Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet

You're working at your desk, trying to ignore the tingling or numbness you'
ve had for months in your hand and wrist.Suddenly, a sharp, piercing pain
shoots through the wrist and up your arm. Just a passing cramp? More likel
y you havecarpal tunnel syndrome, a painful progressive condition caused
by compression of a key nerve in the wrist.
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from t
he forearm into the palm of the hand, becomespressed or squeezed at the
wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb
and fingers(although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some sm
all muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumbto move. The carp
al tunnel - a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base o
f the hand - houses themedian nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening
from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel andcauses the
median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, weakness, or nu
mbness in the hand and wrist,radiating up the arm. Although painful sensa
tions may indicate other conditions, carpal tunnel syndrome is the mostco
mmon and widely known of the entrapment neuropathies in which the bod
y's peripheral nerves are compressed or traumatized.
What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Symptoms usually start gradually, with frequent burning, tingling, or itching numbnes
s in the palm of the hand and thefingers, especially the thumb and the index and mid
dle fingers. Some carpal tunnel sufferers say their fingers feeluseless and swollen, e
ven though little or no swelling is apparent. The symptoms often first appear in one o
r both handsduring the night, since many people sleep with flexed wrists. A person w
ith carpal tunnel syndrome may wake up feelingthe need to "shake out" the hand or
wrist. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day. Decreasedgrip
strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other man
ual tasks. In chronic and/oruntreated cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb m
ay waste away. Some people are unable to tell between hot and cold by touch.
What are the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Carpal tunnel syndrome is often the result of a combination of factors that
increase pressure on the median nerve andtendons in the carpal tunnel, r
ather than a problem with the nerve itself. Most likely the disorder is due t
o a congenitalpredisposition - the carpal tunnel is simply smaller in some
people than in others. Other contributing factors includetrauma or injury t
o the wrist that cause swelling, such as sprain or fracture; overactivity of t
he pituitary gland;hypothyroidism; rheumatoid arthritis; mechanical proble
ms in the wrist joint; work stress; repeated use of vibrating handtools; flui
d retention during pregnancy or menopause; or the development of a cyst
or tumor in the canal. In somecases no cause can be identified.

There is little clinical data to prove whether repetitive and forceful movem
ents of the hand and wrist during work or leisureactivities can cause carpa
l tunnel syndrome. Other disorders such as bursitis and tendonitis have be
en associated withrepeated motions performed in the course of normal wo
rk or other activities.. Writer's cramp may also be brought on byrepetitive
activity.
Who is at risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome?
Women are three times more likely than men to develop carpal tunnel syn
drome, perhaps because the carpal tunnelitself may be smaller in women
than in men. The dominant hand is usually affected first and produces the
most severepain. Persons with diabetes or other metabolic disorders that
directly affect the body's nerves and make them moresusceptible to comp
ression are also at high risk. Carpal tunnel syndrome usually occurs only in
adults.
The risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome is not confined to people in
a single industry or job, but is especiallycommon in those performing asse
mbly line work - manufacturing, sewing, finishing, cleaning, and meat, pou
ltry, or fishpacking. In fact, carpal tunnel syndrome is three times more co
mmon among assemblers than among data-entrypersonnel.

How is carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed?

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid permanent damage t
o the median nerve. A physical examination ofthe hands, arms, shoulders,
and neck can help determine if the patient's complaints are related to dail
y activities or toan underlying disorder, and can rule out other painful con
ditions that mimic carpal tunnel syndrome. The wrist isexamined for tende
rness, swelling, warmth, and discoloration. Each finger should be tested fo
r sensation, and themuscles at the base of the hand should be examined f
or strength and signs of atrophy. Routine laboratory tests and X-rays can r
eveal diabetes, arthritis, and fractures.
Physicians can use specific tests to try to produce the symptoms of carpal
tunnel syndrome. In the Tinel test, thedoctor taps on or presses on the me
dian nerve in the patient's wrist. The test is positive when tingling in the fi
ngers or aresultant shock-like sensation occurs. The Phalen, or wristflexion, test involves having the patient hold his or herforearms upright by
pointing the fingers down and pressing the backs of the hands together. T
he presence of carpaltunnel syndrome is suggested if one or more sympto
ms, such as tingling or increasing numbness, is felt in the fingerswithin 1
minute. Doctors may also ask patients to try to make a movement that bri
ngs on symptoms.
Often it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis by use of electrodiagnostic t
ests. In a nerve conduction study, electrodesare placed on the hand and w

