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V (z) = V e
Lossy line
+ z
z
+V e
1
I (z) =
V + e j z V e j z
Z0
V (z) = V e
+V e
1
I (z) =
V + e z V e z
Z0
Since V (z) and I (z) are the solutions of second order differential
+
65
Transmission Lines
ZR
z
d
0
We will also change the positive direction of the space coordinate,
so that it increases when moving from load to generator along the
transmission line.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
66
Transmission Lines
V (d) = V e
I (d) =
1
Z0
Lossy line
+ d
d
+V e
+ jd
V e
j d
V e
V (d) = V e
I (d) =
1
Z0
+V e
+ d
V e
V e
V (0) = V + + V
1
I (0) =
V + V
Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
)
67
Transmission Lines
V (0) = Z R I (0)
Therefore, we have
ZR
V +V =
V + V
Z0
+
Z R Z0
R = + =
Z R + Z0
V
68
Transmission Lines
+ j d
V (d) = V e
+ j d
I (d) =
V e
Z0
1+ R e
1 Re
2 j d
2 j d
+ d
V (d) = V e
+ d
I (d) =
V e
Z0
1+ R e
1 Re
2 d
2 d
(d) = R e2 j d
(d) = R e2 d
V (d) = V + e j d (1 + (d) )
V (d) = V + e d (1 + (d) )
V + e j d
I (d) =
(1 (d) )
Z0
V +e d
I (d) =
(1 (d) )
Z0
69
Transmission Lines
1 + (d)
V (d)
Z (d) =
= Z0
1 (d)
I (d)
A simple circuit diagram can illustrate the significance of line
impedance and generalized reflection coefficient:
Req = (d)
d
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
ZR
Zeq=Z(d)
0
70
Transmission Lines
Req = (d ) =
Z Req Z 0
Z Req + Z 0
Vin V (L)
1 + (L)
=
= Z0
Z in =
1 (L)
I in
I (L)
The input impedance is the equivalent impedance representing the
entire line terminated by the load.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
71
Transmission Lines
L >> R
C >> G
so that
= ( j L + R )( j C + G )
=
R
G
j L j C 1 +
1+
L
j
R
G
RG
j LC 1 +
+
j L j C 2 LC
The last term under the square root can be neglected, because it is
the product of two very small quantities.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
72
Transmission Lines
1 R
G
+
j LC 1 +
2
j
L
j
C
1
C
L
= R
+G
+ j LC
2
L
C
so that
1
C
L
= R
+G
L
C
2
= LC
73
Transmission Lines
R + j L
L
Z0 =
G + jC
C
and the phase velocity associated to the wave propagation is
vp =
1
LC
BUT NOTE:
In the case of the low-loss line, the equations for voltage and
current retain the same form obtained for general lossy lines.
74
Transmission Lines
R=0
G=0
L
Z0 =
C
while the propagation constant has no attenuation term
= ( j L)( j C ) = j LC = j
The loss-less line does not dissipate power, because = 0.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
75
Transmission Lines
V (d)
1 + (d)
Z (d) =
= Z0
I (d)
1 (d)
By including the appropriate generalized reflection coefficient, we
can derive alternative expressions of the line impedance:
A) Loss-less line
1 + R e2 jd
Z R + jZ 0 tan( d)
Z (d) = Z 0
= Z0
2 jd
jZ R tan( d) + Z 0
1 Re
B) Lossy line (including low-loss)
1 + R e 2 d
Z R + Z 0 tanh( d)
Z (d) = Z 0
= Z0
2 d
Z R tanh( d) + Z 0
1 Re
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
76
Transmission Lines
1
P(d , t ) = Re V (d) I * (d)
2
77
Transmission Lines
The generator, the input impedance, the input voltage and the input
current determine the power injected at the transmission line input.
