A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
400 KV GRID SUB STATION ,HEERAPURA
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SESSION:2015-16
Submitted By:
MOHIT KOTHARI
12ESKEE726
Submitted To:
Department of Electrical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute Of Technology,Management
& Gramothan, Jaipur(Raj.)

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN,JAIPUR
2014-2015

CANDIDATES
DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work is being presented in the practical training report on
400KV GSS HEERAPURA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.tech and submitted in the Department of Electrical
Engineering of SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN,JAIPUR is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during a period from 18May 2015 to 18July 2015.
The matter presented in this report embodies the result of my own work and
studies carried out by me.

MOHIT KOTHARI
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my/our knowledge.

Date: 28 NOVEMBER 2015

Mr. Shobhit Ahuja

(Seminar Coordinator)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful to my training guide in R.R.V.P.N.L. whose encouragement and cooperation has

been a source of great inspiration. I express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Nidhi Bhatnagar
(Executive Engineer R.R.V.P.N.L. 400KV GSS, Heerapura) for her painstaking efforts and
enthusiastic cooperation to make my training possible. I also cordially thank the Mr. A.P. Vishnu
for his valuable support and guidance during my practical training at 400kV GSS, Heerapura,
Jaipur. I am also thankful to our instructors and other technical and non-technical staff, for
helping in understanding the various aspects and constructional details of work and site in 400kV
G.S.S. Heerapura, Jaipur.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Training & Placement cell SKIT, Jaipur for
granting me the opportunity for vocational training and providing all the necessary resources for
this purpose.
I would like to thank God ,my colleagues, the entire faculty members and the training incharge
of SKIT, Jaipur for their effort of constant co-operation kind support and valuable guidance
which have been a significant factor in the accomplishment of my summer training.

MOHIT KOTHARI
B.tech VII Semester

12ESKEE726

PREFACE
As per the requirement of B. Tech. Course, 400 KV GSS HEERAPURA, JAIPUR (RAJ.)
has been kind enough to permit me to complete my Practical Training of 60 days.
This report prepared during the practical training which is students first and greatest treasure
as it is full of experience, observation and knowledge.
The summer training was very interesting and gainful as it is close to real what has been
studied in all the years through was seen implemented in a modified and practical form.
GSS is means of connection between generating station and consumer by providing safety
and reliability of system in case of fault.
400 KV Grid Sub Stations, a high voltage substation receiving electricity with minimum
transmission losses and forwarding the step down voltage levels for further distribution to
our house holds or GSS. A training session out there will help you understand the various
devices used in transmission, possible loses, and practical approach of various aspects of
transmission and distribution Arrangement of different feeder level and switch yards
information, bus bar arrangement are included.

CONTENTS

Page No.
CERTIFICATE

ii

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv

PREFACE

CONTENTS

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Introduction of R.S.E.B.
1.3 Substations
1.3.1 Functions
1.3.2 Classification
1.4 Understanding Key Elements of the T&D Space
1.5 400KV GSS Heerapura
1.5.1 Incoming Feeders
1.5.2 Outgoing Feeders
1.6 Single Line Diagram

Chapter 2 TRANSFORMER
2.1 Introduction
5

2.1.1 Types of Transformer

2.2 Parts and Fittings of Power Transformer

Chapter 5 CONTROL ROOM

5.1 Introduction
5.2 CRT Display
5.2.1 Indicating System
5.2.2 Relay Section
5.2.3 Master Relay
5.2.4 Meter Section
5.2.5 Announcing Section
5.2.6 Event Logger
5.2.7 Scanning and Indication
5.3 Measuring Instruments
5.3.1 Synchronizing Panel
5.3.2 Syncronoscope

Chapter 6 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

6.1 Introduction
6.2 PLCC Equipment
6.2.1 Wave trap
6.2.2 Coupling Capacitor
6.2.3 Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments
6.2.4 Cables
6.2.5 Transmitter
6.2.6 Receiver
6.2.7 Transmission System
6.3 Merits and Demerits of PLCC

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig NO.

Figure Description

Pg No.

df
7

LIST OF TABLES

Table NO.

Table Description

Pg No.

Chapter 3
BUS BARS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Bus bars are important components of substation. When numbers of generators or feeders
operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the
common electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.
The outdoor bus bars are of two types viz the rigid type or strain type.
In the rigid type of bus bars, pipes are used. The pipes are also used for making connections
among different connections. The pedestal insulators support the bus bars and the connections.
The equipments and the bus bars are spread out and it requires large space. The clearances
remains constant as the bus bars are rigid.
It has following advantages1. The maintenance is easy as bus bars and connections are not very high from the ground.
2. As pipe diameter is large corona loss is less.
3. Reliability is more than strain type.
Following are the limitations1. Larger area is required.
2. It requires comparatively higher cost.
In stain type, bus bars are an overhead system of wires between two supporting structures and
supported by strain type insulators. As per the size of conductor, the stringing tension can be
limited (500-900kg).
The advantage of this type is its economy and it is recommended presently due to general
shortage of aluminum pipes. The material used in case of rigid type bus bars is aluminum pipes.
The general size of pipes commonly used for voltages are as given below-

33KV
66KV
132KV
220KV
400KV

40mm
65mm
80mm
80mm
10mm

Due to rapid oxidation of aluminum, proper care must be taken while doing connections. In order
to avoid strain of supporting insulators due to thermal expansion and contraction of pipe, joints
should be avoided.
In case of strain type arrangement material used is ASCR (Aluminum Conductors with Steel
Reinforcement) and all aluminum conductors. For high rating of bus bars Bundled conductors
are used.
10

66KV
132KV
220KV
400KV

37/2.79mm
37/2.79mm
613/3.99mm
62/4.27mm

ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR duplex

Fig.3.1 Pipe Bus Bar

4.2 BUS BAR SCHEMES

There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a particular
scheme depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system,
flexibility needed in system and cost to be expensed.

