AN INSIGHT TO 4TH GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEM
Navya Eetaram
III yr CSE
E-mail id: navya.eetaram24@gmail.com
Abstract
Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and
more powerful; they have bigger screens and longer
battery life, more features and more capabilities.
Things like watching the football game on your mobile
device, watching movies, videoconferencing, paying
your bills and downloading music to the palm of your
hand will become second nature in the near future
Bandwidth will always be the limiting factor in the
development of applications and devices, be it wired,
or wireless. At the moment the wireless world doesn’t
have a large-cell, high bandwidth standard, that is
capable of delivering the much needed speeds to a
mobile device.
The short fall of 3G networks is clear, it’s just not
fast enough, offering 384kbps doesn’t meet the
requirements of what the end user has come to expect
these days. Some people see 3G as a stop-gap, until a
fully integrated IP network is created; some countries
have even chosen to bypass 3G and head straight to
4G, a method which has its advantages, and its
disadvantages.
4G is set to be available around 2010, getting it
right first time will make it a general winner with the
one billion mobile users around the world. The end
user can expect low cost per data bit, as well as speed
and reliability, something which is greatly needed, and
will become second nature in the future.
Technology Companies with 4G networks are
knocking on the door and mobile operators are
beginning to answer. 4G networks and Next
Generation Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast and
very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP
built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network.
IP is pushing its way into the mobile wireless
market,” said Visant Strategies Senior Analyst Andy
Fuertes, author of “The Road to 4G and NGN:
Wireless IP Migration Paths.”
A handful of wirel ess technologies are set to join
existing 2.5G and 3G standards, , as 4G and NGN
vendors find a foothold in the mobile market. “The
B.Sravanthi
III yr CSE
E-mail id:sravanthireddy_b15@yahoo.com
current race is ultimately to wrestle control from the
UMTS and CDMA2000 platforms,” Fuertes said.
“Siemens carrying Flarion’s Flash-OFDM as
announced is a large step forward for IP-based mobile
wireless.”
Service Providers are considering new protocols in
search of a migration to an all IP network, a move
expected to lower high-speed data costs and enable
new services. Some of these solutions are considered
3.5G or even 4G.
Introduction
4G mobile technology is the name given to the next
generation of mobile devices such as cell phones. It
became available from at least one provider in several
parts of the US in 2009. There is not yet an agreed
industry standard for what constitutes 4G mobile, so
for now it is merely a marketing term.
The use of G, standing for generation, in mobile
technology covers the major advances of the past 20-30
years. 1G technology involved the first widely
available mobile phones. 2G technology, which began
in the early 1990s, switched to a digital format and
introduced text messaging. 3G technology improved
the efficiency of how data is carried, making it possible
to carry enhanced information services such as
websites in their original format. The latest iPhone is
the best known example of 3G technology.
4G mobile is not yet established as an agreed set of
standards, so its features are currently simply goals
rather than requirements. As well as drastically
increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile should use
enhanced security measures. Another goal is to reduce
blips in transmission when a device moves between
areas covered by different networks. 4G mobile
networks should also use a network based on the IP
address system used for the internet.
Within the United States, there are two major
systems using 4G mobile technology. One is known as
WiMax and is backed by Clearwire, a firm whose
majority owner is Sprint Nextel. It began testing 2. Pervasive networks: An amorphous and
services in Baltimore in 2008 and was set to expand presently entirely hypothetical
this into major new markets in 2009. Sprint intended to concept where the user can be simultaneously
have 80 cities covered by the end of 2010. connected to several wireless
The rival system, Long Term Evolution or LTE, is access technologies and can seamlessly move between
backed mainly by Verizon. It was expected to be ready them.
