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FACHMI ANDRIYANTO
(F14130011)
RIZQI PRASTYO
(F14130014)
LECTURER: YULIANTO
NUR KHAIRIL
(F14130016)
(F14130027)
A. INTRODUCTION
A head transfer situation in which time is not a factor is design as
steady state. The consideration of heat transfer where time is not considered
affords some simplification in the analysis. The governing equation for
steady-state conduction with internal generation is (Welty, 1978 and Holman,
1989)
2T
Where
q
0...................................................................(1)
k
d i dT
x
0....................................................................(3)
dx
dx
Where
x
d
dx
Plane Walls
In this case of a plane wall, equation (3) with i = 0 applies.
The equation and boundary conditions to be satisfied are
To
TL
L
x
Figure 1. Steady-state conduction in a plane wall.
d 2T
=0
dx 2
.......(4)
T(x) = T (0) = T0
at x = 0
T(x) = T (L) = TL
at x = L
Where
T0
temperature at x = 0, K
TL
temperature at x = L, K
.(5)
TL T0
L
and c2 = T0
When c1 and c2 are substituted into equation (5), the final expression for the
temperature profiles becomes
T(x) =
TL T0
x T0
L
T(x) = T0
T0 TL
x
L
.. (6)
According to equation (6), the temperature variation in a plane wall under the
conditions specified is linear.
The Fourier rate equation maybe used to determine the heat flux of
heat flow rate in this case. The rate equation is repeated below, in scalar form,
for reference
qx = -kA
dT
dx
(7)
Where
qx
TL
T0
q x dx kA dT
Giving
qx =
kA
(T0 TL )
L
... (8)
Water bath
Water 100oC
Hybrid Recorder
Aluminum
Block as
Plane wall
Observation
Point
D. METHODS
a. Record the initial temperature at the observation points located as
described.
b. Pour boiling water at 1000C into the water both until the water surfaces
reaches the height of the aluminum plane wall. Maintain the water at the
constant temperature.
c. Record the temperature development at the observation points in an
interval of two minutes.
E. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Experimental Data
T
Time
(Minute)
Water
10
1'
99,2
92,9
42,9
78,6
71,3
65,2
59,9
54,4
50,8
47,7
46,8
2'
99,2
93,2
46,7
79,5
72,6
66,6
61,5
55,9
52,2
49
48,1
3'
99,2
93,2
91,2
80,5
73,9
68,3
32,6
57,9
54,2
51
50
4'
99,2
93,4
91,3
81,3
75,1
69,7
30,4
59,7
56
52,9
51,9
5'
99,1
92,8
91,3
81,9
76,2
71,3
30
61,6
58
54
53,9
6'
99,2
93,2
91,6
82,5
77,2
72,5
63,3
63,2
59,7
56,6
55,6
7'
99,2
93
91,7
83,1
78,1
73,7
69
64,7
61,3
58,5
57,3
8'
99,2
93
92,1
83,2
78,1
73,8
69
64,7
61,4
58,6
57,4
9'
99,2
93,2
91,9
83,6
78,8
74,8
65,4
66,3
62,9
60,1
59,1
10'
99,2
93,4
92
84,1
79,5
75,7
70,9
67,5
64,5
61,6
60,7
11'
99,2
93,1
92,2
84,5
80,3
76,7
72
68,8
66,3
63,1
62
12'
99,1
93,1
92,1
84,8
80,8
77,4
72,8
69,9
63,1
64,4
63,4
13'
99,2
93,5
92,4
85,1
81,4
78,2
73,6
71
68,1
65,7
64,5
14'
99,2
93,4
92,5
85,5
81,9
78,9
72,6
72
69,1
66,8
65,8
15'
99,2
93,3
92,5
85,7
82,4
79,5
75,1
72,8
45,7
67,9
66,3
T5
73
Calculation Data
x/t
1'
Water
99,2
T1
93,96
T2
88,72
T3
T4
83,48 78,24
T6
T7
T8
T9
67,76 62,52 57,28 52,04
T10
46,8
2'
99,2
94,09
88,98
48,1
3'
99,2
94,28
89,36
84,44 79,52
4'
99,2
94,47
89,74
51,9
5'
99,1
94,58
90,06
85,54 81,02
76,5
53,9
6'
99,2
94,84
90,48
86,12 81,76
77,4
55,6
7'
99,2
95,01
90,82
57,3
8'
99,2
95,02
90,84
86,66 82,48
57,4
9'
99,2
95,19
91,18
63,11
59,1
10'
99,2
95,35
91,5
87,65
83,8
79,95
76,1
64,55
60,7
11'
99,2
95,48
91,76
88,04 84,32
80,6
12'
99,1
95,53
91,96
63,4
13'
99,2
95,73
92,26
64,5
14'
99,2
95,86
92,52
89,18 85,84
65,8
15'
99,2
95,91
92,62
66,3
