DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM. ENGG.

B.I.T. MESRA, RANCHI

EC8103

DIGITAL VIDEO SIGNAL CODING

Module 1:
ELEMENTS OF A TELEVISION SYSTEM:
Picture & Sound Transmission, Picture & Sound Reception, Scanning, Persistence of Vision and
Flicker, Horizontal and Vertical resolution, Kell factor, CCIR-B standards.
Text Books:
1. Monochrome and Colour Television by R. R. Gulati.
2. Television Engineering by A. M. Dhake
Module 2:
COMPOSITIVE VIDEO SIGNAL:
Video signal Dimensions, Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization details, Scanning sequence
details of 625 line TV systems.
Channel band width, Vestigial Side Band transmission and reception, Channel band width for B
& W and colour transmission.
Text Books:
1. Monochrome and colour Television by R. R. Gulati.
2. Television Engineering by A. M. Dhake
Module 3:
TV CAMERAS AND TV PICTURE TUBE (B/W):
Camera tube characteristics, Vidicon, Plumbicon, Silicon diode Array, Solid State Image
Scanners.
Text Books:
1. Monochrome and colour Television by R. R. Gulati.
2. Television Engineering by A. M. Dhake.
Module 4:
TV TRANSMITTERS & TV RECEIVERS:
Transmitter requirements, High level and IF modulated transmitters, Visual and Aural exciters,
Diplexers. Block schematic & functional requirements of T.V. receiver, IF response.
Text Books:
1. Monochrome and colour Television by R. R. Gulati.
2. Television Engineering by A. M. Dhake.

Module 5:
COLOUR SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION :
Colour sync, colour burst signal, Composite colour signal, Colour TV Camera, Colour picture
tube, NTSC coder, PAL Coder and decoder, SECAM coder and decoders, PAL colour TV
receiver.
Text Books:
1. Monochrome and colour Television by R. R. Gulati.
2. Television Engineering by A. M. Dhake
Module 6:
CONTEMPORARY VIDEO CODING SCHEME:
User requirement from video, segmentation-based coding, Model based coding, sub-band
coding. Codebook vector based coding, Block-based DCT transform video coding (MPEG1, MPEG-2, H.261, and H.263).
Text Books:
1) Compressed Video Communication by A.H.Sadka ( Wiley publication)
Module 7:
Objectbased video coding:
VOP( video object plane) encoder, Shape coding, Motion estimation and compensation ,
Padding techniques, Basic Motion techniques, Texture coding , MPEG-4 VOP decoders,
Layered video coding. Real -time video transmission over Mobile IP Network
Text Book:
1) Compressed Video Communication by A.H.Sadka ( Wiley publication)

TUTORIAL
EC8103

DIGITAL VIDEO SIGNAL COADING

1.

Answer the following:

(a) Why is scanning necessary in TV transmission? Why is it carried out at a fast rate?
(b) What is a raster and how is it produced on the picture tube screen?

2.

(a) Explain why FM is preferred to AM for sound signal transmission.

(b) Why AM preferred to FM for picture signal transmission?

3.

Give reasons for the following:

(a) The range of TV receptions are limited to line of sight.
(b) TV signals are transmitted above 40 MHz.
(c) A TV signal is much more complicated than a radio signal.

4.

What do you understand by Interlaced scanning? Show that it reduces flicker and
conserves bandwidth. Why odd no. of lines are used for scanning?

5.

What do you understand by resolution or Kell factor? How does it affect the vertical
resolution of a TV picture? What is meant by equal horizontal and vertical resolutions?
Show that the highest modulating video frequency in 625-line system is 5 MHz.

6.

The relevant data for a closed circuit TV system is given below. Calculate the highest
modulating frequency that will generated while scanning the most stringent case of
alternate black and white dots for equal vertical and horizontal resolution.
No. of lines
=
250
Interlace ratio
=
1: 1
Picture repetition rate
=
50/sec
Aspect ratio
=
4: 3
Vertical retrace time
=
10 percent of the frame time
Horizontal retrace line
=
20 percent of the total-line time
Resolution factor
=
0.8

7.

