ENGLEZA BUSiNESS

ENGLEZA BUSINESS
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Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

27 ri. Statele Membre au decis mpreun, pe parcursul unui proces de extindere ce
a durat 50 de ani, s construiasc o zon de stabilitate, democraie i dezvoltare
durabil, meninnd diversitatea cultural, tolerana i libertile individuale. Uniunea
European i propune s mprteasc realizrile i valorile sale cu rile i
popoarele de dincolo de graniele ei.
CONTENS
Lesson 1
SUPPLY, DEMAND, PRICE AND COMPETITION
Lesson 2
WHAT COMMERCE IS ABOUT
Lesson 3
WHOLESALING
Lesson 4 ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT

Lesson 5
TEAMWORK IN ORGANISATIONS
Lesson 6
MANAGER TYPES
Lesson 7
GRAMMAR
Lesson 8
BUSINESS LETERS
VOCABULARY
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LESSON 1
SUPPLY, DEMAND, PRICE AND COMPETITION
OBJECTIVES: After studying this lesson , you should be able to:

o understand the concepts of supply and demand and competition;
o comprehend how supply and demand determine price in competitive markets;
LEAD-IN
1. What forms of competition do you know?
2. What determines the price of a product?
3. Explain the demand for a particular product.
4. Explain the supply of a particular product.
A free-market system implies competition among sellers of products and

resources. Economists recognize four different degrees of competition, ranging from
ideal competition to no competition at all.
These are pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and
monopoly.
Pure (or perfect) competition is the market situation in which there are many buyers
and sellers of a product, and no single buyer or seller is powerful enough to affect the
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price of that product. In pure competition, sellers and buyers must accept the going
price. But who determines the price? Actually, everyone does. The price of each
product is determined by the actions of all buyers and sellers together, through the
forces of supply and demand. It is this interaction of buyers and sellers, working for
their best interest, that Adam Smith referred to as the "invisible hand" of competition.
The supply of a particular product is the quantity of the product that producers
are willing to sell at each of various prices. Supply is thus a relationship between
prices and the quantity offered by producers.
The demand for a particular product is the quantity that buyers are willing to
purchase at each of various prices. Demand is thus a relationship between prices and
the quantities purchased by buyers. Buyers, too, are usually rational, so we would
expect them as a group to buy more of a product when its price is low and to buy
less of the product when its price is high. Under pure competition, the market price of
any product is the price at which the quantity demanded is exactly equal to the
quantity supplied.
In theory and in the real market, prices are affected by anything that affects
supply and demand. Other changes that can affect competitive prices are shifts in
buyer tastes, the development of new products that satisfy old needs and fluctuations
in income due to inflation or recession.
Many real market, however, are examples of monopolistic competition.
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Monopolistic competition is a market situation in which there are many buyers along
with relatively many sellers who differentiate their product from the products of
competitors, by providing unique product features an attention-getting brand name,
unique packing or
services such as free delivery or a lifetime warranty. By differentiating its product
from all similar products, the producer obtains some limited control over the market
price of its product.
An oligopoly is a market situation (or industry) in which there are few sellers.
Generally, these sellers are quite large, and sizable investments are required to enter
into their market. Examples of oligopolistic industries are the American automobile,
industrial chemicals and oil refining industries.
Because there are few sellers in an oligopoly, each seller has considerable control
over price. At the same time, the market actions of each seller can have a strong effect
on competitors sales. If one firm reduces its price, the other firms in the industry
usually do the same to retain their market shares. This usually results in similar prices
for similar products.
A monopoly is a market (or industry) with only one seller. Because only one
firm is the supplier of a product, it has complete control over price.
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GRAMMAR THE ARTICLE
The indefinite article a/ an

A indefinite article; is used when the word start with a consonant
Examples: Pure competition is only a theoretical concepts.
Supply is a relationship between the price and the quantity offerd by
producers.
An indefinite article; is used when the word start with a vowel.
Examples: In his own design for an organization, Max Weber describe the
bureaucracy as an lick a model to perform complex tasks efficiently.
The definite article the
- we dont use the article when we talk about things in generally
(ex. I am interested in buying certain economics books).
- we dont use the article when we talk about meals, days, transports, seasons, names
of citys and countries. From this rule are excepted the countries who represent a
geographical collection ( ex. The United States, The United Kingdom).
- in other situation we do use the definite article.
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1. Answer the following questions :

1. Why is pure competition only a theoretical concept?
2. What are the implications of monopolistic competition on the various sellers?
3. What did Adam Smith call the invisible hand of competition?
4. Why isnt it possible for the companies in a monopoly to set their prices at high
levels?
2. Fill in the following text with a, the, or the zero article, where
appropriate:
Riddell Inc______sporting goods company controls 65 percent of_____market
for _______football helmets. One reason for _______size of its market share is
that________ Riddell executives convinced________ officials of the National
Football League to adopt_______use of their companys helmets for NFL players.
Kodak currently controls 80 percent of______U.S. consumer film market and 50
percent of______global consumer film market. When you consider that one share
point of______global market is equal to about $40 million in revenues, then you
begin to realize how successful______competitor Kodak really is.
3. Choose the most suitable phrase

a. She had to go. Shes in a hurry/in hurry.
b. I think I prefer the other play on the whole/on whole.
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c. Jack was in pain/in a pain after he twisted his wrist.

d. Margaret recovered from the accident and is now out of danger/out of the danger.
e. The teacher was under an impression/under the impression that I had not learned
the lesson.
f. Excuse me, but you are in the way/in a way.
g. How many hours do you work, on average/on the average, every week?
4.Answer the following questions on the text below:

a. Why has it become a matter of survival for American firms to become more
competitive?
b. Which are the methods that companies can use in order to enhance productivity?
c. What effects do these methods have on the employees in the respective companies?
Strengthening Competitiveness through Quality Improvement
Years ago, Made in the U.S.A. meant high quality, unsurpassed technology, and the
worlds most efficient productivity. Now, foreign companies are vigorously
challenging American firms. Over 70 percent of U.S. products compete with foreign
goods, and this percentage will likely grow. Americans eagerly purchase German
cars, Japanese electronic equipment, Russian vodka, and Italian fashion accessories.
In their struggle to be more competitive, U. S. companies have cut costs,
improved efficiency, and have begun to market products and services more
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aggressively. Technological improvements, restructuring and salary freezing have

turned many U.S. firms into leaner, meaner machines. Many business analysts rank
poor product quality as the greatest enemy of U.S. productivity and competitiveness.
Improved quality, more than anything else, enables a corporation to reduce costs and
enhance profits. A typical American factory invests 20 to 25 percent of its entire
operating costs on discovering and then fixing mistakes. Almost one quarter of all
factory workers must rework products that were not made correctly the first time. The
cost of warranties and replacing defective merchandise is enormous. It has become a
matter of survival for some U.S. companies: they must improve product quality or
close the company doors.
5. Translate into English:

