of the

upper-cone?
(b) Wha^t is the volurnc of
ihe upp",

_l

1 conel
I

11.

A pile of sand is in the.:hapc of a right

Ai
circurar
ofthe

base is 10 feet and thc

cone where the radius

artitudeis 6 feet. A boarcr is passecr

pararel
ground removing ag the sand
within z teet ofthe vertex, what
l"
ilh"
is the volume of the sand that
remains?
1?' The bascs of a circurar cone
and a. circular cylinder are exactry
the same
and the vertex of the cone lies
in the same prane as the upper base
of
the cylinderr cornpare the
vorumes of the two sorids.
13' The area of the base of
a circurar
,, equal to the raterar area of the
cone' How does the radius
"o,,.
of the
bur" .o*pu.e to the srant
height?
14' An isosceles right triangre

is rotated about its hypotenuse.

If the measure
of the hypotenuse is 14,
what is the vorume of the sorid
that is generated?
15' A hot water tank is
designed in the shape of a right

Iarge enough to hord 75-garions

is to be 2 feet,

circurar cylinder

*"* ri;" H;;JJ'ir th, tunr.

"i

approxt*"r, ho* hi;; will the tank

have to be? There
arc'7r gallons in 1 cubic foot.
QsJ 2f as an upprori*urion for r.)
16' (a) show that the ratio
of the area of the base of a
right circurar cone
to the rateral area is equal
to the ratio of the radius to the srant
height.

(b)' show that

if two cyrinders have equar altitudes,

then ihe ratio of
their vorumes is equal to the
."*.sponding radii.
'u,io

J;;;;#"i

Volume cnd Surface Araa

of a Sphere
In developing the thcorem ior

sphere we falr back on

detennining

*.*

the volume of a
c"r"ri?rit prffii:lHeuce ir is necessary
for us to

VOLUME AND SURFACE

AREA OF
find a solid where

eVerV ara."

SPHERE

f,:lTri:ilt'..il;yl:lii::-Ji.ll{1ff

:ot:1.1:T:iil:H

1ffiiiil".1?tl:t# ;:'};:iH, ;r r;i;li;i*:i,

r o create the
sorid needed, we
construct a richr

;i:tiiT.:i:[fJ[:1111e'"r'r,,a.:ffi
is,r,.,po.""ilJffi: yr:,,#

base

r,,'-

ai-^.-r_ ..

^.*e

---..

whose
",,.,i*
is the altitude

of the

t,/

1-)zt--'.L/

cylinfer. rt is the
sorid at

I# #;

:;ill','.J*:;?,ll'.H.H;

1 .risfit
;'rXT1l1t
;s alritude

taal

643

---.,

*.,.Ir#t,"'
sp..in"ur;"#fJ.,:n,iji:*::::wrrich

#t,

we are rere*ing.

;:I i:T::lliit s :ff f.THn,:r

!:
iii.iil#
ffi?
two
.soiids,; ;X'#:JH':il.,Il:.*' r,n",r,"i"i' illion, in,r,"
3:H,,1fi H f:* .*","r,' ii," il;Td: #:#f :fl .li anv ptane

:,ii:'i:ffi
.,,"..;;,,T1T1",ffi
rts ara

will be,
Al = o!'

buq
theieforc,

-SinceFor

!'

the shaded resion

,"a-nris

the rneasu

ag tire ineas-..rie

a"aa or ihe

The area

is,

",
^^

12

jl.;ffi

i:ilf"*i",,*,,
-'rv ov,U 4r tne lelt:
-

AADE, xiAB

;r1ffi:,ff

and hence it is the

sarne

x:r
shacie,,

ffi Jf i:l;i,:,,H:

x2

= 227
,,ono' altitude of the cylinder

Ttiereforq

rt"

,;l1l

: z:r or x = z

n, =**f,rr_ o,

644

VOLUMES

TLus, the arcas of thc sha<Jccr rclJior$.arc

crlrrar an<i hcrrcc thc voiri,rcs of
thc solids arc cqrial, Rrit ilir- .,.,,1,u,,"
.;i'rlrr solicl';;at thi: it:[t lu,h_ ;;;;;;
bcrwecn ihe votur,c of thc cylirrci",
,,,a'ii,* ,_,f
;;;:';;,:;:

= tiiz'r - t'';rrt'r
Vn: rf - l"f : ?sr#J
Y:

or

Thcrcfolc, thc voluruc of ilrc horrislrhcrc

V1,

is,

= lrrl

And, ih turrr, thc volrrrrrc of ,tr., *1rtr"r.,ir,

I

THE.BEM 165: 116 voruue

of a sphere can be expressed by
the for:
mula,

y_$*tu

r is the measure of the radius of

the sphere.
staternent wc woulcl like to
develop is sourewhat
I i' po"i ut -," :,",,rv it i,, tui ti,.rv

mr
I he proof^off1"""
the last
ff ',",,:l,ff

*",;;.,;;"

:::T $;3:#

consider the possibility of cutting

below' Each of thc sorids rcsernbrcs

.p

a sphcre as shown in Figure

rg,r9

, ,r.","ia cxcept for the fact that the

q,, tr
---Nl-

Figurc

1g-19.

base is a region of the

surface of a sphere rather than
a porygon. However,
should each of these region,
u. tut.o,*uil .nough, trri' ii a, practical
purposes thc areas of
the bases of thcsr: ,ori,is corrc]
bc considcrcd to be ttre
same as the areas of
the bases of pvru,,liar]ir:"."*r,r;',H;,I
can find
of the sphere ;;' JJ;,#"uor,,,,,",
of arr the ,,pyramids,,,

il:,.,i:]"""

Volurneof sphere :
!t!11t1**Arlu* iAiltr+... +iA,,h,,
of each of the "pyrar,ids" is the
radius of thc sphere.
fi*il"ttude
L'

$Ay

iAzr

* tAt+.

..

*A,r

{{

VOLUME AND SURFACE

AREA OF
And by factoring,
However, (Ar*
sphere which
wc.utt z.'rrun"

A,*.,,+

A,I;,,:r^'*,0,,I

"',,

",'t

A SPHERE
-' r !b'rL

Ancl finally we can

concluclc

^',li*,
mula,

u," appears j usti ria

:::,'tarea",1ofr;a Jlll,,.
bre
li lT:: surfacc
sphcrc ca.
r

be

r is the

where

i
i

,,,,,., l,l

rt,r,r,

: lrA
.t

that,

A,,)

rcprcscnts thc surface

arca of the

The volur,e, though,

can be *0,"1..1 lr'f4.oror.
N.trfl

645

11

".*p..rr"a try the for-

4rr2

nleasure of the radiurs of thc

sphere.

lllustration:
Liquid storase

rrequentlrco":.::,...I

ta

I:4;;;;liffi::'u'are
(u,. -,fi

ffi;,:.*,',ifi:':i:i,k

A4nt.lrolr:

hord

ir,,

in the shape ora sphere.

nu,

oii";:l#, 2i reet?

= $rf

*.2f_.(2,]y

4,851 cubic fcet

rcr of gallons
= 4,g51 X

Nrrrnl

ll)

36,3g2ti

EXERCISES

1. Find

,r.

arrswr:rs irr

and surracc
""1:::J.^all

il:ii,''""
2. The

srrrfi[cc arr:a

of thc

''

spherc

il:,,,-,|||.]tc

"'"aii

n[ zr rrnlcss orhcrwise
statcd.)
nc rorro*in;qpheres'

"!\rf

(a) d : 6 yds. 2 ft.

c a sphcrc is 1002r sqrtarc irclres.

rrirrd tlre volurrrc

of a sPltr:re is 288r
s(i.,r'(: rir:r. Fir.rd thc
surfacc arca of

4. A circlc of raclius ti
irrchcs
(a) Fincl .tlrt: srrrfac

i;,

fi:**hffi **#
(cr'l Is

is rot;rkrl irlxliit it
cliarrrr:t<:r,

;:J:,i,lit:, r;,ililffi:::,*1i,,,,"

thc conclrrsion found

irr

circlc?

11x.11ls

justify ),our

(b)

ar)swcr

trrr<:

arca c

o[a ty s;llti:rc alld its gencratitig

646
5.

VOLUMES

y'r spherical

ballo,' is irrfratccr to tlrc point whcre thc r'casure of its

radius is threc tirrrcs its original nleasurc.
(i) ucw clccs tlrc ucw srir'!'acc ?rcd colrrperc with thc origi.al
-o:'-' surface

.arca?

,.

(b) How docs tht: ncw volrrrrrc ci;,rnpare wlth thc original
volume?
6. (u) Show that thc ratio oi' tirc surfacc arcas of iwo ,fh"r., is
to
- -- cquar
'
ratio o[ thc squarcs of thcir corucsponding

(b) show that thc

vorrrrrrcs

rf

,udii.

two sphcrcs compare as thc cubes of

their corrcsponding radii.