Explain what you understand by contrast, contrast ratio of gamma of the picture.

8.

Sketch composite video signal for at least three successive lines and indicate the
extreme white, blanking level pedestal height, Sync pulse level, Mention the durations of
front porch, horizontal sync pulse, blanking pulse.

9.

Sketch the CCIRB standard composite video waveform (i) locked to H rate (ii) Locked to
V rate on an oscilloscope corresponding to the following patterns (a) 10 Horizontal black
& white bars (b) 10 vertical black and white bards (c) Cross hatch (d) Chess board (e)
Horizontal gradation bars (f) Vertical gradation.

10.

A TV standard has 819 scan lines and a line frequency of 20475 Hz. Assuming 15
percent as blanking time for vertical and horizontal scanning. Find video bandwidth
requirement of the system. Assume Kell factor = 0.8.

11.

Sketch the pulse train that follow after the second and first field scanning. Explain the
functions of V-sync pulse, Pre and post equalizing pulses. Why is it necessary to keep

their duration equal to half line periods?

12.

What will be the nature of the pattern on TV screen if the video signal contains (i) a 50 Hz
sine wave pick up signal (ii) a 100 Hz pickup signal (iii) a 15625 Hz pulsed signal (iv) a
31250 Hz pulse signal (v) a 15625 Hz saw tooth signal (vi) a 5.5 MHz sine wave signal.

13.

Draw the composite video signal for two consecutive lines in scanning across the
following patterns (a) All white frame, (b) two vertical white bars and two black bars
equally spaced (c) 10 pairs of vertical bars. Why does this signal have a higher frequency
than in (b)?

14.

Show that in 625-B system, a total channel B.W. of 11.25 MHz would be required if both
the side bands of A.M. picture signal and fully radiated along with the F.M. sound signal.

15.

Why is an attenuation slope of 0.5 MHz allowed at both the edges of the A.M. picture
signal side bands? Why is a guard band provided of the sound signal edge of the TV
channel?

16.

Why is it necessary to affect economy in channel bandwidth? Why SSB is not used for
picture signal transmission?

17.

What is vestigial sideband transmission and why is it used for transmission of TV picture
signal?

18.

Why in the I.F. response of the VIF amplifier of the TV receiver, the VIF 38.9 MHz is
placed at 5 percent on the attenuation slope corresponding to the suppressed side band?
Sketch the receiver response and explain.

19.

Show that a total channel B.W. of 7 MHz is required for transmission of video and sound
frequencies in CCIR-B system. Sketch frequency distribution of the channel & mark P.C.
& S.C. frequencies and also colour sub carrier frequency. Why S.C. is 5.5 MHz away
from P.C.?

20.

Draw the block diagram of a B/W TV receiver. Indicate the signal waveforms at various
points explain the function of each block briefly.

21.

Answer the followings:

(a) What are the advantages of using an RF amplifier before the frequency converter in
the tuner?
(b) What are the factors that influence the choice of PIF=38. MHz and SIF = 33.4 MHz in
625-B B/WTV system.

22.

What do you understand by intercarrier sound system? Where and how is the intercarrier
sound signal separated from the video signal? Explain why any shift in the local oscillator
frequency does not affect the frequency of the intercarrier beat signal.

23.

What are the essential functions which are assigned to IF section of a TV receiver? Draw
the picture IF response according to CCIR-B standards and explain how VSB correction
is carrier not. Why sound signal amplitude attenuated to about 5% of the maximum
output voltage.

24.

Explain briefly how sync pulses are separated from the composite video signal and

processed to synchronize the vertical and horizontal oscillators of the TV receiver.

25.

What do you understand by compatibility in TV transmission? Enumerate essential

requirements that must be met to make a colour system fully compatible.

26.

Explain the terms: Hue, saturation, luminance and chrominance.