Productivitatea ridicata este legata de implicarea angajatilor. Muncitorii mai
motivati realizeza produse si ofera servicii mai bune decat cei apatici. Managerii din
Statele Unite au descoperit ca, daca lucratorilor li se cere parerea, eficienta creste.
Firmele din SUA care concureaza cu firme straine, lupta pentru supravietuire. Exact la
fel cum firmele americane incearca sa-si imbunatateasca produsele si productivitatea
si sa reduca costurile, toti concurentii lor straini fac acelasi lucru.
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VOCABULARY
auction = licitatie
demand = cerere de bunuri, servicii
sales revenue = venit obtinut din vanzari, cifra de afaceri
public utilities = servicii utilitare
shift = schimbare; modificare
to operate = a functiona
to purchase = a achizitiona
needs = nevoi; trebuinte
income = venit
inflation = inflatie
to develop = a desface; a patrunde (pe o piata, pe un segment de piata)
market = piata
supplier = furnizor
competition = competitie; concurenta
buyers = comparator
seller = vanzator
productivity = productivitate
employees = anjaja
goods = bunuri
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costs = costuri, cheltuieli

improved efficiency = cresterea, imbunatatire eficientei
merchandise = marfa
to struggle = a lupta, a se stradui
to enhance = a crestere, a mari
to enable = a permite, a oferi oportunitatea
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LESSON 2
WHAT COMMERCE IS ABOUT
OBJECTIVES: After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

o explain the commerce system;
o define home/domestic trade and foreign/overseas trade;
o understand and explain channels of distribution;
o understand the difference between wholesaling and retailing;
o know some trends in present-day retailing;
LEAD-IN
1. What is commerce?
2. What commercial services do you know?
3. Examine the role played by commercial workers in the light of the statement:
Commercial workers produce nothing.
4. Give reasons why the distribution of goods is as important as their production.
5. What problems face the exporter which do not exist in the home trade?
As a human activity commerce is concerned with the study of trade i.e. the
moving of the goods from the seller to the buyer and the aids to trade, of the
business units which provide goods and services.
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The goods are almost always produced far away from the place of consumption and
their way from the producer to the consumer is long and very complicated. Therefore,
it is the function of commerce to offer a link between the stages of this process and
the necessary instruments to make it work.
Trade is the basic commercial activity. It is essentially the exchange of goods
and services between producers and consumers. Trade consists of home/domestic
trade
including wholesale trade and retail trade, and foreign/overseas trade dealing with
import and export trade.
But commerce includes more other functions in addition to trade. Distribution
involves getting goods from the manufacturer to the consumer. Without sophisticated
systems for storing goods and selling them to the consumers, it would be impossible
for firms to find customers for their goods.
Banking and financial services offered by banks and other institutions assist
commerce by providing loans and other services which allow business to function and
invest in future production, and enable consumers to purchase goods and services.
Communications, in both written and electronic form, allow firms to order and
sell their goods efficiently and cheaply. No transaction is possible without
communications.
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Insurance allows risks to be taken without fear of loss. It gives security and
stability to commerce as it enables the business people to survive losses by damage,
fire, burglary etc. Without adequate insurance many enterprises would be too risky to
undertake.
Advertising also plays an important part as it enables firms to let prospective
customers know their offer. It includes a wide range of forms from hand-distributed
leaflets to highly sophisticated television commercials.
1. Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the meaning of the term: trade
2 Could you underline the importance of commercial services in the economic life of
Romania?
3 What is considered the usual way of distribution?
4 What is the difference between a wholesaler and a retailer?
5 What does import trade deal with?
6.What does export trade deal with?

7.Why is insurance so important to businessmen or businesswomen?
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2. Give synonyms for:

Commerce__________,
commercial_____________,
trade________________,
provide_______________,
home
to
foreign
trade_________________,
enable_______________,
aid____________,
to
to
assist_______________, prospective________________, customer_____________,

link______________, goods________________.
3. In each of the following questions there is only one right answer. Explain
the meaning of your answer .
A. Mass production is possible only if:
a. there is a wide market for increased production.
b. customers will pay a high price for the product.
c. the raw materials required are found locally.
d. a lot of unskilled workers live near the factories.
B.The term producer refers to one who:
a. provides raw materials or food.
b. grows crops or manufactures goods.
c. adds value to a product.
d. advertises goods or services for sale.
C. Which one of these statements is false?
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a. Every stage of production employs commercial services.

b. Commercial services cannot begin until the manufacturing processes have been
completed.
c. If there were no commercial services most goods would not be produced.
d. Commercial services add value to products.

D. Which one of these statements is true?
a. A wholesaler insists on cash payment from his customers.
b. A wholesaler is a connecting link between the retailer and manufacturer.
c. A wholesaler deals only with manufacturers.
d. A wholesaler sells cheap goods to the householders on their door steps.
4. Match the following words with their corresponding definition:

Goods; services; profit; turnover; stock; producer goods/industrial goods; consumer
goods; commodity; consumer outlet; trade
a) The moving of the goods from the seller to the buyer. .
b) The amount of money that is made by a business, e.g. when it sells
something for more than it costs. ..
c) Articles of trade or commerce; wares, merchandise; products as opposed to
services.
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d)
The
work
provided
for
others
as
an
occupation
or
business...
e)Items
such
as
food
or
clothing
produced
for
the
final
consumer..
f)
Items
meant
to
be
used
in
producing
other
products
g) The rate at which goods are sold and restocked.
h) Any specific market where consumers buy goods, such as a shop, a store, a
merchant, an agency, an open-air stall..
i) An accumulated supply of goods; to keep a supply of goods.
j)A raw material such as grain, cocoa, coffee, wool, cotton, rubber/ a good
regarded
in
economics
as
the
basic
of
production
and
exchange.
5. Explain and comment THE COMMERCE SYSTEM
6. Rephrase the following sentences keeping their meaning unchanged.

