Junior problems

J337. Prove that for each integer n 0, 16n + 8n + 4n+1 + 2n+1 + 4 is the product of two integers
greater than 4n .
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas
J338. Consider lattice points P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn2 with coordinates (u, v), where 1 u, v n. For points
Pi = (ui , vi ) and Pj (uj , vj ), define d(Pi Pj ) = |ui uj | + |vi vj |. Evaluate
X
d(Pi Pj ).
1i<jn2

Proposed by Ivan Borsenco, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

J339. Solve in positive integers the equation
x1 y1 z1
+
+
= 1.
y+1 z+1 x+1
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas
J340. Let ABC be a triangle with incircle and circumcircle . Let I be the incenter of ABC, D the
tangency point of with BC, M the midpoint of ID, and N the antipode of A with respect to
. Let A0 be the tangency point of with the circle tangent to rays AB, AC, and externally
to . Prove that lines A0 D and M N intersect on .
Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romania
J341. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its interior. Let P A = x, P B = y, P C = z.
Prove that
(x + y + z)9
729a2 b2 c2 .
xyz
Proposed by Marcel Chirit, , Bucharest, Romania
J342. Solve in positive real numbers the system of equations
x3
1
y3
1
z3
1
+ y2 + =
+ z2 + =
+ x2 + = 2.
4
z
4
x
4
y
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2015)

Senior problems
S337. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab + bc + ca = 3. Prove that
(a3 + 1)(b3 + 1)(c3 + 1) 8.
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas
S338. Let ABC be a triangle with A being the largest angle. Let D, E, F be points on sides BC,
CA, AB, such that AD is the altitude from A, DE is the internal angle bisector of ADC,
and DF is the internal angle bisector of ADB. If AE = AF , prove that ABC is isosceles or
right.
Proposed by Titu Zvonaru and Neculai Stanciu, Romania
S339. Let p be a prime congruent to 2 mod 7. Solve in nonnegative integers the system of equations
7(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) = p(2p2 1)
70xyz + 21(x y)(y z)(z x) = 2p(p2 4).
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
S340. Prove that in a triangle with sides a, b, c and semiperimeter s,
a

X
p
cyc

(s b)(s c)

5X
(a b)2
3R

.
4 cyc (s a)(s b)
r

Proposed by Mircea Lascu and Titu Zvonaru, Romania

S341. Let a, b, c, d be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 6. Find the maximum value
of 4a + 2ab + 2abc + abcd.
Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romania
S342. Let a b c be positive real numbers. Prove that for all t [0, 4 ],
ab
bc
ca
+
+
0.
a sin t + b cos t b sin t + c cos t c sin t + a cos t
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2015)

Undergraduate problems
U337. Let n be a positive integer. Find all real polynomials f and g such that
(x2 + x + 1)n f (x2 x + 1) = (x2 x + 1)n g(x2 + x + 1),
for all real numbers x.
Proposed by Marcel Chirit, , Bucharest, Romania
U338. Determine the number of pairs (a, b) such that the equation ax = b is solvable in the ring
(Z2015 , +, ).
Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
U339. Let f : R R be a function such that (i) f is continuous on R and (ii) f (x) < f (x + n1 ) for all
x R and n Z+ . Prove that f is increasing over R.
Proposed by Mihai Piticari, Cmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
U340. Define
An =
Find

n
n
n
+
+ + 2
.
n2 + 1 2 n2 + 2 2
n + n2
 
 1

lim n n
An
.
n
4
4
Proposed by Yong Xi Wang, China

U341. Let f : [0, 1] R be a non-decreasing function such that the sequence {In }n1 defined by
Z
In =

f (x)enx dx

is bounded. Prove that f (x) = 0 for all x (0, 1).

Proposed by Mihai Piticari, Cmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
U342. Let A be an m n matrix with real entries, and let w1 , . . . , wn be nonnegative real numbers
associated with the columns of A. For every j = 1, . . . , n, we say that wj represents the weight
of column Aj . Describe a polynomial time algorithm for finding a subset of linearly independent
columns of A whose sum of weights is maximum.
Proposed by Cosmin Pohoat, , Columbia University, USA

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2015)

Olympiad problems
O337. Does there exist an irreducible polynomial P (x) with integer coefficients such that P (n) is a
perfect power greater than 1 for all n N?
Proposed by Oleksiy Klurman, Universit de Montral, Canada
O338. Let P be a point inside equilateral triangle ABC. Denote by A1 , B1 , C1 the projections of P
onto triangles sides and denote by A2 , B2 , C2 the midpoints of P A1 , P B1 , P C1 , respectively.
Prove that AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are concurrent if an only if AA2 , BB2 , CC2 are concurrent.
Proposed by Nairi Sedrakyan, Armenia
O339. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers satisfying
a3
Prove that

1
1
1
+ 3
+ 3
1.
3
3
+ b + 1 b + c + 1 c + a3 + 1

2
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 6 + (a3 + b3 + c3 ).
3
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi, Vietnam

O340. Let ABC be a triangle and let BB 0 and CC 0 be the altitudes from B and C, respectively.
Ray C 0 B 0 intersects the circumcircle of triangle ABC at B 00 . Let A be the measure of angle
ABB 00 . Similarly, define angles B and C . Prove that

3 6
sin A sin B sin C
.
32
Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
O341. Let a be a positive integer. Find all nonzero integer polynomials P (X), Q(X) such that
P (X)2 + aP (X)Q(X) + Q(X)2 = P (X).
Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Bucharest, Romania
O342. Let n 2015 be a positive integer and let A {1, . . . , n} such that |A|
A contains a three term arithmetic progression.

 n+1 
2

. Prove that

Proposed by Oleksiy Klurman, Universit de Montral, Canada

Mathematical Reflections 3 (2015)