rist. Small electric shocks are applied and the speed with which nerves tra
nsmit impulsesis measured. In electromyography, a fine needle is inserted
into a muscle; electrical activity viewed on a screen candetermine the sev
erity of damage to the median nerve. Ultrasound imaging can show abnor
mal size of the median nerve.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show
the anatomy of the wrist but to date has not been especially useful indiag
nosing carpal tunnel syndrome.
How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?
Treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome should begin as early as possible,
under a doctor's direction. Underlying causessuch as diabetes or arthritis s
hould be treated first. Initial treatment generally involves resting the affec
ted hand andwrist for at least 2 weeks, avoiding activities that may worse
n symptoms, and immobilizing the wrist in a splint to avoidfurther damage
from twisting or bending. If there is inflammation, applying cool packs can
help reduce swelling.
Non-surgical treatments
Drugs - In special circumstances, various drugs can ease the pain and swe
lling associated with carpal tunnelsyndrome. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other nonprescription
pain relievers,may ease symptoms that have been present for a short tim
e or have been caused by strenuous activity. Orallyadministered diuretics (
"water pills") can decrease swelling. Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
or the drug lidocainecan be injected directly into the wrist or taken by mou
th (in the case of prednisone) to relieve pressure on the mediannerve and
provide immediate, temporary relief to persons with mild or intermittent s
ymptoms. (Caution: persons withdiabetes and those who may be predispo
sed to diabetes should note that prolonged use of corticosteroids can mak
e itdifficult to regulate insulin levels. Corticosteroids should not be taken w
ithout a doctor's prescription.) Additionally,some studies show that vitami
n B6 (pyridoxine) supplements may ease the symptoms of carpal tunnel sy
ndrome.
Exercise - Stretching and strengthening exercises can be helpful in people
whose symptoms have abated. Theseexercises may be supervised by a ph
ysical therapist, who is trained to use exercises to treat physical impairme
nts, oran occupational therapist, who is trained in evaluating people with
physical impairments and helping them build skills toimprove their health
and well-being.
Alternative therapies - Acupuncture and chiropractic care have benefited s
ome patients but their effectiveness remainsunproved. An exception is yo
ga, which has been shown to reduce pain and improve grip strength amon
g patients withcarpal tunnel syndrome.
Surgery

Carpal tunnel release is one of the most common surgical procedures in th

e United States. Generally recommended ifsymptoms last for 6 months, su
rgery involves severing the band of tissue around the wrist to reduce pres
sure on themedian nerve. Surgery is done under local anesthesia and doe
s not require an overnight hospital stay. Many patientsrequire surgery on b
oth hands. The following are types of carpal tunnel release surgery:
Open release surgery, the traditional procedure used to correct carpal tun
nel syndrome, consists of making an incisionup to 2 inches in the wrist an
d then cutting the carpal ligament to enlarge the carpal tunnel. The proce
dure is generallydone under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis, unles
s there are unusual medical considerations.
Endoscopic surgery may allow faster functional recovery and less postope
rative discomfort than traditional open releasesurgery. The surgeon makes
two incisions (about 1/2 inch each) in the wrist and palm, inserts a camera
attached to atube, observes the tissue on a screen, and cuts the carpal lig
ament (the tissue that holds joints together). This two-portal endoscopic s
urgery, generally performed under local anesthesia, is effective and minim
izes scarring and scartenderness, if any. Single portal endoscopic surgery f
or carpal tunnel syndrome is also available and can result in lesspostoperative pain and a minimal scar. It generally allows individuals to resum
e some normal activities in a shortperiod of time.
Although symptoms may be relieved immediately after surgery, full recov
ery from carpal tunnel surgery can takemonths. Some patients may have i
nfection, nerve damage, stiffness, and pain at the scar. Occasionally the w
rist losesstrength because the carpal ligament is cut. Patients should unde
rgo physical therapy after surgery to restore wriststrength. Some patients
may need to adjust job duties or even change jobs after recovery from sur
gery.
Recurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome following treatment is rare. The maj
ority of patients recover completely.
How can carpal tunnel syndrome be prevented?
At the workplace, workers can do on-the-job conditioning, perform stretchi
ng exercises, take frequent rest breaks, wearsplints to keep wrists straight
, and use correct posture and wrist position. Wearing fingerless gloves can
help keephands warm and flexible. Workstations, tools and tool handles, a
nd tasks can be redesigned to enable the worker'swrist to maintain a natu
ral position during work. Jobs can be rotated among workers. Employers c
an develop programsin ergonomics, the process of adapting workplace co
nditions and job demands to the capabilities of workers. However,research
has not conclusively shown that these workplace changes prevent the occ
urrence of carpal tunnel syndrome.

What research is being done?

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part
of the National Institutes of Health, is thefederal government's leading sup
porter of biomedical research on neuropathy, including carpal tunnel syndr
ome. AnotherNIH component, the National Institute of Arthritis and Muscul
oskeletal and Skin Disorders (NIAMS), supports researchon tissue damage
associated with repetitive motion disorders, including carpal tunnel syndro
me. Scientists supportedby the NINDS are studying the factors that lead t
o long-lasting neuropathies, and how the affected nerves are related tosy
mptoms of pain, numbness, and functional loss. Researchers also are exa
mining biomechanical stresses thatcontribute to the nerve damage respon
sible for symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in order to better understan
d, treat,and prevent this ailment. By quantifying the distinct biomechanica
l pressures from fluid and anatomical structures,researchers are finding w
ays to limit or prevent carpal tunnel syndrome in the workplace and decre
ase other costly anddisabling occupational illnesses.
Scientists funded through NIH's National Center for Complementary and Al
ternative Medicine are investigating theeffects of acupuncture on pain, los
s of median nerve function, and changes in the brain associated with carp
al tunnelsyndrome. In addition, a randomized clinical trial designed to eval
uate the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulativetreatment in conjunctio
n with standard medical care is underway. Evaluations of these therapies a
nd other therapies willhelp to tailor patient treatment programs.