Use the verbs and phrases given in brackets.
1. I think we ought to change our pricing policy. (think)
.
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2. We must launch the new product by June. (insist)

.
3. They always try to give good advice to their prospective customers. (make a point)
4. Our company has always been able to forecast what their customers want.
(succeed)
5. Im delighted our sales have been much higher this month said the Managing
Director to the Sales Manager. (congratulate)
6. The shopkeeper is very pleased when his customers are satisfied. (take pleasure)
7. The new multiples have managed to attract fashion-conscious customers. (to be

successful)
8. They are making efforts to improve their warehousing facilities. (concentrate)
9. The companys manager is confident that the bank will give him a credit to extend
the chain stores. (depend)
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10. He is considering giving his superstore a face-lift. (think)

Directorul a propus organizarea unei sedinte cu intregul personal. Proprietarul
nu este interesat sa-si vanda nici unul din cele doua magazine. Acesta poate fi un mod
mai putin costisitor de a-si organiza depozitele de marfuri. Ne gandim sa cream (to
develop) noi produse. Marile magazine au reusit intotdeauna sa satisfaca cerintele
clientilor proprii.
Comertul depinde nu numai de activitatea comercial propriu-zisa ci si de gama
de srvicii vitale pentru buna desfasurare a acesteia cum ar fi:distributia,depozitarea,
servicii financiar-bancare, publicitate. Comertul inerior se ocupa cu distributia
marfurilor in interiorul tarii, in timp ce comertu exterior se ocupa cu exportul si
importul marfurilor.
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VOCABULARY
aid = ajutor, mijloc
consumption = consum
link = veriga, legatura
therefore = asadar, deci
exchange = schimb
home/domestic trade = comert interior
foreign/overseas trade = comert exterior
wholesale trade = comert angro
retail trade = comert cu amanuntul
to deal with = a se ocupa cu
loan = imprumut
in addition to = in plus, pe langa
to involve = a presupune, a implica
to store = a depozita
warehouse = deposit
producer = producator
consumer = consumator
customer = client
to assist = a ajuta
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to purchase = a cumpara, a achizitiona

order = comanda
to order = a comanda
insurance = asigurare
loss = pierdere
damage = stricaciune, defectare
burglary = spargere, jaf
prospective = potential, posibil
offer = oferta
leaflet = prospect
commercial = commercial
meeting = sedinta
owner = proprietar
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LESSON 3
WHOLESALING
OBJESCIVES : After studying this lesson , you should be able to:
o understand the concepts of wholesaler and retailer;
o comprehend the relation between manufacturer - wholesaler - retailer;
o
understand haw can the wholesalers influence the price on the competitives
markets.
LEAD-IN
1. Is the distribution of goods as important as the production of them? Why? Give
your reasons.
2. Is the wholesaler a necessary link in the distribution chain?
3. What is the wholesalers fundamental role?
4. What types of wholesaler do you know? Mention some of them.
Wholesaling is part of the chain of distribution: manufacturer wholesaler

retailer consumer. It is the link between the manufacturer of goods and the retailer.
The wholesalers fundamental role is to act as a middleman, buying in large
quantities from manufacturers and breaking bulk by selling smaller quantities.
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Types of wholesaler :
Consumer goods wholesalers. They may be general stockists or concentrate on a
particular item. A large number are cash-and-carry warehouses which do not deliver
the goods or offer credit. Cutting out the costs of these services allows them to offer
very competitive prices.
Industrial wholesalers. They are involved in distributing producer goods such as
raw materials, components and machinery. These involve sales to firms rather than
retailers, and are important to the economy.
Agricultural wholesalers.The traditional system for distributing agricultural

produce depends upon an involved network of local markets.
The wholesaler perform several functions during the distribution process:
Breaks bulk. The wholesaler buys large amounts from the manufacturer and sells
in smaller quantities to the retailer. This is called breaking bulk.
Provides services for the manufacturer. By breaking bulk the wholesaler saves
the manufacturer a lot of money and trouble. It would be difficult and expensive for
the manufacturers to sell small amounts of items to thousands of different retailers.
This would involve processing millions of orders every year, each involving sorting,
packing and delivery. The wholesaler also takes responsibility for storing goods, and
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may help the manufacturers cash flow by holding reserve stocks of goods, especially
helpful where there is seasonal demand.
Provides services for the retailer. The wholesaler enables the retailers to buy in
small quantities as the latter have limited storage space and credit. The wholesaler
holds available stocks and may provide credit terms.
Provides market information. Through contact with retailers and manufacturers,
the wholesaler learns a lot about the demand for different products. The retailer learns
about new products and suppliers from the wholesalers displays and sales literature.
1. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What types of wholesalers do you know?
2. What is the basic function of a wholesaler?
3. Name two wholesalers in your area.
4. What services are provided by a wholesaler?
5. Can the wholesaler be by-passed?
6. Study the following contrasting views of the activities of wholesalers and give your
own opinion:
middlemen are performing a useful function which helps everyone
middlemen are more likely to help themselves than help the public
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2. Fill in the blanks choosing from the words in the box:

middleman, stock-control, chain, overheads, turnover, discount, security, wholesaler,
demand.
a) The amount of money taken (without any deduction) or the amount of goods
sold is the...
b) Deciding how many items should be ordered and when is a matter of
..
c) A number of shops belonging to one company is a .
d) Shops possess safes for
e) A wholesaler offers his goods at ato enable the retailer to
produce a profit.
f) A retailer buys his stock from a.
g) The costs of running a business caused by lighting, heating, rent, wages etc.
are its.
h) The wholesaler is the.between the manufacturer and the
retailer.
i) There are industries where goods have to be made several months in advance
of the main buying for seasonal ............................................
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3. Replace the words in italics by an infinitive construction:

Ex. The company has decided that it will close down uneconomic factories.
The company has decided to close down uneconomic factories.
1. The minister of labour agreed that he would meet the union leaders.
The minister of labour agreed.. the union leaders.
2. He claimed that he had expertise in such matters.
He claimed in such matters.
3. The chairman threatened that he would resign if his policies were not adopted.
The chairman threatened.if his policies were not adopted.
4. The management promised that they would raise the workers pay.
The management promised the workers pay.
5. They couldnt guarantee that they would meet all their customers demands.
They couldnt guarantee.. all their customers demands.
6. The sales manager resolved that he would increase the turnover next year.
The sales manager resolved..the turnover next year.
4. Write sentences based on the given facts, beginning your answers as

suggested.
1. Mr. Jones will be leading the sales mission to America. The sales manager thinks
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he is the best man for the job.