Iin
ZG
VG
Vin
Generator
Zin
Line
Zin
Vin = VG
ZG + Zin
1
Iin = VG
ZG + Zin
1
*
Pin = Re Vin Iin
2
}
78
Transmission Lines
1
P(d=0 , t ) = Re V (0) I * (0)
2
+
1
1
= Re V (1 + R ) * V + (1 R )
2
Z0
P line = P in P (d = 0 , t )
In a loss-less transmission line no power is absorbed by the line, so
the input time-average power is the same as the time-average
power absorbed by the load. Remember that the internal impedance
of the generator dissipates part of the total power generated.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
79
Transmission Lines
R0 + jX 0 R0 + jX 0
= *
=
= 2
*
2
Z0 Z0 Z0
R0 + X 02
Z0
1
Z0
1
Y0 =
= G0 + jB0
Z0
It may be more convenient to deal with the complex admittance at
the numerator of the power expression, rather than the complex
characteristic impedance at the denominator.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
80
Transmission Lines
*
0
P(d=0, t ) = 1 Re V + 1+ R 1 V + 1
2
=
V+
2 Z0
V+
2 Z0
V+
2 Z0
V+
2 Z0
2
2
Re R0 + jX
R
+
jX
Re
0
0
2
1+ Re + j Im
2
2
R0 R0 R 2 X 0 Im
1 Re
2
2
1 Re + Im +
R
R
Re
+
+
2Im
R
jX
j
1
R
0
0
2
+ j Im
j 2Im R
81
Transmission Lines
*
0
P(d=0, t ) = 1 Re V + 1+ R Y V + 1
2
=
=
V+
1+ Re + j Im
1 Re
2
2
1 Re
R + Im R +
Re G0 jB0 1 R + j 2Im
2
V+
Re G0 jB0
2
V+
Re G0 jB
2
V+
G0 G0 R + 2B0 Im
+ j Im
j 2Im R
82
Transmission Lines
Zin
Generator
Load
ZG
VG
ZG = Z*in
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Transmission line
ZR
83
Transmission Lines
1
P (d , t ) = Re{ V (d) I * (d) }
2
1
+ j d
1 + R e j 2 d
= Re V e
2
1
(V + )* e j d 1 R e j 2 d
Z0
1
+2
=
V
2Z0
Incident wave
)
*
1
+2
V
R 2
2Z0
Reflected wave
This result is valid for any location, including the input and the load,
since the transmission line does not absorb any power.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
84
Transmission Lines
{
{
}
(
1
P (d , t ) = Re V (d) I * (d)
2
1
= Re V + e d e j d 1 + R e2 d
2
1
(V + )* e d e j d 1 R e2 d
Z0
)
*
1
1
+ 2 2 d
+ 2 2 d
=
V
e
V
e
R 2
2Z0
2Z0
Incident wave
Reflected wave
85
Transmission Lines
Note that in a lossy line the reference for the amplitude of the
incident voltage wave is at the load and that the amplitude grows
exponentially moving towards the input. The amplitude of the
incident wave behaves in the following way
V + e L
input
V + e d
V+
load
The reflected voltage wave has maximum amplitude at the load, and
it decays exponentially moving back towards the generator. The
amplitude of the reflected wave behaves in the following way
V + R e L
input
V + R e d
V +R
load
86
Transmission Lines
For a general lossy line the power flow is again position dependent.
Since the characteristic impedance is complex, the result has an
additional term involving the imaginary part of the characteristic
admittance, B0, as
{
{
1
P (d , t ) = Re V (d) I * (d)
2
1
= Re V + e d e j d (1 + (d) )
2
Y0* (V + )* e d e j d (1 (d) )*
G0 + 2 2 d G0 + 2 2 d
=
V
e
V
e
R 2
2
2
+ B0 V
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
+2
e2 d Im( (d))
87
Transmission Lines
Z 0*
R0 jX 0 R0 jX 0
1
Y0 =
=
=
= 2
= G0 + jB0
*
2
2
Z0 Z0 Z0
R0 + X 0
Z0
X0
R0
=
G0 = 2
B
0
R0 + X 02
R02 + X 02
Recall that for a low-loss transmission line the characteristic
impedance is approximately real, so that
B0 0
and
Z 0 1 G0 R0 .
The previous result for the low-loss line can be readily recovered
from the time-average power for the general lossy line.