for testing in 2010 but not available for widespread use These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS,
until 2012. LTE's backers hoped to overcome this EDGE or any other future
disadvantage by offering faster speeds and producing access technology. Included in this concept is also
cheaper equipment. smart-radio technology to
Unlike previous generations of mobile technology, efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission
4G mobile will be widely used for internet access on power as well as the use of
computers as well as carrying cell phone mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
communications. Customers in areas which have
strong 4G coverage will be able to use it for a home 3. Ideally, this would provide users with on demand
broadband connection which doesn't require any high quality video and
cabling to their household. It can also be used for audio. The killer application of 4G is not clear, but
accessing the internet on the move without having to video is one of the big
be in a wireless hotspot such as those offered by some differences between 4G and 3G. 4G uses OFDM
coffee shops, airports and libraries. (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), and also can implement OFDMA
WHAT IS 4G.? (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) to better allocate network resources
4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the to multiple users. 4G
successor of 3G and is a devices may use SDR (Software-defined_radio)
wireless access technology. receivers which allows for better
The 4G network environment is envisioned to be an use of available bandwidth as well as making use of
inter-working environment of heterogeneous networks multiple channels
of 2G, 3G, and 4G all interconnected through the simultaneously.
service provider IP backbone networks and the
Internet. The operations and management of such  Reasons to Have 4G
interconnected networks is expected much more
difficult than the current environment. - Support interactive multimedia services:
It describes two different but overlapping ideas. A teleconferencing, wireless
4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and Internet, etc.
secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP - Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming - Global mobility and service portability.
services and streamed multimedia may be provided to - Low cost.
users - Scalability of mobile networks.
1. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of
 What's New in 4G
wireless devices. A
leading wireless company NTT DoCoMo is testing 4G
communication at - Entirely packet-switched networks.
100Mbps while moving, and 1Gbps while still. NTT - All network elements are digital.
DoCoMo plans on releasing - Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at
the first commercial network in 2010. Despite current lower cost (up to
wireless devices seldom 100Mbps).
utilize full 3G capabilities, there is a basic attitude that Tight network security.
if you provide the pipeline
then services for it will follow.
EVOLUTION:

At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone
service was introduced, and was designed to users in
cars to the public land-line based telephone network.
Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell
Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improved Mobile
Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements
such as direct dialling and more bandwidth. The very
first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were
created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were
called "cellular" because large coverage areas were
split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by
a low power transmitter and receiver.
The 1G, or First Generation: 1G was an analog
system, and was developed in the seventies,
1G analog system for mobile communications saw
two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention
of the microprocessor and the digitization of the
control link between the mobilephone and the cell site.
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first
launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based
on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1
country
2G, or Second Generation
2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G
system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control
link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality
and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use
there phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the
end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial
network for use by the public was the Global system
for mobile communication (GSM).
3G, or Third Generation
3G systems promise faster communications services,
entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer
capabilities, the aim of 3G is to provide these services
any time, anywhere throughout the globe, with
seamless roaming between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000
is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors
to enabling innovative services and application for
instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based
services, as well as a whole lot more. In 2001, Japan
saw the first 3G network launched.
3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high
speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384 Kbps locally,
and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building.
4G, or Forth Generation
For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6
kbit/sec, This is approximately 6 times slower than an
ISDN (Integrated services digital network). Rates did
increase by a factor of 3 with newer handsets to
28.8kbps. This is rarely the speed though, as in
crowded areas, when the network is busy, rates do drop
dramatically.
Third generation mobile, data rates are 384 kbps
(download) maximum, typically around 200kbps, and
64kbps upload. These are comparable to home
broadband connections.
Fourth generation mobile communications will have
higher data transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data
transmission rates are planned to be up to 100 megabits
per second on the move and 1000gigbits per second
stationary, this is a phenomenal amount of bandwidth,
only comparable to the bandwidth workstations get
connected directly to a LAN.
To understand 4G, we need to know about 3G. So
how did 3G start? The idea didn’t come from network
operators, but from device manufactures. In 1996
Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) and Ericsson
started development of 3G; then in 1997 in the USA
the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
chose CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) as a
technology for 3G; and then in 1998 the ETSI
(European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
also chose CDMA; in the end, in 1998 wideband
CDMA or W-CDMA and cdma2000 were decided for
the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS).
The two major radio standards used for 3G are W-
CDMA (wideband code division multiple access), and
CDMA2000. W-CDMA is used in Europe, where
CDMA2000 is used in the USA. In CDMA, one signal
carries the data, this is then multiplied with a signal
with a faster rate, that his more bandwidth, it uses
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). CDMA200 uses
CDM (common code division multiplexing).
Now we need to discuss the different access
technologies, these are FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.