The sales manager has chosen
2. The personnel manager is very strict on punctuality.
He expects
3. John will never finish all this work by himself.
Shall I..?
4. Tom has been terribly inefficient lately. I wonder whether he will keep his job any
longer
The company will probably as..
5. Id like some information and you are the only person to give it to me
I want..

Firma noastra isi dezvolta in permanenta reteaua de distributie. Marfurile
ajung de la producator la consumator prin intermediul angrosistului si detailistului.
Uneori producatorul il ocoleste (to bay-pass) pe angrosist si trateaza direct cu
detailistul.
Depozitul este folosit pentru stocarea marfurilor. Depozitele cu plata in numerar
(cash-and-carry) nu livreaza marfurile si nu ofera credite, iar acest lucru le permite sa
practice preturi competitive. Exista si un alt tip de angrosist (the drop shipper), care
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nu intra niciodata in posesia marfurilor (to take possession of), ci doar (merely) preia
comenzile (to take orders) pe care producatorul sau furnizorul le executa (to fill)
direct catre client.
VOCABULARY
manufacturer = producator
wholesaler = angrosist
retailer = detailist
in bulk = in vrac
to break bulk = a desface marfa
consumer goods = bunuri de larg consum
cash-and-carry = vanzare cu plata in numerar
warehouse = depozit
to cut out = a reduce
raw material = materie prima
producer goods = bunuri de investitii
machinery = masini industriale
produce = produs (agricol); produse agricole
to save = a economisi, a cruta
to pack = a ambala
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delivery = livrare
cash flow = flux monetar
seasonal demand = cerere sezoniera
credit terms = conditii de credit
display = expunere, prezentare, expozitie
to by-pass = a ocoli
to fill an order = a executa o comanda
drop shipper = angrosist care nu preia marfurile, ci se ocupa numai de executarea
comenzilor
to take possession of = a intra in posesie
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LESSON 4
ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES: After studying this chapter you should be able to:

o understand the various meanings of the term management
o have a brief outline of the evolution of the idea of management
o become acquainted with the basic principle of Taylor, Fayol and Weber
o revise and practise the use of adjectives
o distinguish and use word easily confused
LEAD-IN
1.What does the term management mean to you?
2. Do you consider that the role of the manager changes according to time and place
or is it a universal one?
3. How old is the preoccupation of mankind with management?
The term management is one of the most widely used nowadays and as such
we might expect that all those who use it have a quick definition at hand.
For most people management mean:
a process by which scarce resources are
combined to achieve given ends or a process through which a suitable environment is

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created so that efforts can be organised to accomplish desired goals.

For the specialist management is therefore a social process entailing
responsibility for the effective and economical planning and regulation of the
operation of an enterprise to fulfil a given purpose or task, such a responsibility
involving:
a) judgement and decision in determining plans and strategies, procedures to
support the control of performance and the progress made against plans;
b) the guidance, integration, motivation and supervision of the staff of the
enterprise or the organization and carrying out its operations or programmes.
Without management, people would pursue their own objectives independently
and this would lead to waste and inefficiency. Management is therefore needed to
reach objectives, maintain a balance between conflicting goals, and achieve efficiency
and effectiveness. But is management a modern invention? However, a short look at
some historical considerations will reveal that the basic concepts of management,
even if not the term itself, have been around for centuries.
In his best known work The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli of Florence puts
some ideas which are still relevant today.
1) If you want your plans to be carried out you need to rely on the consent of the
majority of the.
2) Machiavelli suggested that the leader should inspire people to greater
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achievements, offer rewards and incentives, and take advantage of all opportunities.
3) He considered that survival was the main objectives of any organisation and no
matter what measures were taken to achieves this end, they should be taken. The end
justifies the means is the slogan that Machiavelli launched on the political market.
The Industrial Revolution changed not only the nature of production, but also
society as a whole. Greater productivity gradually raised the standard of material
comforts by introducing countless new products and services into an expanding
market. From these basic experiments a system of management thought developed
which came to be known as scientific management.
Frederick W. Taylor, in his book Principles of Scientific Management he
argued that work should be studied and analysed in a systematic and throughout way.
The way of doing a job will no longer be according to tradition or quesswork, but
according to scientific methods worked out by management for producing the best
results with a minimum effort. He warned people against confusing techniques with
aims.
The following principles were suggested by him to guide management:
1) each worker should have a large, clearly defined, daily task;
2) standard conditions are needed to ensure the task is more easily accomplished;
3) high payment should be made for successful completion of tasks. Workers should
suffer loss when they fail to meet the standards laid down.
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Henry Fayol, said managers depended less upon technical knowledge of what
they were managing and more on a knowledge of administration. He emphasised the
role of administrative management and concluded that all activities that occur in
business organisations could be divided into six main groups:
1) Technical (production, manufacturing).
2) Commercial (buying, selling, exchange).
3) Financial (obtaining and using capital).
4) Security (protection of property and persons).
5) Accounting (balance sheet, stocktaking, statistics, costing).
6) Managerial (planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, controlling).
Fayols main contribution was the idea that management was not an inborn
talent but a skill that could be taught
Max Weber describes the bureaucracy, wich is defined as an organizational
model rationally designed to perform complex tasks efficiently.
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GRAMMAR ADJECTIVE
One-syllable adjectives
Adjectives ending in -y
Adjectives with two or more syllables
Irregular adjectives***
Adjective
old
Comparative
older
Superlative
the oldest
safe
safer
the safest
big
bigger
the biggest*
hot
hotter
the hottest*
noisy
noisier
the noisiest
dirty
dirtier
the dirtiest
boring
more boring
the most boring**
beautiful
more beautiful the most beautiful
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
far
farther
the farthest
* Adjectives which end in one vowel and one consonant double the consonant.
** We add -r/-st to adjectives that end with -e.
*** Note that we usually use fewer with plural nouns and less with uncountable
nouns (e.g. money):
There are fewer shops in the centre of the town than there used to be.
John earns less money that Mary.
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1. Answer the following questions on the text:

a. What represent the term of management in your opinion?
b. What justification does the text give for the existence of management?
d. Why do you think that the school of management founded by F. W. Taylor was
called scientific management?
e. What was Henry Fayols main contribution to the development or managerial
thinking?
f. Express you own opinion about the management like a process?
2. Match the terms below with the correct definition:

Management,
objectives,
goals, technical skills,
supervisory (first line)
management, strategic planning, middle management, top management.

a) Broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain.
b) Ability to perform tasks of a specific department (such as selling or

bookkeeping)..
c) First level of management above employees; includes people directly
responsible for assigning specific jobs to employees and evaluating their daily
performance..
d) Process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies
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and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
..
e) The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning,
organizing,
directing,
and
controlling
organizational
resources..
f) Level of management which includes plant managers and department heads
who are responsible for tactical plans
g) Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizational
goals
h) Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key
company executives who develop strategic plans..
3. Write sentences to bring out the difference between the following pairs
of words:
a. efficiency effectiveness
b. economic economical
c. reach rich
d. empire umpire
e. ensure insure
f. practise practice
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4. Fill in the following table with the appropriate form of the adjective:
good
better
the best
worse
the worse
late
..
the last
wet
..
older
the oldest
the luckiest
narrow
..........................
polutted
..
the most polluted
..
the least
5. Put in the most appropriate comparative or superlative adjective ar

adverb.
1. The new sales clerk has only been doing the job for a month. Of all the staff he has
.experience.
2. That was a terrible meeting., I think it was one ofmeetings Ive ever
attended.
3. We have been walking for half an hour already. Its.. I thought to the
next bus stop.
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4. I have to leave home. you do. You dont get to the office until nine,
but sometimes I start before 7.30 in the morning.
5. We have to continue our talk. we discuss the matter, the more I
realize the potential of this new plan.
6. Translate the following text into English:

Studiile Hawthorne au reprezentat o etapa importanta privind determinarea
comportamentului uman in organizatii. Din aceasta perspectiva, cheia productivitatii
este reprezentata de manifestarea unui interes mai mare fata de muncitori, ei sa se
simta mult mai satisfacuti in legatura cu slujbele lor fiind astfel dispusi sa produca
mai mult. Accentul este pus pe construirea de relatii mult mai apropiate si de
colaborare intre supraveghetori si muncitori.
Pe de alta parte, Maslow a dezvoltat o teorie a motivarii care are la baza trei
conceptii privind natura umana : fiintele umane au nevoi care niciodata nu vor fi
complet satisfacute; actiunea umana tinteste la indeplinirea unor nevoi care sunt
nesatisfacute la un moment dat; nevoile sunt ierarhizate.
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VOCABULARY
to entail = a determina, necesita, impune
scarce = redus, diminua
waste = pierdere, irosire
emerging = in curs de formare/aparitie
outstanding = distins, remarcabil
scalar = ierarhic, scalar
to acquire = a dobandi, a capata
thorough = minutios, meticulos, amanuntit
pathbreaking = deschizator de drumuri
balance sheet = bilant contabil
goal = tinta, scop
rewards = recompense
aim = tinta, tel, scop
consent = consimtamant
skill = talent, ingeniozitate
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LESSON 5
TEAMWORK IN ORGANISATIONS
OBJECTIVES : After studying this chapter you should be able to:

o become aware of the importance of team work
o explain the advantages and disadvantages of team work
o build up their management vocabulary
o revise and practise the use of adverbs
o distinguish and use word easily confused
LEAD-IN
1. Do you belong to a particular group of people? If yes, what are the features that
distinguish your group from another?
2. Why do people feel the need of belonging to a certain group?
3. What makes us call a number of people a group?
4. Do you think that the terms group and team cover an identical meaning?
Teamwork has become one of the buzz words of the last twenty years or so.
Students are often assigned to teams to do classwork, in which case the purpose is to
perform the assignment and receive an acceptable grade. Job advertisements require
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applicants with a capacity to work in teams. A team is a unit of two or more people
who interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a specific objective. The team
concept
implies a greater sense of mission and contest, although the words can be used
interchangeably. A team is more than just a group with a common aim. It is a group in
which the contributions of individuals are seen as complementary. Collaboration,
working together, contributing to a sequence of activities rather than to a common
task require people to be at the same time, in the same place, are elements that
characterize a good effective team.
The factors that influence team effectiveness begin with the organizational
context. The organizational context includes such factors as: structure, strategy,
environment, culture. Leaders must understand and manage stages of development,
norms and conflict in order to establish an effective team. For a team to be successful
over the long run it must be structured so as to both maintain its members social well
being and accomplish the teams task. In successful teams, the requirements for task
performance and social satisfaction are met by the emergence of two types of roles:
task specialist and socioemotional role.
People who play the task specialist role spend time and energy helping the team
reach its goal. They often display the following behaviours: initiation, give/offer
opinions on task solutions, give feedback on others suggestions, seek information,
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pull ideas together into a summary perspective, stimulate the team into action when
interest drops.
People who adopt a socioemotional role support team members emotional
needs and help strengthen the social entity. They display the following behaviours:
encourage (are warm and receptive to others ideas), reconcile group conflicts, reduce
tension, compromise (will shift own opinions to maintain team harmony).
Teams with mostly socioemotional roles can be very satisfying, but they also can be
unproductive.
Teams may have positive impact on both the output productivity and
satisfaction of members. On the other hand, teams may also create situations in which
motivation and performance are actually decreased.
Research has found that working in a team increases an individuals motivation and
performances. Simply being in the presence of other peoples has an energising effect,
enhancing individual productivity, through the increased effort of its members.
Employees have need for belonging and affiliation. Teams often increase the
employees feeling of dignity and self-worth because the whole person is employed.
The third major benefit of using teams is that employees also have the
intellectual resources of several members who can suggest short-cuts and offer
alternative points of view for team decisions.
Potential disadvantages of using teams are power realignment, free riding and
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coordination costs. Communication within a team may be found difficult especially if

members have a markedly different status or set of values. Hidden agendas that
individuals bring along to a team can highly affect the collaborative spirit within a
group. These hidden agendas are personal aims that individuals wish to pursue such
as: the desire to impress ones boss, to get personal satisfaction or publicity or to
make a particular alliance.
GRAMMAR ADVERBS
Look at the following examples and notice the position of the underlined words:
Hidden agendas can highly affect the collaborative spirit within a group.
The organisation is able to be responsive to rapidly changing customer needs.
The position of adverbs in a sentences is a matter of complicated rules and many

exceptions. However, here are some tips on this subject that you will find useful:
the verb and its object are not separated in English:
The general manager often makes long-distance calls.
I write reports very fast.
Do you clean your desk every Friday afternoon?
At the end of the corridor youll see the Sales Managers office on your left.
adverbs of place are usually placed before those of time:
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Shes flying to Rome on Thursday.
We arrived at the airport early.

