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Getting
Getting work
work
Efficiency
Efficiency
done
done through
through
Effectiveness
Effectiveness
others
others
Efficiency entails minimum waste, effort and expense
Effectiveness is accomplishing tasks that help fulfill organizational objectives
Management Functions
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
Planning
Determining organizational goals and a means for achieving them.
Meta-Analysis: is a study of studies that shows what works and when.
Organizing
Leading
Inspiring
Inspiring
Leading
Leading Motivating
Motivating
Controlling
Monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed.
The Control Process
Planning
Decision making
Managing information
Controlling
William End CEO of Lands End (a successful retailer) introduced latest management techniques such as
performance appraisals based on peer reviews; production teams, training courses, effective
communication. Lost or undelivered orders were result. Why?
Global Management
Organizational Strategy
IBM once market leader lost its share from 80 to 8% because of stiff competition
from COMPAQ Dell etc in 1980s.
Managing Teams
Free trade agreements, falling entry barriers, shorter product life cycles
Leading
Motivation
Leadership
Managing communication
Kinds of Managers
Top Managers
Middle Managers
First-Line Managers
Team Leaders
Top Managers
Middle Managers
Plant Manager
Regional Manager
Divisional Manager
First-Line Managers
Office Manager
Shift Supervisor
Department Manager
Managerial Roles
Interpersonal
Informational
Decisional
Technical Skills : the ability to apply the specialized procedures, techniques and knowledge
required to get the job done
Human Skills : the ability to work well with others
Conceptual Skills: the ability to see the organization as a whole; how the different parts affect
each other; how well company is working in relation to environment
Motivation to Manage : an assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing work
of others
Employment Security
Selective Hiring
Promotion from within
High Wages Contingent on Organizational Performance
Training and Skill Development
Reduction of Status Differences
Sharing Information
Participation and Empowerment
An individual phenomenon all people have unique needs, desires, attitudes and goals.
Herzbergs Theory
Job disatisfaction and job satisfaction not oppostite feelings as they have various determinents
Hygeine Versus motivation factors
Job loading leads to jon enlargement : 20 bulbs instead of 10 adding meanningless tasks
to make the job challenging = 0+0
Enrichment strategy
Vertical job loading is important :
Task identity and significance ( giving responiobility for whole task, feeling of
accomplishment, recognition)
Job freedom
Introducing new and more diffciult tasks not previously handled ( growth and learning)
Keys to performance are the level of difficulty and the clearness of goals Social Learning Theory
Self-efficacy judgment of what you think you can do with the skills you have
Major prediction of the theory is that expectations determine:
Equity Theory
Major assumptions:
If you are treated fairly, you will keep working well
If you think you are being treated unfairly, you will change your behavior in order to be treated
fairly
A Noncognitive Theory
Reinforcement theory:
Overlooks inner state of individual behavior is defined as a function of consequences following it.
Behavior Modeification:
Reinforcement: Immediately praising an employee for coming early or discouraging for coming
late
Punishment: suspending an employee for breaking organziational rules
Extinction: May unintentionally lower desirable behavior. E.g. absence of recognition on good
work
Self Determination Theory
Motivation a multidimensional construct defined in terms of autonomous and controlled
motivation
Flourishes in the presence of autonomy, feelings of competence (promoted thorugh recognition
and feedback) whcih directly influences LOC and Need of Relatedness (involve relationships
with significant others
IM : inherently interested doing an activity
EM: Tied to external factors
Amotivation: Absence of regulation: lack of motivation
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSAs)
Job Satisfaction
Job Involvement
Organizational Commitment
Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
Employee Engagement
Requirement that an employee be of a certain religion, sex, or national origin where that
is reasonably necessary to the organizations normal operation. Specified by the 1964
Civil Rights Act.
Age
Religion
Gender
National Origin
McDonnell-Douglas test
o
A test for disparate (intentional) treatment situations in which the applicant was qualified
but the employer rejected the person and continued seeking applicants.
After rejection, the position remained open and the employer continued seeking
applications from persons with the complainants qualifications.
Diversity Management
Managing diversity
Adopt strong company policies advocating the benefits of a culturally, racially, and
sexually diverse workforce.
Both management and labor are required by law to negotiate wage, hours, and terms and
conditions of employment in good faith.
It does not mean that one party compels another to agree to a proposal or make any
specific concessions.
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
Leader-member relations
Task structure
Position power
Key Assumption
Assumptions
Leaders can and should change their style to fit their followers degree of readiness
(willingness and ability)
Therefore, it is possible to TRAIN leaders to better fit their style to their followers.
Exchanges with these In followers will be higher quality than with those who are Out
RESULT: In subordinates will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job
satisfaction
Path-Goal Theory
Premise
Leader must help followers attaining goals and reduce roadblocks to success
Leaders must change behaviors to fit the situation (environmental contingencies & subordinate
contingencies)
Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe
certain behaviors.
Transactional Leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying
role and task requirements.
Transformational Leaders
Leaders who provide the four Is (individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, idealized
influence, and intellectual stimulation
Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple suppliers) reduces the resource holders
power.
Boundaries
Constraints
Policies set
Limits
Policies facilitate solving recurring problems and guide the implementation of strategy
Policy Manuals
Resource Allocation
Four types of resources
1. Financial resources
2. Physical resources
3. Human resources
4. Technological resources
Strategic business unit
Distinct external market for goods or services that is different from another SBU.
If each product and each geographical branch is considered to be an independent SBU such
immense variety of competitive strategies for a single organization would create a lack of focus
and inefficiency.
The concept of the SBU is important in properly reecting the diversity of products and markets
that actually exist
IDENTIFYING STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNITS
Following two broad criteria which can help in avoiding these two pitfalls
External criteria
Two parts of an organization should only be regarded as the same SBU if they are targeting the
same customer types, through the same sorts of channels and facing similar competitors.
Internal criteria
Two parts of an organization should only be regarded as the same SBU if they have similar
products/services built on similar technologies and sharing a similar set of strategic capability
Kodak-film based and digital products
BASES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE:
THE STRATEGY CLOCK
Assuming that there are a number of providers customers will choose which offering to accept on
their perception of value-for-money.
This consists of the combination of price and customer-perceived product/service benets
of each offering.
Integration Strategies
Guidelines for Forward Integration
Present distributors are expensive, unreliable, or incapable of meeting firms needs
Availability of quality distributors is limited
When firm competes in an industry that is expected to grow markedly
Organization has both capital and human resources needed to manage new business of
distribution
Advantages of stable production are high
Present distributors have high profit margins
Backward Integration
Seeking ownership or increased control of a firms suppliers
Guidelines for Backward Integration
Suppliers are expensive
Number of suppliers is small and number of competitors large
High growth in industry sector
Capital and human resources to manage new business
Advantages of stable prices are important
Present supplies have high profit margins
Horizontal Integration
Seeking ownership or increased control over competitors
Guidelines for Horizontal Integration
Intensive strategies
Require intensive efforts to improve a firms competitive position with existing /new products
and markets
Diversification strategies
Becoming less popular as organizations are finding it more difficult to manage diverse
business activities
Related Diversification
Adding new, but related, products or services
P&G and Unilever range of consumer goods
Forward and backward integration to diversify
Diversify within strategic capabilities and value network
Car manufacturers forward integrated to repairs and service but failed
Organizational Culture
Dominant Culture
Expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organizations members.
Subcultures
Strong Culture
A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.