27.

Describe the construction of a colour TV camera and its optical systems using diachroic
mirrors.

28.

Explain how the Y signal and colour difference signals (R-Y) & (B-Y) are developed from
the camera output. Why the Y signal is set to Y = 0.3R + 0.599 + 0.11B?

29.

Why is the (G-Y) difference signal not chosen for transmission? Explain how it is
recovered in the receiver.

30.

Explain how colour difference signal disappear at the output of the matrix in a colour
receiver when the transmission is B/W.

31.

While televising a static desaturated colour seems the camera outputs were found to
have the following amplitudes?
VE = 0.7V, VG = 0.6V, VE = 0.3V
What is the basic hue of the scene? Compute values of G.Y and Y signals and establish
that true hue and brightness will be reproduced in the receiver. What shades will such a
signal produce in a B/W receiver?

32.

Draw the following signal for the standard colour bar pattern of white yellow, cyan, Green,
Magenta, Red, Blue & Black
Y, R-Y, B-Y, G-Y, C, Y+C

33.

Repeat exercise 32 for the weighted signals.

34.

Draw Q.I, Q. Y-C signals for the standard colour bar pattern.

35.

On the colour, show the amplitude and phases of the various colours for weighted and
unweighted signals.

36.

Explain how by frequency interleaving the colour information is accommodated within the
same channel bandwidth of 7 MHz.

37.

Discuss the factors, which influence the choice of sub-carrier frequency in a colour TV
system. Why colour signals bandwidth requirement is much less than that of the Y
signals?

38.

With the aid of block diagrams explain the function of NTSC Encoder and Decoder. Why
different bandwidths are assigned to Q & I signals? What are the limitations of the NTSC
system?

39.

Explain how the phase error is continuously corrected in the PAL system while effecting

Q.A.M of the colour difference signals. Establish the value of F sc as used in the PAL
system.
40.

Explain with a suitable block diagram the function of the PAL encoder. Why the colour is
burst signal transmitted after each scanning line? What is swinging burst?

41.

Explain the delay line method of separating U & V signals in a PAL receiver.

42.

Describe the function of PAL-D decoder. What is IDENT signal and how is it separated in
the receiver? Explain how it is used to control the PAL switch and colour oscillator circuit.

43.

What is the basic difference between SECAM NTSC and PAL colour TV systems?
Discuss the relative merits and demerits of these systems.

44.

With the aid of block diagrams explain the functions of SECAM Encoder and Decoder.

45.

Draw the block diagram of a colour TV receiver and explain the functions of various
blocks.

46.

Describe briefly how EHT voltage is developed from the horizontal output circuit of the
sweep amplifier.

47.

What are the types of target plates used in Image Orthicon, vidicon, plumbicon and
silicon diode array vidicon? Compare their properties.

48.

Draw the cross-sectional view of an Image Orthicon camera tube and explain how it
develops video signal when light scenes are focused in its faced plate. Explain the
functions of the various electrodes used in I.C.

49.

What is the function of the electron multiplier in I.C. tube? Explain with the help of light
transfer characteristics the effect of target mesh spacing on the overall performance of
the tube.

50.

Explain with the help of suitable sketches, the operation of a vidicon camera tube. How
this camera tube differs from an Image orthicon tube and what are its special
applications? What is dark current in vidicon? Draw the light transfer characteristics for
various dark currents.

51.

Explain with the help of a suitable sketch the operation of a plumbicon camera tube.

52.

Give constructional details of silicon diode array vidicon. Explain how the video signal is
developed from multidiode array target.

53.

Explain with suitable sketches the basic principle of a solid state Image Scanner.
Describe briefly how the scanner is scanned to provide the video signal.

54.

Describe giving block diagrams the operation of a television transmitter using (i) High
level modulation (ii) I.F. modulation.

55.

Compare the design features of TV transmitters employing high level and low-level
modulation. What are the advantages of IF modulation over High-level modulation?

56.