Two
glas marbres having criameten of 4 inches and 6
'
inches respec.
tively are merted ciown aud then the molten giass
is reshaped. into a
single marble, Determine the diameter of the
ne* ,.,arbie. (Leave
answer in radical fonn.)
B. A hollow plastic ba[ has an inner diameter
of 12 feet and an outer
dianreter of 18 feet. If a cubic foot of the plastic
weighs 6 ounces,
what is the total weight of the balr? (use l.t+
u, the approximate
7

value of

zr.)

9. A

spherg is inscribed in a right circular

cylinder.
(a) Show that the volurrre of th.e right
circular cylinder is 1$ timcs the vol-

ume of the sphere.

(b) Show that the lateral surface area

of the cylinder is equal to the surface area of the sphere.

10' The upper and lower

bases of a

right

circular cylinder are circles of a

spirere. The radius of the sphere is
15 inches while the rarrius of the base
of the cylinder is 12 inches. How much
of the vorume of the sphere ries

outside the

cylinder?

11.* In the diagram at the right, how

does
the surface area ol the sphere compare
with the total surface area of the right
lircular cylinder?

_:

-r--- -l

i^

fl
n

t
$

1?.* How docs the volunre of the

sphere in
the adjacent diagram compare with the
volume of the right circular cone?

s
fl

AND REVIEY/

IEST

Tclt cnd Review

647

4, s,and 7. rr
: i!'dffi::;Jf,[il:xi',1,'J"'g'whosethe laterala,e
2. (a) ?he i"r.
area of the prismi
sicres

is

(b)

"r;rd,"r"-',r';'r*no'
*r ir
;i;;,".'r;.,.1,.I:
',' Y'
"" of this priim? ;ffi
total area

ffi

:J,T:::*iTi:i;;

3. The b.r, or'ntright

prism is a quaclrilatcrai
whosc sides are j,4,7,
and g. If thea
area of the prism is
132,
**r"ii
Iateral .dg.?
lrr'J *"urur. or u
,l"tt'l
'

4' A right sectio, o[ a prisrrr

is a ri.ght triangle
wittr legs of 9 and 12.
pi;,;; ;;,;i; o,i,,,gr.

iliili::::*.:r,J,:

rhe v.,ume

"l*;

circre

z,

*r,"i i,",]r" ,"o,

or,uai,,ill;fi'ffi:,.L1j,j.",

measure of a lateral

of tr,. prrurr*r.piped?
triangrc ,r,,il, i,r.,bed

.are.a

the prism is

edge?

90fi,

7. The dimensions of the

[are of a recLanEular parallelepiped
.o,orr-r-_,
respectively.

If

the total area

- rhe r.nsth,
8.
*,1,1"i"1;:;il;,;
the ratio ot2:3:4.
if ,f,"

is 4t2.olTtt

""frlr. r,*

ff::

measure of the diagonur

10' Two cubic feet

base

in a

what is the
are 6 and

H"ffJ:H:,",ij,li,11T;..

rrrr r..tr, wf,rt irifi.,totat ,"

area?
oiu *u. is \/E,find
the votume of

o prastic is poured into

a rectangurar mord.-whose
," coor. How ,,,i.r

"1r,,:i
o'
to ri'iu"a

prism is an isosceres

If a latera! edge of ,n;

*ii the sheet

","1'.4

triansre whose

hypotenuse
il;;;l*n",lshlis thc i.orum. ;i;;.
prism?

12. The base of the prism

is a square

l3'

ihe

..
11' fiX#J|,.t
The
of a right
is 4.

edse

;d;[iI ;]H[*;: ;:x1.,_r:

,. ;f;:::rT.r.r."r,

'

*ii,, ,.r,",rot..ur

*nn Or"*r, al 4{i:A tut.r"t

.ag.
;
;;;';;'oo''*i,r,
,n. .i,i*,., what
,!:T:,ffiTft:;,HI"'
is

one of thc grcat tgyptian'pyramicrs

ha' a no,,o,.

k^.- ..^- -l
.. *",,, #,: i ;Ti;l, ii:.
f
weight of thc rnatetiur
ho, *iiih l, *u,
constructed,, ,., ;:t-:age
or trre pvram;.;i;:lJ:Hli:,Tl'lli,Il"' is the tippro-r,.i. -",ril

l[X,:l::,lln-,-',, *

[:l#ff

14' The base of a pyramid

i, ,n
mei*ure is g' The altitude
"qrirr,.'ii ,.ir"gre with a side whose
"r,rr" or."'*,a ,, ,0. n prane is passed parallcl

