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College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
Department of Construction Engineering, Zhejiang College of Construction, Hangzhou 311231, PR China
c
College of Architecture and Construction Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
d
Zhoushan Supervision Station of Construction Engineering Quality, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
b
h i g h l i g h t s
We provided a database of autogenous shrinkage of HPC under different temperatures.
We updated the measurement method of autogenous shrinkage.
FA and BS will decrease and increase autogenous shrinkage respectively.
Both the rate and the magnitude of autogenous shrinkage vary with temperature.
We proposed an equation of estimating autogenous shrinkage at different temperatures.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 26 November 2013
Received in revised form 17 March 2014
Accepted 17 March 2014
Available online 5 April 2014
Keywords:
Autogenous shrinkage
High performance concrete (HPC)
Fly ash (FA)
Blast-furnace slag (BS)
Curing temperature
Waterbinder ratio (w/b)
Estimation
a b s t r a c t
The present study investigated experimentally autogenous shrinkage behaviors of high performance
concrete (HPC) containing y ash (FA) and blast-furnace slag (BS) exposed to different isothermal
temperatures. The deformation of concrete specimen after initial setting was determined using a modied method which is based on non-contact measurement technique. The results indicated that the
method can precisely monitor non-load induced deformations of HPC mixtures. The inclusions of BS
and FA resulted in signicant increase and decrease of autogenous shrinkage of HPC, respectively. While
both the rate and the magnitude of autogenous shrinkage for almost all mixtures were increased with rise
of curing temperature, extents of the inuence were varied with waterbinder ratio, composition of
cementitious materials and age. It is noted that although the equivalent age equation was widely applied
to evaluate temperature dependence of mechanical properties of cement-based materials, its applicability on autogenous shrinkage of HPC was questionable. In addition, on a trial and error basis, a modied
autogenous shrinkage equation was performed in terms of numerical tting of the measured data.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In recent years, as a typical structural material, high performance concrete (HPC) is widely used in civil engineering because
of its excellent performance, namely high workability, high
strength, high durability and long-term performance [13]. For
the purpose of improving performance of concrete, lower and
lower w/b are executed [2,3], and a series of mineral and chemical
admixtures (such as y ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace
slag (BS) and superplasticizer) are introduced [13]. Accordingly,
many aspects of micro-structures of HPC are distinguished from
normal concrete, which further results in differences of
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 571 8832 0124.
E-mail address: yangyang@zjut.edu.cn (Y. Yang).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.023
0950-0618/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
261
Table 1
Testing parameters and their levels.
Corresponding levels
Table 2
Oxide and potential mineral compositions (by mass) and physical properties of
cementitious materials.
2. Experimental program
2.1. Experimental parameters
As tabulated in Table 1, experimental parameters mainly including w/b, composition of cementitous material and curing temperature. Corresponding levels of
each parameter are set based on characteristic of HPC mixtures and typical exposure conditions, respectively. Also, substitution ratios of FA and BS are in the range
of typical applications.
Items
Unit
OP
FA
BS
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
Na2O
SO3
LOIa
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
62.64
22.24
5.34
3.20
0.63
0.29
2.64
1.67
3.60
59.31
22.10
8.26
1.82
0.33
0.28
31.33
33.05
15.47
0.27
16.11
0.72
0.37
45.5
29.5
8.7
9.7
3.12
376
2.25
343
2.90
436
Testing parameters
a
b
262
Table 3
Mixture proportions and basic properties of the HPC.
Mix. ID
a
b
c
w/b
Basic properties
OP
FA
BS
SP (%)
Slump (mm)
Slump ow (mm)
OP-20
OP-30
OP-40
FA-20
FA-30
FA-40
BS-20
BS-30
BS-40
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.40
700
600
500
455
390
325
350
300
250
245
210
175
350
300
250
140
180
200
140
180
200
140
180
200
2.00
1.00
0.80
1.70
0.90
0.70
1.50
0.75
0.50
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
265
270
275
275
265
270
280
275
280
600 605
610 620
620 630
650 655
655 660
660 675
625 635
660 670
665 670
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.8
3.6
4.2
3.2
3.6
3.9
VF-30c
0.30
533
160
1.90
656
944
560 560
63.4
resistance strain gauges (ERSG) stuck on surface of the specimen is used to monitor
shrinkage strain subsequently. It is proved in latter section that this method has
great practical value, enough precision and good reproducibility.
2.3.2. Testing details
As shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b), two identical sensor supports are installed and
fastened on the top of steel prism mould with interior size of
100 100 400 mm. The ECDS are xed on the sensor supports, and their
positions could be regulated previously. Two U-shaped invar steel target seats are
positioned properly on the bottom surface of the steel mould (see also Fig. 1(c)).
After casting the HPC mixtures, target seats will be embedded in concrete specimen,
and will deform simultaneously with concrete. Standard targets are magnetically
attached on target seats (see also Fig. 1(f)), respectively.
