Related Literature

In the Continuous Simulation Model for Evaluating Infiltration BMP Performance (JOONG GWANG
LEE AND JAMES P. HEANEY, 2005), it has been said that either 15 minute or hourly rainfall data from the
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) can be used in any model. Ideally, precipitation data with a smaller
time step, one with greater similarity to the residence time of water on the roadway surface and through the
control system, are preferable but 15 minute data are the best available option from the NCDC data sets,
which show the greatest routine availability around the U.S. In addition, it is preferable to have a resolution
of 0.01 in. for these data, but Lee and Heaney have found it impossible to rely entirely on 15-min data with
0.01-in. resolution since almost no stations have a continuous record at that preferable resolution.
Evapotranspiration (ET) data can be obtained from long-term mean monthly values of either pan or
Penman evaporation estimates (Farnsworth and Thompson, 1982). In some cases these data are not
available from the same station of precipitation data. When this occurs the nearest station with available
evaporation data can be used for that location. By the these information, 1 hour rainfall duration is still valid
for locations having no stations of constricted records that will give liable inputs in our project.

The project is about 3.9656 hectares, it is appropriate to design this with Rational method wherein
it is used in estimating flows for designing storm sewers serving areas smaller than 65 hectares. Rainfall
data shall be taken from the officially recognized Regional Station located at PAGASA station, Quezon City
(STORM WATER MANAGEMENT STRATHCONA COUNTY, 2011).

In Santa Clara Valley Water District, Public comments and feedback helped the project team
develop

sustainable designs that are economically viable, technically feasible, environmentally compatible and
publicly acceptable. To keep excess water from spilling out of Permanente Creek, the district is planning on
building floodwalls and levees along the creek north of U.S. Highway 101. These structures would contain
floodwaters within the creek channel. This project is funded by local voter-approved tax dollars collected
under the Clean, Safe Creeks and Natural Flood Protection Plan. In areas where right-of-way is limited,
floodwalls are used to increase creek capacity by increasing the elevation of creek banks, thus preventing
flooding. The construction of floodwall along the sides the creeks will protect the residence from the other
side of the wall from being flooded, then therefore, it is advisable to have a structure to overcome the
problem of overflowing creeks (SANTA CLARA VALLEY WATER DISTRICT, 2013).

Design standards of the City of Edmonton, contains methodology and requirements in establishing
drainage. Standards indicates that the maximum velocity used for drainage is 3m/s and no drainage shall
be less that 0.1%. In addition, where drops of 1.0m or less occur at manholes, the designer is to ensure
that free outflow and low backwater conditions will exist in the downstream sewer so that hydraulic jump
formation and associated concentrated effects are avoided. For drops of greater than 1.0m, a specifically
designed drop structure may be required to address the hydraulic requirements of the change of elevation.
These standards were already implemented and will greatly help the designers to assign geometric
informations to an existing problem in the future in relationship with drainages (DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS VOL. 3 DRAINAGE, 2014).

Rural Water Supply Design Manual Volume 1, indicates organic nitrogen is a constituent of all
waste protein products from sewage, kitchen wastes and all dead organic matter. Freshly produced waste
normally contains pathogenic bacteria. All water high in organic nitrogen should therefore be suspected for

possible contaminants. The design of the drainage will not only be limited by the storm water but also by
sewerage water coming from households. By knowing the Average Daily Demand, we can formulate a
discharge that will be combined with the storm water. The discharge of storm and sewerage water will be
used in designing the appropriate cross section of the drainage (RURAL WATER SUPPLY, 2012).
In Association of Drainage Authorities, over time sediments are deposited in slow-moving
watercourses. Dredging, also referred to as desilting and mudding, removes the build up of sediment from
a watercourse. Dredging is therefore essential for maintaining the capacity of the watercourse to the
required standard. For Internal Drainage Boards that are maintaining the transmission of water, in low-lying
areas where catchments are relatively flat, flow velocities are slow and pumps are often used, dredging is a
crucial activity. It is important to take full advantage of hydraulic gradients to achieve flow. This is most
effectively achieved if the capacity of channels is maintained through dredging and other maintenance
activity such as weed removal. For the dredging of box culverts and circular culverts, it can be related to the
works of ADA that shapes are factors to be considered in dredging. Circular culverts are less maintenance
than the box culverts due to its constricted flow at the middle in which desiltation will be completed by just
scouring of discharge flow. (ASSOCIATION OF DRAINAGE AUTHORITIES, 1937).