88
Transmission Lines
Zin
Vin = V (L) = VG
ZG + Zin
or
with
1 + (L)
Zin = Z 0
1 (L)
Z R + jZ 0 tan( L)
Zin = Z 0
jZ R tan( L) + Z 0
Z R + Z 0 tanh( L)
Zin = Z 0
Z R tanh( L) + Z 0
lossy line
89
Transmission Lines
V (L) = V + e j L [1 + (L) ] = V + e j L (1 + R e j 2 L )
Zin
1
V = VG
ZG + Zin e j L (1 + R e j 2 L )
+
V (L) = V + e L [1 + (L) ] = V + e L 1 + R e2 d
Zin
1
V = VG
ZG + Zin e L (1 + R e2 L )
+
90
Transmission Lines
Z01
Z02
ZR
1
Z01
Zin
Zin Z01
1 =
Zin + Z01
91
Transmission Lines
Special Cases
ZR 0 (SHORT CIRCUIT)
ZR = 0
Z0
V (d = 0) = V + e j 0 (1 + R e j 2 0 )
= V + (1 + R ) = 0
R = 1
92
Transmission Lines
Since
R =
V
V+
V = V +
We can write the line voltage phasor as
V (d) = V + e j d + V e j d
= V + e j d V + e j d
= V + ( e j d e j d )
= 2 jV + sin( d)
93
Transmission Lines
1
(V + e j d V e j d )
I (d) =
Z0
1
(V + e j d + V + e j d )
=
Z0
V + j d
(e
=
+ e j d )
Z0
2V +
cos( d)
=
Z0
V (d)
2 jV + sin( d)
=
= jZ0 tan( d)
Z(d) =
+
I (d) 2V cos( d) / Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
94
Transmission Lines
95
Transmission Lines
1 T
< P(d, t ) > = P(d, t ) dt
T 0
| V + |2
1 T
=
sin(2 d) sin (2 t + 2) = 0
Z0
T 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
96
Transmission Lines
ZR (OPEN CIRCUIT)
ZR
Z0
V + j 0
I (d = 0) =
e (1 R e j 2 0 )
Z0
V+
=
(1 R ) = 0
Z0
R = 1
97
Transmission Lines
Since
R =
V
V+
V = V+
We can write the line current phasor as
1
I (d) =
(V + e j d V e j d )
Z0
1
=
(V + e j d V + e j d )
Z0
V + j d j d
2 jV +
=
e
(e
)=
sin( d)
Z0
Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
98
Transmission Lines
V (d) = (V + e j d + V e j d )
= (V + e j d + V + e j d )
= V + ( e j d + e j d )
= 2V + cos( d)
The line impedance is given by
V (d)
2V + cos( d)
Z0
Z(d) =
=
=j
I (d) 2 jV + sin( d) / Z0
tan( d)
99
Transmission Lines
100
Transmission Lines
1 T
< P(d, t ) > = P(d, t ) dt
T 0
| V + |2
1 T
=
sin(2 d) sin (2 t + 2) = 0
Z0
T 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
101
Transmission Lines
ZR = Z0 (MATCHED LOAD)
Z0
ZR = Z0
ZR Z0 Z0 Z0
R =
=
=0
ZR + Z0 Z0 + Z0
no reflection!
V (d) = V + e j d (1 + R e2 j d ) = V + e j d
+
V + j d
V
(1 R e2 j d ) =
I( d ) =
e
e j d
Z0
Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
102
Transmission Lines
V (d) V + e j d
Z(d) =
=
= Z0
+
I (d) V j d
e
Z0
The time-dependent voltage and current are
V (d, t ) = Re[| V + | e j e j d e j t ]
= | V + | Re[e j( t + d +) ] =| V + | cos( t + d + )
I (d, t ) = Re[| V + | e j e j d e j t ] / Z0
+
| V+ |
|
V
|
j ( t + d +)
=
Re[e
]=
cos( t + d + )
Z0
Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
103
Transmission Lines
+
|
|
V
P(d, t ) = | V + | cos( t + d + )
cos( t + d + )
Z0
| V + |2
cos2 ( t + d + )
=
Z0
and the time average power absorbed by the load is
1 t | V + |2
< P(d) > =
cos2 ( t + d + ) dt
T 0 Z0
| V + |2
=
2 Z0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
104
Transmission Lines
ZR = jX (PURE REACTANCE)
ZR = j X
Z0
ZR Z0 jX Z0
R =
=
=
ZR + Z0 jX + Z0
( jX Z0 )( jX Z0 )
=
=
( jX + Z0 )( jX Z0 )
X 2 Z02
Z02 + X 2
+2j
XZ0
Z02 + X 2
105
Transmission Lines
In polar form
R = R exp( j)
where
R =
(
(
)
) (
2 2
X Z0
4 X 2 Z02
+
=
2
2
Z02 + X 2
Z02 + X 2
2
(
(
)
)
2
2 2
Z0 + X