I walk to the office every morning.
adverbs of time can be placed at the beginning of the sentence as well:
On Thursday shes flying to Rome.
Every morning I walk to the office.
adverbs of frequency (ever, never, often, always) usually come before the
main verb, but after to be:
I sometimes go to the office by train.
The new junior clerk is always late.
The office manager has often shown you how to do it.
1. Answer these questions on the text:

a. What is the difference between a group and a team?
b. What are the factors that contribute to team effectiveness?
c. Name some advantages for teamwork.
d. Reflect on the potential costs of using teams in a production unit.
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2. Match the terms below with the correct definition:

Contingency planning, controlling, organizing, participative management, human
relations skills, delegating, leadership
a) Creating a vision for others to follow, establishing corporate values and
ethics, and transforming the way the organization does business so it is more effective
and efficient.
b) Assigning authority and accountability to others, and letting them do it,
while retaining responsibility for results..
c) Management function which involves anticipating future trends and
determining
the
best
strategies
and
tactics
to
achieve
organizational
objectives.
d) Management function which involves checking to determine whether or not
an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective
action if it is not.
e) Management function which involve designing the organizational structure,
attracting people to the organization (staffing), and creating conditions and systems
that ensure that everyone and everything work together to achieve the objectives of
the organization................................
f) Management style which involves employees in setting objectives and
making decisions; democratic and laissez-faire leadership are forms of this type of
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management..
g) Ability to lead, communicate, motivate, coach, build morale, train, support
and delegate..
3. Are the words printed in italics in the correct place? If not, move them
to a correct place.
a. The secretary has not yet answered my fax.
_____________________________________
b. Always I forget to give you my homework.
____________________________________
c. Ruxandra has since noon been on the phone.
_____________________________________
d. The new executive secretary is extremely good at dealing with problems quickly.
___________________________________________________________________
e. Antonia quite types well actually.
_________________________________
f. He has lately been very busy.
________________________
g. We cant anyway leave yet, its too early.
_____________________________________
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h. She isnt ready to work of course in the new project team.

_________________________________________________
4.Translate into English:

Planul de afaceri itinerariul succesului
Este mult mai usor sa ajungi intr-un loc necunoscut daca ai informatii precise si
o harta buna. La fel stau lucrurile si in cazul infiintarii unei firme. Itinerariul pe care
trebuie sa-l urmeaze intreprinzatorii se numeste plan de afaceri. Planul de afaceri
este alcatuit din raspunsuri sistematice la o serie de intrebari vitale pentru initierea
unei afaceri viabile.
Cand vorbesc despre un plan de afaceri, oamenii se refera de obicei la un
document scris. El este procesul de definire si evaluare a viitoarei companii.
Viitori proprietari de firme mici vor sa deschida firma acum, nu sa stea sa
raspunda la intrebari referitoare la o idee despre cum sa obtina profit.. Ei nu vad rostul
analizarii unei firme care nici macar nu exista inca. Rostul este urmatorul: un plan de
afaceri este esential pentru ca va scoate in evidenta eventualele probleme, inca inainte
ca acestea sa se iveasca, si va sugera solulii, facandu-va sa economisiti timp, bani si
dureri de cap.
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VOCABULARY
Buz word = cuvant de mare circulatie
To accomplish = a realiza, a indeplini
In the long run = in timp
To pull (ideas) together = a concentra
To draw forth = a pune in evidenta, a stimula
To shift = a schimba, a modifica
Short-cut = scurtatura, varianta mai eficienta
Individual productivity = productivitate individuala
Applicant = solicitant, candidat
Environment = mediu (de afaceri, de colaborare etc)
Initiation = initiativa
Seek information = cautare de informatii
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LESSON 6
MANAGER TYPES
1. In small groups discuss which of the following qualities are more likely to
characterize todays top manager:
- charismatic/efficient
- thrilling/disciplined/business like
- visionary/pragmatic
- glamorous looks/business looks
2. Discuss which of the following statements are closer to your idea of the managers
role in todays business world:
A good manager should be an exceptionally intelligent, flamboyant and charismatic
person who is able to communicate his/her vision to his/her team
Good managers need not be geniuses highly admired by their employees, but rather
effective, accountable organisers able to examine carefully and make the best
judjments in order to improve the profitability of their company.
Successful managers are exceptional human beings, with the necessary drive that
enables them to build (multi)national conglomerates
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3. Qualities of managers
1. approachable,
2. articulate
3. assertive
4. committed
5. communicative
6. competitive
7. consistent
8. cooperative
9. creative
10. decisive
11. discreet
12. honest
13. intelligent
14. loyal
15. patient
16. practical
17. rational
18. reliable
19. responsible
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20. sensitive
21. sincere
22. skilled
23. supportive
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LESSON 7
GRAMMAR
Present tens simple
Present tens simple
Present tens simple interrogative
Present tens simple negative
I, We,You, They + V1
He, she, it + V1 -s
- es
He goes to the bank
everyday
We receive invoices
daily.
Do + I, we, you, they + V1?

Does + he, she, it + V1 ?
I, We,You, They + dont + V1

He, she, it + doesnt + V1
Does he go to the bank He doesnt go to the bank

everyday?
everyday.
Do we receive invoices every We dont receive invoices
daily?
daily.
Past tens simple

Past tens simple
Past tens simple interrogative
Past tens simple negative
S + V-ed
Did + S + V1 ?
S + didnt + V1.
V2
We played tennis a week Did you play tennis a week I didnt play tennis last week.
ago.
ago?
I didnt go to USA last year
We went to USA last Did you go to USA last year for for a meeting.
year for a meeting.
a meeting?
We use past tense simple to express an action in the past: yesterday, a week ago, last night,
last week, last month, summer, year, on Monday- in 2008.
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Present perfect simple

Present perfect simple
Present perfect simple interrogative
I, we, you, they +have + Have + S + V3 ?

