CPO Cooking Oil PH

Intro to Palm Oil Processing
From CPO to Cooking Oil

Introduction to Palm Oil Processing
Purwiyatno Hariyadi, PhD
hariyadi@seafast.org
Professor of Food Process Engineering

Department of Food Science and Technology
And
Southeast Asian Food & Agricultural Science & Technology (SEAFAST) center
BOGOR AGRCIULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR-INDONESIA
Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org
Introduction
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
Oil Processing h i di@
f
Purwiyatno Hariyadi;
Introduction
Total crude palm oil and
palm kernel oil production :
41.1 million metric tone
Characteristic Unique of
Palm Oil
1. Proven long history of- safe uses
for human consumption
2. Wide range of potential applications
(cooking oil, shortening, margarine
and other)
Palm Oil
2. Wide range of potential applications
Palm Oil
3. Can be utilized as a good energy
source
source.
4. No cholesterol and no trans fats
Palm Oil
Trans fats
Palm Oil
Trans fats
Palm Oil
Trans fats
Required
01/01/06
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
RPO
Palm Oil
6. Rich in natural carotenoids
RBO Olein
~ 1000
Palm Oil
6. Rich in natural carotenoids
Palm Oil
6. Rich in natural antioxidant
((tocopherol
p
and tocotrienol))
Palm Oil
PHYTOCHEMICALS in PALM OIL
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
6. Rich in natural antioxidant
((tocopherol
p
and tocotrienol))
Decrease Tromboxan A-2 (TXA2)

Increase Prostaglandin I-2 (PGI2)
Decrease Cholesterol
Decrease LDL-Cholesterol
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
10
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
11
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
12
Palm Oil
Palm Oil
7. Balance composition of fatty acids
8. Contain linoleic as essential fatty
acid
Fatty Acid
12:0
14:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
20:0
% of total Fatty acids

Range
Average
0.1-1.0
0.2
0.9-1.5
1.1
41.8-46.8
44.0
0103
0.1-0.3
01
0.1
4.2-5.1
4.5
37.3-40.8
39.2
9,1-11.0
10.1
0.0-0.6
0.4
0.2-0.7
0.4
13
Palm Oil
9. Produce 2 kind of oils.
1. Palm Oil
2 Palm Kernel Oil
2.
Palm Oil
14
Palm Oil
Composition
p
of PO Mesocarp
p.
Palm Oil
15
Palm Oil
10. Researches show that palm oil has
positive health effect.
Palm Oil
10. Researches show that palm oil has
positive health effect.
16
Harvesting
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
Fruit Bunch
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
17
FFB
Received At Mill
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
FFB Loaded Into Cages Ready

for Sterilization
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
18
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
19
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Sterilization
Placing sterilizer cages in horizontal vessels at steam
pressure off 3 kg/cm
k / 2 (143oC);
C) 60 minutes
i t
Enzyme inactivation prevention of FFA increase
Facilitation of
mechanical stripping
Preparation of pericarp
for sub-sequential
processing
Preconditioning of the
nuts to minimize
kernel breakage
Intro to Palm Oil
Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Stripping
Separation
S
ti off sterilized
t ili d ffruits
it ffrom th
the b
bunch
h stalks
t lk
Drum type :
Vigorous shaking
Beating
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
20
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Digestion
R
Reheating
h ti th
the sterilized
t ili d ffruits
it ((mixing
i i th
the ffruits
it att 95
95o
100 C, 20 minutes.
To loosen the pericarp from the nuts
To break the oil cell before passing to oil extraction
unit
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Oil Extraction
Continuous
C ti
screw pressing
i tto produce
d
:
Mixture of oil (~66%), water (~24%) and non-oily
solid (~10%).
Press cake, containing fibers and nuts
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
21
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Clarification
Dilution
Dil ti with
ith water
t to
t facilitate
f ilit t settling
ttli
Screen to remove fibrous material
Pump to settling tank to obtain oil and sludge
Top oil is skimmed off centrifuge vacuum
dryer oil storage
Sludge (~ 10% oil) reclaimed and fed back to
main settling tank
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Clarification
22
Palm Oil Processing

Unit Operations
Oil Storage
IInternally
t
ll coated
t d with
ith epoxy material
t i l tto preventt iiron
pickup
Oil : water content 0.1 -0.12%; impurities < 0.02%.
Temperature controlled : Storage 32-40oC,
(loading/unloading : 50-55oC (heating rate 5oC per 24 hr)
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO
Color: Dark Red
Rich in Micronutrient:
(Carotenoids; Tocoferol;
Tocotrienol; Fitosterol)
Need to be refined Refining Process
Intro to Palm Oil
Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
23
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO
Commonly
y consists of desirable triglycerides,
gy
,
unsaponifiable matter together with small amount of
impurities.
Impurities contribute undesirable effects to the oil,
for instance color, flavor, odor, instability and
foaming.
Should be removed by a purification step in order to
produce good quality of refined oil with minimal
possible oil loss or damage to the oil and desirable
materials such as tocopherols and carotenes.
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO
Oil
Ti l
Triglyceride,
id Di
Diglyceride
l
id , M
Monoglyceride;
l
id
Phospholipids, Glycolipid and Lipoprotein;
Free fatty acids
Oxidized Products
Peroxides, Aldehydes, Ketones, Furfurals