The most common analog system is FDMA, or,
Frequency Division Multiple Access. It is a method
where the spectrum is cut up into different frequencies
and then this chunk given to the users. At one time
only one user is assigned to a frequency. Because of
this the frequency is closed, until the call is ended, or it
is passed on to another frequency. For a proper call to
take place, two frequencies are needed, one for sending
and one for receiving, FDMA has been used for first
generation analog systems only, this is due to the large
bandwidth wastage highlighted above.
 TDMA, or Time Division Multiple Access
makes use of the whole available spectrum, unlike
FDMA. Instead of splitting the slots by frequency, it
splits them by time, over all of the frequency. Each
subscriber is given a time slot, as opposed to a
frequency. Therefore many uses can sit on one
frequency, and have different time slots, because the
time slots are switched so rapidly, it seems like the
channel is permanently connected. TDMA is used for
2G networks
Code Division Multiple Access uses the
spread spectrum method, the way it works means its
highly encrypted, so its no surprise it was developed
and used by the military. Unlike FDMA, CDMA
allows the user to sit on all of the available frequencies
at the same time, and hop between then. Each call is
identified by its unique code, hence the term Code
Division. CDMA is very bandwidth efficient. It also
allows for soft hand off, meaning it can communicate
with more than one base station at any one time, very
handy isn’t it? No wonder it was chosen for 3G.
Onto 4G...
4G will provide unconceivable amounts of
bandwidth to the palm of a user. Matching current
Local Area Network speeds, 4G networks will provide
100MBps on the move. This is enough for studio
quality video, multi channel surround sound and much
more. 4G will be based on OFDM – the next
generation in access technologies (read the technical
section for more info on OFDM),
4G will change the way we work, live and play.
Cheap end user costs, fast, always on, reliable
connectivity, where ever you are, what ever your
doing. Some people view 3G as a stop gap until the
real 4G network arrives, something which is due
around 2010, and will impact every one, every where.
OPERATION:
Some possible standards for the 4G system are
802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS,
UMTS and future versions of UMTS and proprietary
networks from ArrayComm Inc., Navini Networks,
Flarion Technologies, and 4G efforts in India, China
and Japan.
The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which
is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other
technological aspects of 4G are adaptive processing
and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G
networks and enhance rates when used in with OFDM.
Currently 3G networks still send there data digitally
over a single channel, OFDM is designed to send data
over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing the
amount of information that can be sent at a time over
traditional CDMA networks.
The 4G data rates will vary depending on the
number of channels that are available, and can be used.
The channels that can be used will be cleaner thanks to
technologies like adaptive processing, which detects
interference on a channel and improves reception by
actively switching channels to avoid interference.
4G networks will also use smart antenna
technology, which is used to aim the radio signal in the
direction of the receiver in the terminal from the base
station. When teamed up with adaptive techniques,
multiple antennas can cancel out more interference
while enhancing the signal.
 Smart Antennas:
Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help
find, tune, and turn up signal information. Since the
antennas can both “listen” and “talk,” a smart antenna
can send signals back in the same direction that they
came from. This means that the antenna system cannot
only hear many times louder, but can also respond more
loudly and directly as well
There are two types of smart antennas:
Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of
transmission, and can switch from one predefined beam
to another when the user with the phone moves
throughout the sector
Fig: Switched Beam Antenna
Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most
advanced smart antenna approach to date using a
variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate
and track the user, minimize interference, and
 maximize intended signal reception
fig: Adaptive Array Antenna
Smart antennas can
thereby:
• Optimize
available power
• Increase base station range and coverage
• Reuse available spectrum
• Increase band width
• Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.
 How OFDM works?
First of all the FDM part – Frequency division
multiplexing is a technology that transmits several
signals at the same time over a single transmission
path, in a medium such as a cable or wireless system.
Each signal is transmitted inside its own unique
frequency range (the carrier frequency), which is then
modulated by the data that is needing to be transmitted.
Orthogonal FDM’s spread spectrum technique
spreads the data over a lot of carriers that are spaced
apart at precise frequencies. This spacing provides the
“orthogonality” in this method which prevents the
receivers/demodulators from seeing frequencies other
than their own specific one. The main benefit of
OFDM is high spectral efficiency, but with OFDM you
also get; high resiliency to RF interference, and the
multi-path distortion is lower. This is handy because in
a standard terrestrial broadcasting situation there are
high amounts of multipath-channels (e.g. the signal
that was sent arrives at the receiving end using multiple
paths of different lengths). Since the various versions
of the signal interfere with each other, known as inter
symbol interference (ISI) it becomes incredibly hard to
extract the original information.