V3
Has+ S + V3 ?
He, she, it + has +V3
Present perfect simple negative
S + havent + V3
S + hasnt + V3.
Just
Yet
Yet
Already
Already (surprise)
The Boards of Directors Have they decided to fire the They havent decided yet to
have already decided to accountant already?
fire her.
fire the accountant.
- We use present perfect to express a finish action when you think of the EFFECT of
the action in the present (and you dont say exactly when the action was finished)
- It is often used with these words to express a finished action connected with the
present : already, just, yet.
Present Continuous & Past Continuous

Present continuous
Past continuous
To be(present) + V1 + -ing
To be(past) + V1 + -ing
I am writing an inquiry now.
I was writing a report when my friend came in.
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- Express an action which is happening - Express an action which was going on at a

at the moment of speaking.
definite moment in the past.
- It is used with NOW
- It is used with: AT THIS TIME, YASTARDAY.
Present Perfect Simple & Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous
I, we, you, they + have + V3
I, we, you, they + have been + V1 + -ing
He, she + has + V3
He, she + has been + V1+ -ing
Teamwork has become one of the most The manager has been working at a new
important motivational ways.
project.
- It is used for more permanent situations
-It is used for more temporary activities and
-It is used to say that an action has just been situations.

finished or to talk about its effect.
-The idea of continuity of the action is

important.
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Future simple
Future simple
I, we + shall + V1
He, she, it, you, they + will + V1
The manager will buy laptops for all employs.
It is used with words like : tomorrow, next day, next week, next year.
Grammar review
ASPECT
TENSE
Present
Past
Present
Future
perfect
SIMPLE
I write reports I wrote reports I have written

every day.
yesterday
I will write later.
I have just written

I havent written yet.
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CONTINOUS
I am writing I was writing I

reports now.
have
been
writing
reports at this reports FOR half an

time yesterday.
hour.
I
have
been
reports
writing
SINCE
oclock.
Reported speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Present
Past
I write reports daily
He said that he wrote reports daily.
We are going to a meeting now.
He said that they were going to a meeting

then.
I have missed my bus.
He said that he had missed his bus.
Past (simple, continues)
Past perfect
We met yesterday to the bank.
They said that they had met the day before to

the bank.
He was working on the computer.
He said that they had been working on the

computer.
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Future
Future in the past
I will visited you tomorrow/next day.
She said that she would visit me the

following day/the next day.
Imperative
Infinitive
Open this book.
He told me to open that book.
Dont stay here
He told me not to stay there.
If clauses rules
Prop. conditionala (if.)
Prop. Principala
Present simple
Present simple/future
v(s/es) / dont, doesnt + v
will + v / wont + v
Past simple
Present conditional
v2, v +ed / didnt + v
would + v / wouldnt + v
Past perfect
Past conditional
had + v3, v+ed / hadnt + v3, v + ed
would have + v3, v+ed / wouldnt have +

v3, v+ed.
Examples:
Daca nu te grabesti, pierzi trenul.
If you dont hurry, you miss the train.
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Daca va avea bani, va cumpara casa.

If he has money, he will buy the house.
Daca nu te-ai grabi ai pierde trenul.

If you didnt hurry, you would miss the train.
Daca ar avea bani, ar cumpara casa.
If he had money, he would buy the house.
Daca nu te-ai fi grabit, ai fi pierdut trenul

If you hadnt hurried, you would have missed the train.
Daca ar fi avut bani, ar fi cumparat casa.
If he had had money he would have bought the house.
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Verbs: have to, must, should, allowed to

Have to
Must
Express an obligation but usually When we think something is important

describes what other people, not the and we want to give strong, direct advice
speaker, require (it is external obligation)
to someone, we can use must

Depending on interaction must can
sound like an order
Must can only be used to refer to the
present and the future.
A: I had to go away on business last week A: You must go to the bank today.
N: You dont have to go
N: You mustnt worry so much.
Q: What we have got to do?

Should
Allowed to
It is also used for advices, but is less Allowed

strong than must.
to
and
can
express
permission
Not allowed, cant and mustnt express
a prohibition.
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You shouldnt drink so much.
You are allowed to drink a bottle of wine

You can barrow my car if you want
He couldnt drive because he wasnt
insured.
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LESSON 8
BUSINESS LETTERS
1. Enquiry
2. Offer
3. Order
4. Status inquiry
5. Reply to status inquiries
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Dear Sirs,
We are one of the leading importers and distributors for the electronic industry.
We trust there is a huge market potential and would kindly ask you to let us have your
catalogues and price list.
We hope to establish lasting business cooperation.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
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Dear Miss Daniela,

Thank you for your letter dated of November 27th 2007.
We are pleased to enclose with our catalogues the latest Price List for your
assessment, as requested.
Kindly let us know which items will be of interest to you, so than we can give you the
necessary details.
You may be sure of immediate attention to your order, which we look forward to
receiving.
Yours sincerely,
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Dear Sirs,
Thank you for your offer of 30th November 2007.
Please ship to us the goods described below.
See shipping instructions and conditions on the reverse side of this order. If you can
not fill this order as stated, notify us at once.
Please acknowledge receipt of this order by return.
Failure to comply with instructions on this order makes you liable for any additional
expenses incurred.
Quantity
55
Articles
Price
Automatic
480$
Washing machines, fully automatic, stainless steel

Capacity 20 kg dry linen
SHIPMENT : As soon as possible
TERMS : 60 days
Note important instructions and conditions on the back.
ORIGINAL ORDER
Yours faithfully,
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Dear Sirs,
We have received a very large order from Brawn & Co. Company.
As we have not done business with this firm until now, we should be grateful if you
would send us some details about them. We are particularly interested in receiving
information about their solvency and their reliability, as they have requested a credit
of $ 20,000.
We shall be pleased to render you a similar service at any time.
We enclose a stamped addressed envelope for your reply.
Yours faithfully,
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Dear Sir,
We refer to your inquiry for information of April 15th 2008, about Brawn & Co.
Company.
We have done business with them for some years, but only to the extent of $4,000 at
one time. Within this limit they have met their engagement regularly, but we have no
idea haw they might act if credit were extended to a larger amount.
This information is given at your request and without any responsibility on our part.
Yours faithfully,
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VOCABULARY
bankruptcy = faliment
emerging markets = noi piete, piete nou aparute
currency crash = prabusirea monedei
bank run = retragere masiva a depunerilor dintro banca
over-valued exchange rate = curs valutar supraevaluat
havoc = haos
pegged to the American dollar = determinate in functie de dolarul american
appreciation/depreciation = apreciere/depreciere (a unei monede)
banking fraud = frauda bancara
interest-rate ceiling = plafonul la care se fixeaza rata dobanzii
bank insolvency = insolvabilitate bancara
lender of last resort = imprumutator de ultima instanta
deregulation = descentralizare, liberalizare a unui sector economic
to mint = a bate moneda
to take off = a luat startul, a se declansa
to cut the cost = a reduce costul
fee = onorariu, commission
manufacturer = producator
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wholesaler = angrosist
retailer = detailist
in bulk = in vrac
to break bulk = a desface marfa
consumer goods = bunuri de larg consum
warehouse = depozit
to cut out = a reduce
raw material = materie prima
producer goods = bunuri de investitii
machinery = masni industriale
to save = a economisi
cash flow = flux monetar
seasonal demand = cerere sezoniera
credit terms = conditii de credit
to by-pass = a ocoli
to fill an order = a executa o comanda
Annual Report = raport anual
Company Secretary = secretar general
debenture = obligatiune
share capital = capital social
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registred hadoffice = sediu social