(from sugars)
Non-oil (but oil soluble)
Carotene, Tocopherols, Squalene, Sterols
Impurities
Metal particles, Metal ions, Metal

complexes
Water Soluble
Water (moisture), Glycerol, Chlorophyll

pigments, Phenols, Sugars (soluble
carbohydrates)
24
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO Typical composition
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
further processing (refining process)
CPO
Physical Refining
Chemical Refining
Intro to Palm Oil
Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
25
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO
Intro to Palm Oil

Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
Palm Oil Refining Processing

Unit Operations
-Degumming of CPO
Crude oils contain complex organo-phosphorus compounds
referred to as phospholipids (phosphatides) or more usually, as
gums.
Phospholipids should be removed because of their strong
emulsifying action and if they are not removed, the oil will went
through undue darkening during deodorization at high
temperature
Th
The phospholipids
h
h li id ((phosphatides)
h
h tid ) are removed
dd
during
i processing
i
by a variety of treatments collectively referred to as degumming.
The treatment usually involves hydration with water,
orthophosphoric acid, and polybasic organic acids either singly or
in combination, followed by centrifuging the precipitated material
or by its adsorption on bleaching earth or filter.
Intro to Palm Oil
Introduction
Processingto -Palm
f
26

Unit Operations
-Degumming of CPO
X = choline (phosphatidyl choline or PC)

X = ethanolamine (phosphatidylethanolamine or PE)
X = inositol (phosphatidylinositol or PI)
X = hydrogen (phosphatidyl acid or PA)

Unit Operations
-Degumming of CPO
27

Unit Operations
-Degumming of CPO

Unit Operations
-Degumming of CPO
28

Unit Operations
-Bleaching of CPO
Treatment that is given to remove color producing substances and to further
purify the fat or oil.
The usual method of bleaching is by adsorption of the color producing
substances on an adsorbent material.
There a lot of adsorbent materials are being used in vegetable oil industry
for examples; acid activated bleaching earth, natural bleaching earth,
activated carbon and synthetic silicates.
Acid activated bleaching earth (fullers earth) or clay, sometimes called
b t it iis th
bentonite,
the adsorbent
d b t material
t i l th
thatt h
has b
been used
d mostt extensively.
t
i l
This substance consists primarily of hydrated aluminum silicate. Usually,
bleaching earth does not remove all the color producing materials, much of
which are actually removed by thermal destruction during the deodorization
process.
Activated carbon is also used as a bleaching adsorbent to a limited extent.

Unit Operations
- Deodorization of CPO
D
Deodorization
d i ti iis a vacuum steam
t
di
distillation
till ti process ffor
the purpose of removing undesirable flavors and odors,
mostly arising from oxidation, in fats and oils.
Using steam under reduced pressure the volatile
compounds are removed from fats and oils.
Typical
yp
conditions approximate
pp
250oC at 2.0 mm absolute
pressure for 1-4 hr with strong steam sparging.
The deodorization utilizes the differences in volatility
between off-flavor and off-odor substances and the
triglycerides.
29

Unit Operations
- Deodorization of CPO
Typical deodorization conditions

Unit Operations
- Deodorizations
30

Unit Operations A. Physical Refining

-Degumming and pre-bleaching of CPO
- Add concentrated (80
(80-85%)
85%) phosphoric acid (dose at 0
0.0505
0.2% of fed oil), 13-30 minutes
-
Precipitate nonhydratable phosphatides
- Adsorptive cleansing with bleaching clay (add as slurry 0.8

2%); under vacuum 20-25 mmHg; 95-110oC, 30-45 min).
-
Adsorb impurities (trace metal, moisture, insoluble, and part of the

carotenoids
t
id and
d other
th pigments
i
t
Adsorb/reduce oxidation products
Adsorb phospholipids precipitated by phosphoric acids
Remove any excess phosphoric acids
31

-Deacidification & Deodorizations
- Oil is deaerated heating 240-270oC (using external HE)
pumped into deodorizer (2-5 mmHg).
- Remove FFA (incl volatile odoriferous, oxidation products
(aldehyde and ketone).
- Thermally compose carotenoids
- Produced
P d
d light-colored,
li ht l d bland
bl d RBDPO

-Deacidification & Deodorizations
Residu
ual Carotene (%)
100
80
60
40
180oC (356oF)
20
200oC (392oF)
240oC (464oF)
20
40
60 Minutes
32

