Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Introduction to Anatomy
Prof. Mihly, Andrs, MD, PhD, DSc
Professor Dr. Mihly, Andrs MD, PhD, DSc, director of the Department
Professor Dr. Ngrdi, Antal MD, PhD, DSc deputy director
Associate professor: Dr. Kovcs, Annamria, MD, PhD
Assistant professors: Dr. Blint Erika MD, PhD, Dr. Czigner Andrea MD, PhD,
Dr. Dob Endre MSc, PhD, Dr. Gyegyjfalvi-Lzrn, Dr. Hegeds Hajnalka
DMD, Dr. Molnr Gergely MSc, PhD, Dr. Pr Istvn, DPh, Dr. Szabados Andrea
MD, PhD, Dr. Szigeti Csaba, MSc, PhD
Senior research assistant: Dr. Sle Zoltn, PhD
Senior teaching assistant: Krisztinn Pva Beta MSc, Fejesn Bakos Mnika
MSc, Dr. Juhsz Zoltn, MD
Teaching assistants (MSc): Kruppa Eszter, Mtys Adrienne, Kroly Norbert,
Harkai Anik
Physician: Dr. Pr Erzsbet
Senior medical students (demonstrators): 13 medical student Colleagues,
helping in teaching, dissection and research (listed on the webpage of the
Department).
Exams in Anatomy
Practical Exams: practical viva voce exams in the
dissecting room and histology room, two times in a
semester. The marks (1-5) are written in the index book at
the end of the semester. Successful practical exams are
necessary for the entry to the semester exams and for the
credit of the practices.
Semester exams (2): comprehensive viva voce exams in
the examination period with different question types,
cadavers, atlas pictures and radiological images which
are presented on the lectures, seminars and practices.
Final exam: comprehensive examination after the 3rd
semester. The exam has written and oral parts, where the
students have to prove their knowledge of the anatomy,
histology and embryology. The oral parts consist of
theoretical and practical sections: in the practical section
the student demonstrates a dissected cadaver.
Trunk parts
Chest (pectus, thorax)
Belly (abdomen, venter)
Groin (inguen, inguinal region)
Back (dorsum)
Loin (waist; lumbus, lumbar
region)
Buttocks (regio glutea)
Collum, cervix
Pectus
(thorax)
Abdomen, venter
waist
umbilicus
Inguen
Caput
Brain, eyes
Collum, cervix
Thorax
(cavitas thoracis)
Abdomen
(cavitas abdominis)
Pelvis
(cavitas pelvis)
Lungs, heart
Prostate, urinary
bladder, rectum
Dorsum (back)
Lumbus
(waist)
Regio glutea
(buttocks)
Introduction to osteology
os, ossis: bone
DIAPHYSIS
METAPHYSIS
Cavum medullare
Substantia spongiosa
Substantia compacta
Substantia
compacta
(compact bone)
Substantia spongiosa
(spongy or cancellous bone)
Spongy bone
Cavum medullare
Compacta
Marrow cavity
Distal epiphysis
Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
5
1
4
Blood supply of the bone is rich. Epiphyses and diaphyses are supplied by
separate vessels. Diaphyseal arteries enter the medullary cavity. They supply
the medullary cavity, bone cortex and the bone marrow;
from the cavity they step back into the compact bone and form a rich vessel
system in the canals of Volkmann and Havers.
The compacta is also supplied from the periosteal arteries.
The vessels of the compacta run in the Volkmann- s Haversian canals
(see the osteon).
osteoclast
osteocytes
trabecule
Osteoblasts
in endosteum
Introduction to syndesmology
articulatio = joint
arthron = joint
syndesmos = ligament
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Solid joints (synarthroses): fibrous
joints, cartilaginous joints. Fibrous:
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis.
Cartilaginous: synchondrosis,
symphysis.
Cavitated joints (diarthroses): synovial
joints are classified according to the
shape of the articular head and the
number of the axis of the movements.
symphysis
Histological differences
between bone and
cartilage: in cartilage,
the matrix contains
only a small amount
of inorganic material.
Cartilage contains
mainly collagen,
proteoglycans, proteins
and
glycosaminoglycans,
and water.
There are no blood
vessels in cartilage,
therefore regeneration
is difficult and slow.
Cells of cartilage:
chondroblast,
chondrocyte,
chondroclast.
HUMERUS
Capsule
Cartilage
ulna
Articular capsule
RADIUS
Membrana interossea
Hyaline cartilage
(cartilago articularis)
Joint capsule (capsula articularis)
Meniscus-like structure
Membrana synovialis
Interphalangeal joint on histological section
1
2
Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage-bone transition
5
Mineralisation of cartilage
Bone tissue
Fibrous
capsule (C)
cartilage
cartilage
Synovial membrane
A-type synoviocyte: macrophage.
B-type synoviocyte: fibroblast hialuronic
acid, matrix-proteins, connectice tissue
fibers: synthesis and secretion.
Lymph capillaries, blood capillaries, nerve
endings.
Composition of the synovial fluid: hialuronic
acid, proteins (serum proteins,
glycoproteins, proteoglycans), electrolytes,
glucose, water, few white blood cells.
Ligaments inside
joint (cruciate lig.)
Ligament outside
joint (collateral lig.)
Meniscus
Syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Lig. inside
the joint
Shoulder arthroscopy
Arthroscope is from dorsal direction, surgery device is from ventral:
both of them are introduced through small skin incisions.
Surgical device