to gain = a castiga
fluctuation, change = fluctuatii
exchangerate = curs valutar
to purchase = a achizitiona
reimbursment = rambursare
stock control = gestiune a stocurilor
union leaders = lideri sindicali
Board of Directors = Consiliu de Administratie
agenda = ordine de zi
financial yare = exercitiu financiar
auditors = revizori contabili
articles of association = statutul societatii
sleeping parteners = comanditati
limited partenership = societate in comandita
subsidiary = filiala
holding company= societate mama
merge = fuziune
shareholders = actionari
takeover = preluare
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chairman = presedinte
one-man business = intreprindere individuala
partenership = societate de persoae
minutes = proces verbal
invoice = factura
public company = societate anonima
balance sheet = bilant
parteners = asociati
shares = actiuni
stock exchange = bursa de valori
stock market = bursa (se refera la tranzactiile care au loc la bursa)
Annual General Meeting = Adunare Generala
overheads = cheltuieli generale
financial software = program financiar
word processor = processor de text
executives = functionari
delivery network = retea de distributie
charges = tarife
teleshoping = cumparaturi la domociliu
official figures = cifre oficiale
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inflation rate = rata inflatiei

holding = concern (societate foarte mare care include mai multe societati)
meting = sedinta
files = dosare
desktop publishing = editare computerizata
morgage = ipoteca
freelance = independenta
inquiries = cerere de oferta
prospective supplier = furnizori potentiali
offeror = cel care face o oferta
offeree = partea caraia ii este facuta ofarta
sample = mostra
pattern = model, sablon
scarce = putin, rar
household = gospodarie
assumption = asumare, presupunere
revenues = venit
intricate = complicat
extralabour = forta de munca
slump = criza, declin
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supply = stoc, fonduri, oferta

to exceed = a ntrece
chiefly = mai ales
to borrow = a imprumuta
tanks = resurse
welfare = bunastare
incentive = stimulent
to refine = a (se) rafina
to asserted = a se afirma
commonly = de obicei, in general
scarcity = penurie
feasible = avantajos
to yeld = a produce
rent = chirie
to enable = a permite, a face posibil
unskiled = necalificat
conversely = invers
planty = multime
claim = revendicare, pretentie
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outstarting = restant, nerezolvat

subsidize = subventionare
broadly = larg, limpede
task = sarcina
judicious = intelept, cu judecata
to devise = a nascoci
to preserve = a pastra
deliber = anume, cu grija
trend = tendinta, curent
trade = meserie
to prevent = a impiedica
to ponder = a considera
to assessment = a evalua
to assign = a incredinta, a repartiza
application = cerere
sallary rise = crestere de salariu
to go bankrup = a da faliment
study leave = concediu de studi
regional branchies = sucursale din provincie
fee = taxa, onorariu
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staff = angajati, muncitori

piles of money = gramada de bani
to carry on with, to resume, to continue = a continua
keypad = tastatura
to put trough = a face legatura (la telefon)
answeringmachines = robot telefonic
turnover = cifra de afaceri
solvency = solvabilitate
stamped addressed envelope = plic timbrat
spread sheet = foaie de calcul
we shall take the necessary action = vom lua masurile necesare
we are holding the metter pending = problema ramane in atentia noastra
under separate cover = in plic separat
I would be be grateful if you would kindly = v-as fi recunoscator daca a-ti binevoi
I have duely noted = am luat nota de
We acknowledge recipit of = confirmam primirea
I look farward to hearing from you = astept cu nerabdare raspunsul dumneaoastra
Unless we hear from you to the contrary = daca nu ne ve-ti informa contrariul
Kindly confirme in writing = va rugam sa confirmati in scris
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Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

SUPPLY, DEMAND, PRICE AND COMPETITION

WHAT COMMERCE IS ABOUT

Lesson 4 ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

OBJECTIVES: After studying this lesson , you should be able to:

A free-market system implies competition among sellers of products and

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

GRAMMAR THE ARTICLE

The indefinite article a/ an

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

1. Answer the following questions :

3. Choose the most suitable phrase

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

c. Jack was in pain/in a pain after he twisted his wrist.

4.Answer the following questions on the text below:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

aggressively. Technological improvements, restructuring and salary freezing have

5. Translate into English:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

costs = costuri, cheltuieli

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

OBJECTIVES: After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

1. Answer the following questions:

6.What does export trade deal with?

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

2. Give synonyms for:

assist_______________, prospective________________, customer_____________,

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

a. Every stage of production employs commercial services.

d. Commercial services add value to products.

4. Match the following words with their corresponding definition:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

5. Explain and comment THE COMMERCE SYSTEM

6. Rephrase the following sentences keeping their meaning unchanged.

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

2. We must launch the new product by June. (insist)

7. The new multiples have managed to attract fashion-conscious customers. (to be

8. They are making efforts to improve their warehousing facilities. (concentrate)

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

10. He is considering giving his superstore a face-lift. (think)

7. Translate into English:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

to purchase = a cumpara, a achizitiona

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Wholesaling is part of the chain of distribution: manufacturer wholesaler

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

Agricultural wholesalers.The traditional system for distributing agricultural

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

1. Answer the following questions on the text:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

2. Fill in the blanks choosing from the words in the box:

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

3. Replace the words in italics by an infinitive construction:

4. Write sentences based on the given facts, beginning your answers as

Uniunea European reprezint o entitate politic, social i economic compus din

assist___, prospective, customer_,