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artifacts of earlier cultures. They can teach us something about
the art and culture of the past, since they represent a careful
and thoughtful offering to the ancestors. In addition, tomb
burials can preserve objects from harm, whether by human use and
abuse, or by the elements of weather, such as heat or rain.
Since things of value were buried with the dead, we can learn
what the ancient people valued.
For example, the Bronze Age culture of the preShang and
Shang in China created tombs which reflected the warlike culture
of these people. In fact, large chamber burials have been found
with evidence of human sacrifice. The Shang burial chambers for
royalty are huge. Some are more than sixty feet deep. The dead
were buried with the property that was theirs in life, such as
kitchen tools for a woman or weapons for a man. There are also
objects of value, such as bronze, jade, bone carvings, and cowry
shells. There is evidence that grave robbers used long copper
hooks to remove the valuable objects from the tombs. This has
damaged the sites in terms of their archaeological value. The
architectural structures of the Shang tombs were probably simple
wooden structures of posts and lintels. In the later Zhou
burials in China, we find that bronze and ceramic figures are
buried with the dead, instead of the actual horses, servants, and
other animals and people. These figures have much detail and
realism, reflecting a high level of craftsmanship. When a
roadbed was being dug for a railroad in Hunan, the workers found
amazing objects of wood and lacquer in an ancient burial ground.
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They did not know of wood and lacquer in Chinese art of this time
before they dug the roadbed. This is probably because tomb
burials preserve objects, so they do not rot away or get broken
or otherwise destroyed.
Artifacts from the Han dynasty are also amazing. The giant
tomb of Qin Shi Huang Di, the First Emperor, is one example. It
was over six hundred feet high when it was built. When this tomb
was opened, it was found to contain more than seven thousand
lifesized clay figures of warriors and horses. There were also
wooden chariots. They were all arranged in military formation,
as if they were a real live army that was guarding the tomb.
They are realistic and have much detail, showing good
craftsmanship. There are also figures of civilian members of the
imperial court. It looks like the First Emperor wanted to
continue ruling his kingdom in death. There is even furniture in
the tomb. The later tombs of the Han dynasty reflect the wealth
and power of the empire. The tombs were built to look like large
houses made of wood. We do not have the actual wooden buildings,
but we do have clay models of them which have survived through
the centuries. The grave goods give evidence of advanced metal
work. Lamps and other objects give evidence of technology and
inventions. They have even found mirrors made of bronze. Han
burials have also revealed lead glazed ceramics, which is a
technique they probably learned from the Mediterranean cultures.
Iron glazed ceramics were the tradition in China, and they
continued to be developed. Chinese tomb burials have also been
found in Korea.
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The stone age of Japan is called the Neolithic Jomon
culture. This was followed by the Kofun period, when Japan was
in an age known as bronzeiron. The Yayoi culture of the area
around Tokyo developed bronze work and ceramics, probably from
their contact with invaders from Korea. The Kofun period is also
known as the Old Tomb period. The tomb burials are large mounds
with bronze tomb furnishings. The imperial Yamamoto clan had
great burial mounds made for themselves. They used the new
techniques of art that they got from the mainland, but they also
had their own way of making clay sculptures, which was called
haniwa. These native style burial figures were quite different
from the clay figures found in tombs on the mainland.
Haniwa means circle of clay. Sometimes the haniwa are
simple clay cylinders that are placed around the grave mound.
They strengthen the sides of the mound to prevent them from
washing out. But there are also highly developed haniwa. They
are basically cylinders, but they are more complex. They have
carvings around the base of people singing, warriors, ladies,
animals, birds, and houses. These figures on the base of the
haniwa are designed to guard the tomb. They also provide
servants for the dead rulers and nobles.
Large mound tombs are typical of the Kofun period. Objects
of glass, jasper, jade, and gilt bronze are found in these
mounds. The megatama, which are commashaped beads of jade, are
well known. The megatama was originally from Korea.
Thus, the artifacts from Chinese and Japanese tomb burials
show us a lot about the people who made them. They show us that
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the dead still wanted to have their wealth and their power and
their servants. They also show us that the living were willing
to provide these things for the royalty and nobles who died.
Even the evidence of grave robbers shows us something about these
people. The dead were honored and buried with their wealth, but
some people did not honor the dead. Instead, they honored the
money they could get for the objects they stole from the tomb
burials.