648

volulvtEs

to tire base and 5 units rrom trrc v.rte;i, rein.ving a pytamid

<lf[ tirc top,
lVhat is the volume ol'thc rcmainirrg soiicl?
15' Finci tlrt'r'olrrrrrc and latcr:al ,,'rr,,.]., n."o .,r'a right
circular cylinder
tlta'r has a

cli;rrr,ltt:r'l'li

cr;r lrrr,.i arr

;r!titrii!c'[7

ctri.

15' ltipd tlte voltttrtc ancl total strriircr'irrca .f a rigirt

circular cops \^rhe1s
tltc tliiirtrctct' ol' tltt: lritsc is 2.1 irrr'lrt,s irirrl tlrc irltiIrrclc
is 16 irrcircs,
i7' Ifincl tllc volttrrrt' itrlcl srrt'lirct' irx'ir ol'ir splrt:rc thir{ lras a diarrrctcr,l'
10 fcct;

18. If an objc'ct sirrks whur

;rlircccl irr a birsirr lillcd wirh water, tlrcrr thc
alllotlllt ol'rvatt't' tlrat spills otrt ol' thc corrtaiucr is
c<1tral to thc volur'c
of thc olr.icct' Arr irorr trirl! lrirvirrH ir <li;rrrrrk.r ol'3
irrclrcs is lowcrccl
into il lrolkrrv riglrr circrrr;rr t:onc rrrar rv:rs riilccr
witrr lvat*r. Ir.thc
raclirm ol'tlrr. birsc ul'tlrr: t:orrr: is ll irr<:hcs
wlrilrr tlrt: altittrck: is 6 incht:s,
how rrrarrl' crriric irrcrr.s ,r'wirtt'r' *'rririrr i, trrc
c,rrc?
19.* ?wo c,lrii li,tt of nrcrar is clrawrr i,to
a wirc lraving a diamctcr of
I inclr. Horv many inclrcs ol'wirc will thcrc llci)
20.* The base of a rigrrt circurar.couc is the base
of a he,risphere while
its vc'tcx is a poiut of trrc rrcrrrisPrrcrc, srrorv
trrat trrc v,rume of the
ircruisphcrc is twicc ttrc volurrrc ol'thc
couc:.

IE
Prove each of the following statemerrts:

t. Two right sections of a triangular

(,

If

pr.ism are congruent triangles.

a plane is passed through two diagonally

opposite eciges of a paraiIelepiped, thcse edges and the intersections
in the t*o bases will form a
parallelogram.

3' rf a plane is passed through two diagonary opposite

eclges of a parallelepipcd, it wil divide thc sorid inro
two equar triangurai prisms.
4' If a line segment contains the point of intersection
parallclcpiped and tcrminates
point of the line segmenr.

of the diagonals of a

in the bases, then that point is the mid-

Try This For Fun

Mathematician:r.:3 tc go out of their

way in order to
throw obstacles in thcir path.
ro itturtro?e, earricr wc hacl rearnerr that
although they trave many instruments
at itr.i, dirporar, they insist that
geometric constructions
be made with the use of but the straightedge
and
compass' To rirnit the scopc
of thcir movemcnt evcn furthcr, they
will

IRY THIS FOR FUN

frequcntly Iay asicic
onc o[ thesc two

'n'

?fili"':#il;*i.,,,

center or each

irir',r,.

649
in.strur

il liH':;i:l :,'i::" to

seek ou t

;;i;;;'ffi,,ffi ;,[::,r.ffi;:[:rt*
m : i:ilJT

was selected on the circle

at the left. .fr was drawn

and extended until it
u, Q. This was followed by
drawing {} una
iiy:
of interr..ri,," *iiil"the
circre ar /r. A seind

intersected the second

extending it to'the point

point

\'-

ll\

-q--*
P'

wasthen serected and the

process was repeated.

.:y linding the points of

intersectio r,

ll"."r:;l!:

,f

f-",=fl;Ir;#;:",::

(a) Can you prove this?

tt'ilrl:::ii.tl

fi,

,rl*,

wrtn

.frif
to draw,fi*

,n turn, was forowed

*, H;,;f,;;

"*,'.

;; ;;

construction is necessarv to
find the center, of the