When OFDM was first implemented, it was by
using banks of sinusoidal generators, e.g. just placing
up a whole lot of single carriers in parallel. The use of
the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was originally
proposed in 1971 by Weinstein and Ebert, which
greatly reduces the implementation complexity of
OFDM systems. This was further reduced by the
development of the fast Fourier transform (FFT).
Shortly after an 5qualization algorithm was
implemented in order to help suppress both ISI and
intersubcarrier interference, which is caused by the
channel impulse response and timing and frequency
errors.
Fig: Simple block diagram of OFDM
In OFDM the subcarrier pulse which is used for
transmission is rectangular. This is why the capability
of pulse forming and modulation can be performed by
an IDFT, which can be generated very efficiently as an
IFFT. Because of this, the receiver only needs a FFT to
reverse this process. Taking into account the theories
of the Fourier Transform the rectangular pulse shape
will end up as a sin(x)/x style of spectrum of the
subcarriers. In traditional FDM the sub-channels aren’t
orthogonal therefore need to be separated by guard
bands which obviously wastes much needed spectrum.
Because an IIFT is used for modulation in OFDM,
this spacing of the subcarriers is done in such a way the
frequency where we evaluate the received signal all
other signals are zero thus allowing the subchannels to
overlap. But because of this, for an OFDM system to
work using this method, the receiver and the
transmitter must be in perfect synch, and there can’t be
any multipath fading, which is unusual since finding a
fix to this is one of the main goals of OFDM.
Luckily there is an easy way to solve this problem.
If a guard interval is used, which is larger than the
expected delay spread, which is done by artificially
extending the symbol time and then removing this
extension at the receiver, the problem is solved but
with only a minimal loss in bandwidth.
 Packet switching:
Packet switching is more desirable to carriers and
providers than circuit switching for a host of reasons.
One reason is capacity. It is inefficient to serve only a
single subscriber per channel because the
full bandwidth of the channels is not being used at all
times during a voice call. When a typical user makes a
call, there are lulls
where neither party is talking. In circuit switching, that
lull is still being transmitted over the channel. The first
generation of wireless (cellular) technology used this
technique. Current wireless systems share channels in a
packet environment to deliver voice communications.
In packet switching,
only actual voice content is packetized and sent to the
system. Advances in technology and in multiple access
techniques have made
this possible. Unfortunately, today’s wireless access
techniques do not support high-speed or high-
bandwidth transmissions. This limitation is the impetus
for the evolution of wireless communications.
In today’s wireless marketplace, users demand value-
added services. With
all the hype heralding third-generation (3G) services,
users have come to expect that the next generation of
wireless technology will be not only a voice
communications medium but will have Internet-like
functionality. Service providers and application
developers are on the path to realizing these user
expectations, but there is still a long road ahead. In
reality, the dream of Internet-style functionality via
wireless communications may not be fully realized in
the 3G deployment. The multiple access techniques
planned for 3G will not support the bandwidth and data
transmission speeds
required for the advanced applications users expect. 3G
technologies will certainly have greater functionality
than today’s wireless systems; however, not until 4G
deployment will these so called “killer” applications be
supported.
 Comparison of 3G and 4G:
• 3G • 4G
Circuit and packet Entirely packet
switched networks switched networks
Combination of All network
existing and elements are digital
evolved
equipments
Data rate (up to 2 Higher bandwidth
Mbps) ( up to 100 Mbps)
Back compatible to Extend 3G capacity
2G by one order of
magnitude
General Services and Applications
Applications are defined as programs, software,
or features that take advantage of (apply) the
services
offered by the networks. Generally, four
categories of services or applications are
being developed for use in the next
generations of wireless communications.
They are
• Localized/Personalized
• Information
• Communications
• Organizational
• Entertainment.
Although localized/personalized
information services and applications are
geared to most users across all the user
segments previously mentioned, these
services are more critical to the Internet
Usage, Income Brackets, and Mobile
Professional segments. Localized/
personalized information services and
applications will provide users with general
news, financial news, location guides,
mobile commerce, and travel services.