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION
Table 2
74,6
78,3
82,5
72,25
68,4
50
62
T(x) = T0
T0 TL
x
L
=99,2 0C
=46,8 0C
L=0,1 m
X=0,01
T(1)= T0
T0 TL
x = 99,2 (99,2 - 46,8) 0,01/0,1 = 93,96 0C
L
T(2)= T0
T0 TL
x = 99,2 (99,2 - 46,8) 0,02/0,1 = 88,72 0C
L
T(3)= T0
T0 TL
x = 99,2 (99,2 - 46,8) 0,03/0,1 = 83,48 0C
L
To
TL
qx/A
1'
99,2
46,8
120520
2'
99,2
48,1
117530
3'
99,2
50
113160
4'
99,2
51,9
108790
5'
99,1
53,9
103960
6'
99,2
55,6
100280
7'
99,2
57,3
96370
8'
99,2
57,4
96140
9'
99,2
59,1
92230
10'
99,2
60,7
88550
11'
99,2
62
85560
12'
99,1
63,4
82110
13'
99,2
64,5
79810
14'
99,2
65,8
76820
15'
99,2
66,3
75670
qx
k
(To TL )
A
L
K = 230 W/m K
qx
k
(To TL )
A
L
=
230
(99,2 46,8)
0,1
= 120520 W/m
Discussion
Heat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from a hotter mass
to a cooler mass. When an object is at a different temperature than its
surroundings or another object, transfer of thermal energy, also known as
heat flow, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way that the body and the
surroundings reach thermal equilibrium; this means that they are at the same
temperature. Heat transfer always occurs from a higher-temperature object to
a cooler-temperature one as described by the second law of thermodynamics
or the Clausius statement. Where there is a temperature difference between
objects in proximity, heat transfer between them can never be stopped; it can
only be slowed. (www.wikipedia.org)
Conduction involves the transfer of heat by the interaction between
adjacent molecules of a material. Heat transfer by conduction is dependent
upon the driving "force" of temperature difference and the resistance to heat
transfer. The resistance to heat transfer is dependent upon the nature and
dimensions of the heat transfer medium. All heat transfer problems involve
the temperature difference, the geometry, and the physical properties of the
object being studied. (www.engineersedge.com)
Metals (e.g. copper, platinum, gold, iron, etc.) are usually the best
conductors of thermal energy. This is due to the way that metals are
chemically bonded: metallic bonds (as opposed to covalent or ionic bonds)
have free-moving electrons which are able to transfer thermal energy rapidly
through the metal.
As density decreases so does conduction. Therefore, fluids (and
especially gases) are less conductive. This is due to the large distance
between atoms in a gas: fewer collisions between atoms means less
conduction. Conductivity of gases increases with temperature. Conductivity
increases with increasing pressure from vacuum up to a critical point that the
density of the gas is such that molecules of the gas may be expected to collide
with each other before they transfer heat from one surface to another. After
this point in density, conductivity increases only slightly with increasing
pressure and density. (www.wikipedia.org)
From the experiment, there are error datas because of the equipment
error. Because of that the graph from experiment not same with graph from
calculation.
F. CONCLUSION
From this experiment, the practician can dtermine and study the process
of heat transfer in plane walls. Practician can conclude that the heat transfer
is influenced by thickness of material and heating time. The value of material
temperature can determined by Hybrid recorder or by calculation with
formula.
G. REFERENCES
H.
http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/conduction.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer#Conduction