The standard targets and the corresponding ECDS constitute fundamental
elements for stirring up eddy-current, and any tiny deformation of concrete
specimen causing by self-desiccation, temperature and moisture gradients, etc.,
can be monitored by signal conversion device, which transforms electric signals
into displacements. Intervals of measurement data acquisition can be set freely.
Fig. 1. Autgenous shrinkage test method from initial set to 3-day age: (a) top view and (b) front view; (c) steel mould with pre-attached U-shaped target seats; (d) concrete
mixture casted into steel mould; (e) installation of ECDS on surface of the mould and (f) standard target attached upon target seat; (g) an amplication of ECDS.
263
Fig. 2. Reproducibility and stability and of the shrinkage test method used: (a) shrinkage strain on two identical specimens, obtained from non-contact shrinkage apparatus
and (b) shrinkage strain on 3 different lateral sides of the same specimen, obtained from 3 pieces of ERSGs, respectively.
Table 4
Initial and nal setting time (h) of the HPC mixtures used.
Mix. ID
OP-30
OP-40
FA-20
FA-30
FA-40
BS-20
BS-30
BS-40
Curing temperature of 10 C
Initial setting
4.8
Final setting
11.1
OP-20
10.3
14.6
11.1
16.1
5.2
11.2
10.0
14.8
14.0
18.6
10.3
15.8
12.0
17.6
14.0
18.9
Curing temperature of 20 C
Initial setting
4.0
Final setting
7.4
7.4
9.8
8.2
11.7
4.9
10.2
8.0
11.0
8.9
12.8
5.9
11.0
7.3
11.0
9.1
14.2
Curing temperature of 30 C
Initial setting
3.6
Final setting
5.8
4.2
6.2
5.8
8.7
3.6
6.2
4.5
6.8
6.5
8.8
3.7
6.9
4.9
7.3
6.9
9.2
264
Fig. 3. Evolution of temperature at the center of concrete specimen: (a) curing temperature of 10 C, (b) 20 C and (c) 30 C for the 9 HPC mixtures. Legends in the graphs and
subsequent gures are interpreted in form of schematic.
Table 5
Compressive strength (MPa) of HPC mixtures used.
Mix. ID
OP-20
OP-30
OP-40
Curing temperature of 10 C
1d
40.4
3d
92.4
7d
94.8
28d
99.2
23.8
55.3
64.7
74.6
7.4
33.1
46.6
62.6
Curing temperature of 20 C
1d
65.5
3d
93.6
7d
98.1
28d
115.3
42.2
62.3
74.5
85.7
Curing temperature of 30 C
1d
84.7
3d
95.4
7d
97.4
28d
103.9
55.3
64.3
70.3
80.6
FA-20
FA-30
FA-40
16.8
55.3
71.0
89.9
13.6
36.0
48.6
72.1
5.2
18.4
28.5
46.2
22.6
41.7
52.5
71.3
37.9
65.9
78.1
94.3
34.8
43.9
57.7
74.5
35.1
47.7
54.0
74.7
59.2
78.7
85.3
115.2
34.8
56.1
61.0
91.3
BS-20
BS-30
BS-40
20.7
54.6
72.4
87.1
8.1
28.6
48.1
66.2
2.7
13.6
24.9
42.7
7.2
21.4
33.2
47.9
13.5
56.7
95.5
108.3
11.0
33.9
53.9
75.1
5.1
21.2
38.5
59.8
18.8
33.3
44.5
67.5
45.0
88.3
104.3
116.1
27.1
60.3
76.9
91.0
14.2
35.3
44.5
70.7
lower w/b mixtures is faster than that of higher w/b mixtures; (3)
the effects of curing temperature on strength of the mixtures
containing FA/BS are greater than these of the control mixtures
and (4) higher curing temperature is benecial to strength
development of the mixtures containing FA/BS.
3.3. Autogenous shrinkage
3.3.1. Effects of w/b on autogenous shrinkage
It is supposed that the deformation before initial setting has
negligible inuence on stress development in a restrained concrete
265
member, so the autogenous strain is zeroed at the initial set for all
mixtures under different curing temperatures. Test results for control mixtures in Fig. 4 show that lower w/b HPC mixtures exhibited
larger autogenous shrinkage than higher w/b mixtures, and that
the increasing rate of the former is superior to the latter. This is
in agreement with those reported by Tazawa and Miyazawa [8],
Lura [4] and Lim and Wee [17]. For all the concretes studied, 60%
or more of the autogenous shrinkage strain up to 60 days occurred
during the rst 2 weeks after casting. Thus, the early-age autogenous shrinkage should not be overlooked and underestimated, as
the concrete is most susceptible to cracking at early ages due to
Fig. 4. Effects of w/b on early-age autogenous shrinkage: (a) age-dependent curves of autogenous shrinkage strain for 3 control (pure cement) mixtures under curing
temperature of 30 C and (b) autogenous shrinkage ratio (i.e., the ratio of autogenous shrinkage value at a specic age to the 60d value) vs. age for 3 control mixtures under
curing temperature of 30 C.