11

The Main Criterias to be considered during Selection of one Particular Bus Bar Arrangement
Scheme among Others
(i)

Simplicity of system. (ii) Easy maintenance of different equipments. (iii) Minimizing outage
during maintenance. (iv) Future provision of extension with growth of demand.
(v) Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives maximum return
from the system.

4.2.1 Single Bus System

Single Bus System is simplest and cheapest one. In this scheme all the feeders and transformer
bay are connected to only one single bus as show.
a. Merits
1. Low Cost
2. Simple to Operate
3. Simple Protection
b. Demerits
1. Fault of bus or any circuit breaker results in shut down of entire substation.
2. Difficult to do any maintenance.
3. Bus cannot be extended without completely DE energizing substations.
c. Remarks
1. Used for distribution substations up to 33kV.
2. Not used for large substations.
3. Sectionalizing increases flexibility.

4.2.2 Double Bus System

1. In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that any outgoing or
incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus.
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2. Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in parallel through individual
isolator.

By closing any of the isolators one can put the feeder to associated bus. Both of the buses are
energized and total feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other
from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other. There is one
bus coupler breaker which should be kept close during bus transfer operation. For transfer
operation, one should first close the bus coupler circuit breaker then close the isolator associated
with the bus to where the feeder would be transferred and then open the isolator associated with
the bus from where feeder is transferred. Lastly after this transfer operation he or she should
open the bus coupler breaker.
a. Merits
1. High flexibility
2. Half of the feeders connected to each bus
b. Demerits
1. Extra bus-coupler circuit breaker necessary.
2. Bus protection scheme may cause loss of substation when it operates.
3. High exposure to bus fault.
4. Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to the bus out of service.
5. Bus couplers failure takes entire substation out of service.
c. Remarks
Most widely used for 66kV, 132kv, 220kV and important 11kv, 6.6kV, 3.3kV

13

4.2.3 Main and Transfer Bus System

The main conception of Main and Transfer Bus System is, here every feeder line is directly
connected through an isolator to a second bus called transfer bus. The said isolator in between
transfer bus and feeder line is generally called bypass isolator. The main bus is as usual
connected to each feeder through a bay consists of circuit breaker and associated isolators at both
side of the breaker. There is one bus coupler bay which couples transfer bus and main bus
through a circuit breaker and associated isolators at both sides of the breaker. If necessary the
transfer bus can be energized by main bus power by closing the transfer bus coupler isolators and
then breaker. Then the power in transfer bus can directly be fed to the feeder line by closing the
bypass isolator. If the main circuit breaker associated with feeder is switched off or isolated from
system, the feeder can still be fed in this way by transferring it to transfer bus.
a. Merits
1. Low initial & ultimate cost
2. Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.
3. Potential devices may be used on the main bus.
b. Demerits
1. Requires one extra breaker coupler.
2. Switching is somewhat complex when maintaining a breaker.
3. Fault of bus or any circuit breaker results in shutdown of entire substation.

14

4.2.4 Double Breaker Bus System

In double breaker bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that any outgoing
or incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus similar to double bus bar system. Only
difference is that here every feeder is connected to both of the buses in parallel through
individual breaker instead only isolator as shown in the figure. By closing any of the breakers
and its associated isolators, one can put the feeder to respective bus. Both of the buses are
energized and total feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other
from other bus similar to previous case. But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one
bus to other. There is no need of bus coupler as because the operation is done by breakers instead
of isolator. For transfer operation, one should first close the isolators and then the breaker
associated with the bus to where the feeder would be transferred and then he or she opens the
breaker and then isolators associated with the bus from where feeder is transferred.
a. Merits
1. Each has two associated breakers
2. Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be connected to any bus
3. Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.
4. High reliability
b. Demerits
1. Most expensive
2. Would lose half of the circuits for breaker fault if circuits are not connected to both the buses.

15

4.2.5 One and A Half Breaker Bus System

This is an improvement on the double breaker scheme to effect saving in the number of circuit
breakers. For every two circuits only one spare breaker is provided. The protection is however
complicated since it must associate the central breaker with the feeder whose own breaker is
taken out for maintenance. For the reasons given under double breaker scheme and because of
the prohibitory costs of equipment even this scheme is not much popular. As shown in the figure
that it is a simple design, two feeders are fed from two different buses through their associated
breakers and these two feeders are coupled by a third breaker which is called tie breaker.
Normally all the three breakers are closed and power is fed to both the circuits from two buses
which are operated in parallel. The tie breaker acts as coupler for the two feeder circuits.
During failure of any feeder breaker, the power is fed through the breaker of the second feeder
and tie breaker, therefore each feeder breaker has to be rated to feed both the feeders, coupled by
tie breaker.

a. Merits
1. Flexible operation for breaker maintenance.
2. Any breaker can be removed from maintenance without interruption of load.
3. Requires 1 1/2 breaker per feeder.
4. Each circuit fed by two breakers.
5. All switching by breaker.
16

6. Selective tripping.
b. Demerits
1. One and half breakers per circuit, hence higher cost
2. Any breaker can be removed from maintenance without interruption of load.
c. Remarks
1. Used for 400kV & 220kV substations.

17