These services will allow the user to
establish a single profile that will be
associated with the user whether in his/her
home coverage area or roaming on other
systems.
In some European countries (e.g.,
Scandinavia), there are applications that
track public transportation. This
information allows users to time their arrival
to mass transportation stops with the arrival
of the bus or train. This type of
localized/personalized information service is
currently deployed on a limited basis in countries
with enhanced 2.5G wireless
networks2. This service can be either pushbased
or pull-based, depending on whether
the subscriber wants the mass transit
information automatically sent to the
wireless device or if the subscriber wants the
mass transit information on an as-needed
basis. Push and pull services are discussed
in detail later in this document.
Communications services and
applications involve messaging and other
means of staying connected. These services
and applications are important to all the user
segments, especially the Mobile
Professional segment. Communications
services include short messaging service
(SMS), e-mail, video conferencing, fax, and
bulletin boards. Although some of these
services are available in today’s wireless
systems, in future generations these services
will be greatly enhanced. (Speed and
reliability are the most notable
enhancements planned for these services.)
Organizational services include
personal digital assistant (PDA) capabilities,
currency exchange based on user location,
and other personal management applications
(e.g., calendars, call management, and
address books). Organizational services and
applications are relevant to all the user
segments but are geared primarily to the
Income Brackets and Mobile Professional
user segments.
Entertainment services are viewed by
service providers as having the greatest
potential for immediate return on
investment. Entertainment services may
include streaming audio, streaming video,
chat, photo trading, and gaming. In the
Asian wireless market, where preliminary
iterations of 3G are being deployed,
entertainment services are generating
substantial revenue. The user segment
targeted for entertainment services is the
Age segment.
Another service generating much
excitement in the industry is mobile
commerce (M-Commerce). M-commerce is
the ability for subscribers to purchase items
(e.g., gas, food from vending machines, etc.)
using a wireless device. For example, to
purchase an item from a vending machine,
users would dial a phone number or access
code associated with the item (most likely
marked on the vending machine) and the
item would be dispensed. In this scheme,
the vending machine would be connected to
the public switched telephone network
(PSTN) via a modem or other gateway-type
device.
The wireless service provider would
pass the information to the vending
company and the vending comspany would,
in turn, pass the information to the vending
machine to instruct it to dispense the item.
The user's wireless service account would be
billed for any items purchased, much like a
credit card. This type of M-commerce is
currently being tested and implemented (on
a very limited basis) in select countries in
Europe and Asia already having advanced,
2.5G wireless networks. M-commerce can
be considered an Information and/or an
Organization type of service.
Push, Pull, and Location-Based Services
Push and pull services are services
that rely on the network’s ability to locate
subscribers. In 4G, it is envisioned that
networks will be able to pinpoint the exact
location of subscribers, both indoors and
out. This ability will make it possible for
value-added functionality to be offered by
service providers.
Both push and pull services are
further enhanced by user profiles. User
profiles, established and updated by
subscribers, assure that information to each
user is truly customized. User profiles
contain the subscriber’s preferences (e.g.,
likes/dislikes, schedules, and formats) and
permissions (i.e., who is allowed to know
who and where they are). The user’s profile
would reside in a database maintained by the
service provider.
The user profile will be used by the
serving network to push services to
subscribers. For example, if a user likes a
particular type of food, the network will see
the preference in the user’s profile and will
push information regarding restaurants that
serve that type of food in the general locale
of the user. Similarly, the user will be able
request this same information from the
network (pull) if he or she chooses not to
have this information pushed to the wireless usage mail, Video
device.
The challenge with location-based
conference,
services is not in the applications but in the FAX
implementation. For location services to be Income Organization Personal
of any real value, the network must be able brackets digital
to determine the location of subscribers to a
high degree of accuracy—perhaps to within assistant,
a few feet. Current wireless networks do not tools
have this capability. In today’s networks, Mobile Entertainment Music,
location can be determined by looking at the professional Chat,
serving cells that are communicating with
the user’s handset. At best, this technique Gaming
can be accurate to within a few city blocks not
nearly the accuracy needed for 4G Advantages:
applications.
 Supports interactive services like video
Current plans for 4G involve using conferencing (with more than two sites
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to route
simultaneously), wireless internet, etc.
data packets to the handset. IPv6 has builtin
 The cost of data transfer would be
location tracking that will enhance the
comparatively very less and global mobility
network’s ability to pinpoint a subscriber’s
would be possible.
location.