=1
2
Z02 + X 2
1 2 XZ0
= tan
X 2 Z2
0
The reflection coefficient has unitary magnitude, as in the case of
short and open circuit load, with zero time average power absorbed
by the load. Both voltage and current are finite at the load, and the
time-dependent power oscillates between positive and negative
values. This means that the load periodically stores power and
then returns it to the line without dissipation.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
106
Transmission Lines
2 f
2
Zin = j Z0 tan ( L ) = j Z0 tan L = j Z0 tan
L
v
p
107
Transmission Lines
X = L (always an inductance)
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
108
Transmission Lines
Z in = 0
L= 0
0< L<
L=
k p
Im Z in > 0
in d u c ta n c e
Z in
o p e n c irc u it
k p
c a p a c ita n c e
Im Z in < 0
Z in = 0
< L<
L=
< L<
L=
3
4
3
4
3
< L<
4
s h o rt c irc u it
k p
s h o rt c irc u it
Im Z in > 0
in d u c ta n c e
Z in
o p e n c irc u it
k p
Im Z in < 0
c a p a c ita n c e
109
Z(L)/Zo = j tan( L)
Transmission Lines
10
inductive
inductive
0
-10
capacitive
cap.
-20
-30
-40
0
100
/(2)= /4
200
/ =/2
300
3/(2)= 3/4
400
2/=
500
5/(2)= 5/4
[deg]
Line Length L
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
110
Z(L)/Zo = j tan( L)
Transmission Lines
10
inductive
inductive
0
-10
capacitive
cap.
-20
-30
-40
0
100
vp / (4L)
200
vp / (2L)
300
3vp / (4L)
400
vp / L
500
5vp / (4L)
[deg]
Frequency of operation
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
111
Transmission Lines
Z0
Zin = j
=j
tan ( L )
Z0
Z0
=j
2
2 f
tan L
tan
L
v
p
We can also use the open circuited line to realize any reactance, but
starting from a capacitive value when the line length is very short.
Note once again that the frequency behavior of a corresponding
lumped element is different. Consider an ideal capacitor with
capacitance C assumed to be constant with frequency. At zero
frequency the capacitor behaves as an open circuit, but the
reactance varies monotonically and linearly with frequency as
1
X=
(always a capacitance)
C
112
Transmission Lines
L= 0
0< L<
L=
< L<
L=
< L<
L=
3
4
3
4
3
< L<
4
Z in
o p e n c irc u it
Im Z in < 0
k p
c a p a c ita n c e
Z in = 0
s h o rt c irc u it
k p
Im Z in > 0
in d u c ta n c e
Z in
o p e n c irc u it
Im Z in < 0
k p
c a p a c ita n c e
Z in = 0
s h o rt c irc u it
k p
Im Z in > 0
in d u c ta n c e
113
Z(L)/ Zo = - j cotan( L)
Transmission Lines
10
inductive
inductive
0
-10
capacitive
capacitive
capacitive
-20
-30
-40
0
100
/(2) = /4
200
/ = /2
300
3/(2) = 3/4
400
2/ = 2
500
5/(2) = 5/4
[deg]
Line Length L
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
114
Z(L)/ Zo = - j cotan( L)
Transmission Lines
10
inductive
inductive
0
-10
capacitive
capacitive
capacitive
-20
-30
-40
0
100
vp / (4L)
200
vp / (2L)
300
3vp / (4L)
400
vp / L
500
5vp / (4L)
[deg]
Frequency of operation
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
115
Transmission Lines
L1
short
circuit
Z0
Zin1
Zin1 = j Z0 tan ( L 1 )
Amarcord, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
L2
Z0
short
circuit
Zin2
Zin2 = j Z0 tan ( L 2 )
116
Transmission Lines
1
1
+
=0
j Z0 tan ( r L1 ) j Z0 tan ( r L 2 )
or
tan L1 = tan L 2
vp
vp
with
2 r
r =
=
r vp
117