Describe the function of the following:

(a) Aural notch cavities
(b)
3 dB directional coupler

57.

Describe with the aid of sketches the working a Diplexer used in IF modulated IV
transmitter.

58.

Describe with aid of sketches the function of a filterplexer used in high-level modulated
TV transmitters.

59.

Explain the TV signal requirement in the service area of a TV station. Why does the
minimum signal strength requirement vary with the frequency band?

60.

Describe the various types of geometrical distortions, which occur in the raster of the TV
receiver.

61.

Explain the construction of a black and white Picture Tube, indicating the function of each
electrode. What type of phosphor is used for picture tube screens?

62.

What is the function of aquadag coating on the inner side of the tube? Why is a grounded
coating provided on the outer surface of the picture tube? How does the aluminized
screen help improve the performance of the tube and increase its life?

63.

What are the functions of brightness and contrast controls.? Explain their action with
suitable diagrams. Why it is necessary to employ implosion protection in picture tubes?

64.

Describe briefly co-channel, Adjacent channel and Ghost Interference effects. Discuss
the techniques employed to eliminate these in fringe areas.

65.

A ghost is produced 2 ohm to the right of the main image in a 1-ohm wide picture tube.
What is the difference in the path length of the direct and reflected rays?

66.

What are the different user requirements from any kind of video application?

67.

Why video compression is necessary?

68.

Draw and explain a basic video coding and decoding scheme?

69.
70.

Explain segmentation based coding scheme. What are its limitations?

Describe a model based coding scheme? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
this scheme.

71.

Explain codebook vectorbased coding. What is the different procedure to design the
codebook?

72.

What is the procedure for selecting an appropriate coding algorithm for a particular
multimedia service?

73.

Explain Block-based DCT transform video coding scheme.

74.

List out the different block-based DCT video coding standards along with its specific

application and the data rates they support. What are the various reasons for the
success achieved by this type of video coding scheme?
75.

What is block matching (BM) motion estimation process?

76.

What is MV (motion vector)? How they are encoded in H.261 and H.263 standard?

77.

Give the architecture of an ITU-T H.263 (typical block-based DCT transform video coder)
and explain it.

78.

What is Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)? State the purpose of using DCT in blockbased video coding scheme.

79.

Explain the new negotiable options introduced by the ITU-T H.261 and H.263 with
respect to the compression efficiency, error robustness.

80.

INTER and INTRA are the two different coding exist in a block-transform video coder.
Explain the two.

81.

Give the block diagram of a vector based video coding scheme and explain briefly each
block.

82.

What is sub-band video coding scheme? Explain the basic two channel filter structure for
sub band coding.

83.

What is object-based video coding? How it is different from block based video coding?

84.

What is video object planes (VOP)? How the interpretation of VOP by object based video
coder is different from that of block based video coder?

85.

Give the VOP encoder structure of an object based video coder. How is it different from
block-based video coder?

86.

What are the different methods employed by MPEG-4 to code the shape information of a
detected VOPs?

87.

What is binary shape coding? How each index is assigned to the 2x2 sub block at level
3?

88.

What is Grey Scale shape coding? How an index is assigned to each 4x4 sub block in
level 2?

89.

How the padding technique is applied on the reference of VOP to perform the motion
estimation/compression?

90.

What are the different techniques used in MPEG-4 for the coding of motion data? Explain
in brief each of these techniques.

91.

How texture coding is done in MPEG-4 standard?

92.

Draw the block diagram of a VOP decoder structure. Explain it briefly.

93.

Compare the performance of MPEG-4 with H.263.

94.

What you mean by Layered Video Coding?

95.

Explain the functionalities of base layer and enhancement layer with regard to the
MPEG-4.

96.

Explain the protocol architecture for real-time video transmission over IP-based mobile
radio network.

97.

What are the different changes needed (in principle) in the existing system to facilitate
real-time video transmission over the Mobile-IP network?

98.

For real-time transmission of compressed video data, describe the methods of data
packetisation.