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Differentiation
dy
If y = kx n , nkx n1
dx
dy
[Remember, =gradient of tangent to curve y = f(x) ]
dx
Revision examples: Differentiate the following functions;
1 4 25 3
i) y ii) y x iii) y iv) y= v) y vi) y4 x
x2 x3 x 5x2
3
vii) y 6 3 x vii) y x
Solution
1 dy 2
i) y x 2 2 x 21 2 x 3 3
x 2 dx x
1
dy 1 12 1 1 12 1
ii) y x x2 x x 1
dx 2 2
2x 2
4 3 dy
iii) y 4 x 3 x 4 x31 12 x4
x 3 dx
25 dy 25
iv) y 25x 1 1 x 25x11 25x 2 2
x dx x
3 3 2 dy 3 6 6
v) y x 2 x x 3 x 3 3
5x 5
2 dx 5 5 5x
1
1
dy 1 4 1 1 34 1
vi) y4 xx 4
x x
dx 4 4 4x
3
4
1 1 1 2
dy 1 2
vii) y 6 3 x 6x3 x 6x 3 2x 3
dx 3 x
2
3
3 12
x dy 3
3
y x x x
3 3 1
viii) 2
x 2
dx 2 2
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
Solution
1+
1
dy 3 12 3 x
y x x x1 x x x
1 3
2
x 2
x2
dx 2 2
dy dy dt
x
dx dt dx
1
Example: Differentiate y x 1 2
2
Solution
1
Let t = x 2 1 so y t2
dt dy 1
Then 2 x and t
1
2
dx dt 2
dy dy dt
x
dx dt dx
1 t x 2x
1
2
2
1 x 2x x t 1
2
2
1
1
x( x 2 1) 2
x
2 1
( x 1) 2
dy
when y x 2 2
6
Example: Use the chain rule to find
dx
Solution:
Let t x 2 2, y t6
dt 2 x, dy
6t 5
dx dt
dy dy dt
Then x
dx dt dx
=6t 5 x 2 x
=12xt 5
x
5
=12x 2
2
NB: To apply the chain rule quickly remember:
dy d
outer function x d inner function
dx dt dx
4
e.g y x 3 1
dy
3
4 x3 1 x 2 x2
dx
Exercise: C3/4 textbook, Ex 1, P.69, Q. 2(a,c), 3(a,c,e), 4, 8
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
dx
The rate of change of x is , where t is time. If we know a formula for x
dt
in terms of t, we find the rate of change of x by differentiation.
dx
NB: If x is increasing at 6cm s-1 then = + 6,
dt
dx
if x is decreasing at 6cm s-1 then 6
dt
We can sometimes use the Chain Rule to find the rate of change of a variable
if we know the rate of change of a related variable.
Example: Find the rate of increase of the radius of a sphere whose volume is
increasing at a rate of 100 cm3 s-1 at the instant when the radius is 3cm.
Solution:
dV dr
We know = 100 and we want to find .when r=3
dt dt
dr dr dV
Using the Chain Rule, x
dt dV dt
We therefore need to find a relationship between V and r so we can find
dr
from 1 dV
dV
dr
4 3
For a sphere, Volume, V= r
3
dV 4
So, 3 x r 31 4 r 2
dr 3
dr 1 1
dV dV 4 r 2
dr
dr 1 dV
Therefore, x
dt 4 r 2
dt
1
x 100 (when the radius is 3cm)
4 (3) 2
25
cm s 1
9
C3/4 textbook: Ex 3, p159, Q. 6, 7, 9, 10,13, 14
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
dy dv du
u v uv / vu /
dx dx dx
Example 1
dy
Given that y 3 x 2 x 6 , find
2
using the product rule:
dx
Solution
Let u = 3x 2, v x 2 6,
du 3, dv
Then 2x
dx dx
dy dv du
Using u v
dx dx dx
dy
dx
3x 2 x 2 x x 2 6 x3
= 6 x 2 4 x 3x 2 18
9 x 2 4 x 18
dy
Example 2: Find if y (3 2 x) x 2 4
dx
Solution: (we need to use both the chain and product rules for this)
Let u 3 2 x, v x2 4
du dv 1 2 1 1
Then 2, ( x 4) 2 1 x 2 x x( x 2 4) 2
dx dx 2
(using chain rule)
_______________________________________________
dy
uv / vu / (using product rule)
dx
1
(3 2 x) x x( x 2 4) 2 x 2 4 x 2
1
x(3 2 x)( x 2 4) 2 2 x 2 4
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
Solution:
dy
0 at stationary points
dx
ie 2(x+2)(4x+3) 2 (10 x 15) 0
( x 2) 0 x 2
3
(4 x 3) 0 x
4
3
(10 x 15) 0 x are the x coords of the stationary points.