Fig. 5. Effects of mineral admixtures on early-age autogenous shrinkage: (a) mixtures with w/b = 0.20 under 20 C curing; (b) mixtures with w/b = 0.20 under 30oC curing; (c)
mixtures with w/b = 0.30 under 30 C curing and (d) mixtures with w/b = 0.40 under 30 C curing.
266
its low tensile strength and strain capacity. For the control mixtures, although the same reduction of w/b happens, when it
decreases from 0.40 to 0.30 and from 0.30 to 0.20, resulted
increases of autogenous shrinkage are unnecessarily same. In other
words, the increase of autogenous shrinkage is not proportional to
the decrease of w/b. In addition, these explanations and conclusions are also suitable to other mixtures under different curing
temperatures which not plotted in Fig. 4.
Occasionally, swelling can be observed in the FA and BS mixtures, a contribution to this swelling could be re-absorption of
bleeding water. It has been observed that removing the bleeding
water reduces the swelling [3,4], but does not eliminate it totally.
The residual swelling could be due to internal bleeding in the mixture. In the present research, a little external bleeding has been
observed in BS and FA mixtures. Other possible explanations of this
phenomenon could be found at the scale of the hydration products
and early-age ettringite formation [4,9,10,20]. In a word, the earlyage expansion is far from fully understood and it complicates the
interpretation of autogenous shrinkage measurements, leading to
confusion in the shrinkage behavior.
3.3.2. Effects of mineral admixtures on autogenous shrinkage
As partially shown in Fig. 5, all BS mixtures have higher autogenous shrinkage than the OP ones; all FA mixtures have lower
autogenous shrinkage than the OP ones with the same w/b and
exposed to the same temperature. The higher autogenous shrinkage of concrete containing BS may be due to the greater chemical
shrinkage than that of the concrete with pure Portland cement.
Thus, the greater chemical shrinkage led to faster and greater
self-desiccation, and results in larger autogenous shrinkage. Moreover, the use of BS makes cement paste have a ner pore structure,
as conrmed by its lower permeability [1,2,17,30]. Finer pores contribute to a lower internal relative humidity, which increases the
degree of self-desiccation.
The behavior of autogenous shrinkage in FA mixtures seems to
be correlated with hydration characteristic of the pozzolanic material. With the substitution of cement by FA, internal relative
humidity of concrete decreases relatively slowly, self-desiccation
may not practically occurs, and consequently reduces autogenous
shrinkage. Another reason for decrease of autogenous shrinkage
is delayed hydration of FA (also be called as secondary hydration
or pozzolanic reaction), which must be premised on portlandite
produced by cement hydration. The delayed hydration produces
a negligible contribution to autogenous shrinkage because of improved stiffness of concrete. As illustrated in Tables 4 and 5,
although FA often reduces autogenous shrinkage, it also brings
set retardation, lower early-age strength and accelerated carbonation [2,6,8].
As far as the shrinkage rate is concerned, it can be seen from
Fig. 5, OP mixtures kept the maximum rate before the age of
3 days, followed by BS mixtures, and FA mixtures show the slowest
shrinkage rate. After that, the situation is changed, the autogenous
shrinkage of the BS mixtures continued increase rapidly and whose
development rate exceeded those of OP and FA ones. With lower
w/b and higher curing temperature, the characteristic is much
more remarkable.
3.3.3. Autogenous shrinkage under different curing temperatures
Fig. 6 shows the age-dependent curves of measured autogenous
shrinkage cured at 3 different temperatures. Both the rate and the
magnitude of autogenous shrinkage are signicantly varied with
the curing temperature. In general, higher curing temperature
Fig. 6. Effects of curing temperature on autogenous shrinkage for: (a) all OP mixtures; (b) all FA mixtures; (c) all BS mixtures; (d) autogenous shrinkage strain for w/b = 0.20
mixtures at specic ages (1, 3, 28, 60 days) vs. curing temperature.
267
Fig. 7. Autogenous shrinkage as a function of equivalent age at different temperatures for (a) OP-20 mixture; (b) OP-30 mixture; (c) FA-20 mixture and (d) BS-30 mixture.
268
eAS t; 20 c eAS;28 bt
28 t is
bt exp a 1
t tis
b )
3
cation is made by comparing the differences of shrinkage strain between cured at 20 C and other temperatures. The modied model
is expressed in the following equation (Eq. (4)), i.e., a power item
including the temperature effects is added to the original model.
"
eAS t; T eAS t; 20 1
c
t tis T20=d
#
4
Fig. 8. Estimation of autogenous shrinkage by a modication on a previous model: (a) OP-20, (b) FA-40 and (c) BS-30 mixture; (d) the VF-30 mixture is used to verify the
present model. It is noteworthy to mention that tting values for the constants (c, a, b, c and d) in Eqs. (1)(4) are also attached.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of PR China (Project No. 50979098) and Department of Education of Zhejiang Province (Project No. Y201330182) for nancially
supporting this work, respectively. We are most grateful to anonymous reviewers for useful comments that helped to improve this
article.
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