Some have proposed applying global  The antennas will be much smarter and
positioning system (GPS) capabilities in improved access technologies like OFDM
handsets to help locate subscribers. GPS, and MC-CDMA(multi carrier CDMA) will
however, would be helpful only to a minor be used.
extent. GPS relies on the ability its receiver  Higher Bandwidths would be available
to “see” multiple satellites orbiting the which would make cheap data transfer
Earth. If the receiver has no access to the possible.
sky (i.e., it is indoors), no location  The network security would be much
information can be provided. tighter.
Aside from location, the network  The other great advantage of 4G will be its
must be able to determine various other speed. while 3G networks provide 2Mbps,
statistics. The network must be “aware” of 4G can reach any where between 20 and 100
the users’ availability and capability. Mbps.
Privacy groups have already expressed  Due to 4G it is possible to use several
concerns regarding network awareness. It is applications like video conference or picture
critical that service providers and users playback simultaneously all through mobile
manage permissions closely in 4G networks. phone with maximum resolution. Some of
the standards which pave the way for 4G
User Service Services systems are
1.Wi Max
segments application and 2.Wi Bro
types application 3.3GPP.
Age Information News,
Location, 4G: The future look
Travel, M-
commerce E-mail: 4G wireless network are expected to
sweep the cellphone users off their
Internet Communication SMS, E-
feet, and make our lives less complicated. With
abandon services and media
rich broadband that will be 20 times faster than
DSL, 4G networks will make even
the common e-mail facility more interactive than it
already is.
Sending e-mail could turn into a multi-media affair
in a 4G world. Mobile users
will have a multimedia inbox, and receive mail
attachments in the form of high
resolution images, audio and video clips. The user
can reply by recording an
audio message, snapping a photo or shooting a
video, and sending it right back
using just a mobile.
Health Monitoring: 4G could result in an
increase in remote health monitoring
of patients, as faster, real time communication
enables better two way
transmission of vital medical data.
Personal Mobility and Presence: 4G will
offer personalized communications to
the mass market regardless of location, network
and terminal used. High
bandwidth and global capabilities of 4G could
bring some useful applications for
consumer and businesses. Personal mobility
concentrates on the movement of
users instead of user’s terminals, and involves
provision of personal
communications and personalized operating
environments.
Tracking: The virtual presence system would
also be able to track the exact
whereabouts of individuals in case they need to
be contacted. This capability
might be used for law enforcement (checking
whether the prisoners are where
they are supposed to be) and tracking of
packages and cargo shipments more
precisely. For example, a large company will get
to know not only that the
package has arrived but also exactly whose desk
it is sitting on at any given time
using the network.
Networking and Global roaming: 4G will
allow any mobile device run different
wireless technologies automatically, and maintain
connections seamlessly, using
small software. The software will also be capable
of choosing the best connection available
according to the users intentions. 4G will deliver
not only
enhanced multimedia and smooth streaming
video but also universal access aSnd
port ability across all types of devices.
4G will connect the entire globe and be operable
from practically anywhere on
the Earth. It would allow for more complex voice-
over-IP services, more media
rich messaging services and more native support
for local area networking on
handsets.
Conclusions:
This paper envisages how the fourth generation has
mended itself to over come the issues related to
previous system of wireless systems and evolved to be
the most promising systems. The robustness against
frequency selective feeding is vital feature in OFDM. It
supports high speed data transmission. 4G technology
enables biometric security feature like thumb print
readers and location centre(GPS and more) capabilities
as well.
Applications and services for 4G are
still being defined. The possibilities are
limited only by the imaginations of the
developers and the needs of the users. It is
certain that the first 4G applications
deployed will be geared to the mass
consumer market. That does not mean that
other entities will not immediately benefit
from these applications. With a little
ingenuity, even the most commercially oriented service
can be adapted for
specialized use.
Such a development in the world of wireless
technology would mean that compatibility with
multiple radio systems could be achieved in software
alone, enabling the development of simple terminals
that can communicate from anywhere in the world.
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5. Fourth-Generation Mobile Forum,
http://www.4gmobile.com.
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990
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^NTT DoCoMo develops low power chip for 3G LTE
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