2
Exercise
i)
y 2 x 4 x3 3 x 9
ii) y x 3 5x 4 x
3 2
iv) y 3x 2 x x 7
3 2
v) y 3 8x2 2 4x
vi) y x x …………do you get the same answer as when we multiplied it
out first ?
u
If y = (where u and v are functions of x), then
v
dy v du u dv vu / uv /
dx dx
dx v 2 v2
Example 1:
3x 1 dy
Given that y , (i) find and hence (ii) find the equation of the
x2 dx
tangent to the curve at the point (1, 4 )
Solution:
x 2 x 3 3x 1 x 1
x 2
2
= 3x 6 3x2 1
( x 2)
7
x 2
2
dy 7
(ii) When x 1, 7
dx (1 2) 2
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
x2 1 dy
Example 2: Given that y find
3x 1 dx
Solution: (we need to use both the chain and quotient rules for this)
du dv 1
2 x, (3x 1) Exercise
1
2
x3
dx dx 2
1. Differentiate the
following using the Quotient
du dv
dy v dx u dx Rule:
dx v2 2x 5
3 i) y
x2 2
1 1
(3x 1) x 2 x ( x 1) x (3 x 1) 2
2 2
2 3x 2 1
(3 x 1) ii) y
6 2x
4x 1
iii) y 2
2 x(3x 1) 3 ( x 2 1)(3x 1) 3x 7
1 1
2 2
Integration
kx n1
kx dx
n
c, n 1
n 1
1
NB Exception is x 1dx or xdx ln x c
Example 1:
4
Find x2 dx
Solution
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
4
x2 dx 4x
2
dx.
21
= 4x c
2 1
-1
= 4x c
-1
= 4 x 1 c
9
3
Example 2: Evaluate x 2 dx
4
Solution:
9
3 1
9 3 x2
4 x 2 dx 3
2
1
4
9
= x ]
9 5 5
5 5 [x x
5 1
x2
2 2
2x 2
=
5 5
2 4 4
5 5
=2 9 4
2
84 5
5
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
2 3 1
4 4 dx
x x2
1
Solution;
2 3 1
4 4 dx
1
x x2
1
2
3x 4
x 2 4 dx
2
3x 41 x 21
4x
4 1 2 1 1
2
3x 3 x 1
4x
3 1 1
2
x 3 x 1 4 x
1
2
1 1
3 4x
x x 1
1 1
8 1 1 4
2
3 2
3
4 8
Example 4:
dy 1
Given that x 2
dx x
i) Find the general solution of the differential equation.
ii) Find the equation of the curve with this gradient function which
passes through (1,5)
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
Solution:
(i)
dy
x 12
dx x
1
=x 2 x 2
dy
y = dx
dx
1
= x 2 x 2 dx
3
x2 x 1
= c
3 1
2
2 3 1
y = x2 c
3 x
2 32 1 13
y x 5
3 x
Example 5:
x5 2 x 2 x
Find x4 dx
Solution: There is no quotient rule for integration so we must divide first
before integrating.
x5 2 x 2 xdx x 2 x 2 x 3 dx
x4
2 1 2
= x 2x x c
2 1 2
= 1 x2 2 1 2 c
2 x 2x
Integration involving a Linear Substitution
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
2x 1
3 3
Example 1: Evaluate I 1 dx
Solution:
du
Let u 2 x 1 2 du 2dx
dx
dx du
2
x 3 du
I x 1 u 3
2
= 1 x1 u 3du
x 3
2
x 3
4
= 1 u
2 4 x1
3
4
1
=
2x 1
1 7 4 34
2 4 8
1
1
5
I 3 x 1 dx
2
Example 2: Evaluate
1
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
Solution
du du
Let u 3x 1 3 dx
dx 3
x 5 du
Then I x 1 u
1
2
3
1 x 5 12
3 x 1
= u du
x 5
3
1 u 2
=
3 3
2 x 1
x 5
2
u
3
9 x 1
3 5
2
9
3x 1
1
2
16 4
9
2
2
9
4
9
Example 1
x(2 x 1) dx
2
Find
1
Solution Let u = 2 x 1 x (u 1)
2
du du
2 dx
dx 2
1 u4 u3
c.
4 4 3
3
u u 1
c.
4 4 3
3
u 3u 4
c. ………..replace the x…………….
4 12
(2 x 1)3 3(2 x 1) 4
c.
4 12
(2 x 1)3
(6 x 1) c.
48
Example 2
Find x x 1 dx.
Solution:
Let u = x 1 x u 1
du
1 dx du.
dx
Example 3
2 2
Evaluate 1 x(2 x 3) dx.
Solution:
1
Let u 2 x 3 x (u 3)
2
du du
2 dx
dx 2
Then replace each x :
2 2 x2 1 2 du
1 x (2 x 3) dx x1 2 (u 3)u 2 ….multiply out before integrating….
1 x 2 3
u 3u 2 du
4 x 1
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
x 2
1 u4
u3 ……replace the x………….
4 4 x 1
2
1 (2 x 3)4
(2 x 3)3
4 4 1
1 1 1
1 1
4 4 4
1 1
2
4 2
If the curve y=f(x) from x=a to x=b is rotated about the x-axis through 360o ,
the volume formed is given by
b
V= y 2 dx
a
q
[About the y-axis, from y=p to y=q, V = p x dy ]
2
Example 1: Find the volume of revolution formed when the area enclosed
1
by the curve y= , the x-axis and the lines x=1 and x=3 is rotated 360 o
x
about the x-axis.
Solution:
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C3 – CALCULUS (Differentiation and Integration)
3
V y 2 dx
1
2
31
dx
1
x
3
1
2 dx
1 x
3
x 2 dx
1
3
x 1
1 1
3
1
x 1
1 1
3 2
1
unit 2
6
Rearranging gives x = 2y + 1
4
V x 2 dy
1
4
2 y 1 dy
2
1
4
1 2y+1 3
x
2 3
1
4
1 2y+1)
3
2 3 1
1 93 33
-
2 3 3
117
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