-Desirable Quality of pretreated and RBDPO
Pretreated PO
(Degummed/Bleached)
RBDPO
Same as Crude feed
0.10%, max
Moisture and Impurities (wt, %), max
0.1
0.1
I
Iron
(mg/kg),
(
/k ) max
0 12
0.12
0 12
0.12
Copper (mg/kg), max
0.05
0.05
Parameter
FFA (as C16:0; %)

Peroxide value (mEq/kg)
Phosphorus, (mg/kg), max

Unit Operations A. Chemical Refining
-Desirable Quality of pretreated and RBDPO
33

-Alkali Refining
Heating CPO to 80-90
80 90oC
Dose concentrated (80-85%) phosphoric acid at 0.05-0.2% (of fed oil)
Add caustic soda solution (4N = 20Be) with calculated excess of ~20%
Soap removal by centrifugation
- Lighter phase (oil with 500-1000 mg soap/kg oil; moisture)
Neutralized Palm Oil (NPO)
phase ((soap,
p insoluble impurities,
p
g
gum, p
phosphatides,
p
- Heavier p
excess alkali, and loss oil/emulsion).
- Washing NPO with 10-20% hot water centrifugation
- Washed oil is dried under vacuum to a moisture level < 0.05%.
-

-Bleaching
- NPO is bleached (similar process as that of physical refining)
- Adsorptive cleansing with bleaching clay (add as slurry 0.8 2%); under
vacuum 20-25 mmHg; 95-110oC, 30-45 min).
Adsorb impurities (trace metal, moisture, insoluble's, and part of the
carotenoids and other pigments
Adsorb/reduce oxidation products
Adsorb phospholipids precipitated by phosphoric acids
Remove any excess phosphoric acids
34

-Deodorization
- NBPO is deodorized (similar process as that of physical refining)
- Oil is deaerated heating 240-270oC (using external HE) pumped
into deodorizer (2-5 mmHg).
- Remove FFA (incl volatile odoriferous, oxidation products (aldehyde and
ketone).
- Thermally compose carotenoids
- Produced light-colored, bland NBDPO
- RF (refining factor) :
RF = % total Oil Loss/% FFA in the Oil
1.5 2.0

-Desirable Quality of pretreated and NBDPO
Parameter
N-PO
NB-PO
NBD-PO
0.15%, max
0.15%, max
0.10%, max
0.1
0.1
0.1
I
Iron
(mg/kg),
(
/k ) max
0 15
0.15
0 12
0.12
Copper (mg/kg), max
0.06
0.05
Phosphorus, (mg/kg), max
20
FFA (as C16:0; %)

Peroxide value (mEq/kg)
Moisture and Impurities (wt, %), max
Soap Content (mg/kg)

- hariyadi@seafast.org
35
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
CPO
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
further processing (refining process) & fractionation
Intro
36
Palm Oil Processing

Flow Chart
further processing (refining process) & fractionation
Intro
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
1 CPO
2.CP Olein
3. CP Stearin
4 RBO Olein
4.
5. RBD Stearin
6. RBD PO
37
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
T
Triacylglycerols/triglyceride
i
l l
l /t i l
id (TAG) off PO consist
i t
of combination of FAs
3 commercial methods of fractionations
Dry fractionation
Detergent fractionation
Solvent fractionation
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
Olein
To separate olein (lowmelting

lti liquid
li id phase)
h
)
and stearin (highmelting solid phase)
fraction
Olein usually used for
cooking
ki oilil
RBDPO
Stearin usually for

margarine and
industrial frying
Stearin
38
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
Dry fractionation
Oil is kept homogenized at 70oC
Cooled at specific cooling program; up
to 20oC (depend on quality
requirement)
Filtration
Filt ti (filt
(filter press; membrane
b
filt
filter))
About 65-75% olein + 25-35% stearin
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
Dry fractionation
39
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
Detergent fractionation
Usually done on CPO
Hot oil is cooled up to usually about 20oC)
Add and mix with aqueous detergent solution
(0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate/SDS)
Stearin crystals
y
are wetted with SDS g
go to
aqueous phase
Centrifugation olein is washed with hot
water vacuum dried
Yield ~ 80% olein
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
Solvent fractionation
Most expensive, need lower temp; more
safety feature
Hexane and acetone
Oil is dissolved in the solvent cooled
filtration
Yield ~ 80% Olein
Viable in production of high value products
PMF cocoa butter equivalent
40
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation Palm Oil
(100%)
1st Fractionation
Olein Fraction
65-75 -80%
Stearine Fraction
10-35%
2nd Fractionation
2nd Olein Fraction

(Super Olein)
55-65%
Palm oil Midfraction

25-30%
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
PALM OIL
1st Fractionation
Acetone:oil=4:1
Crystallize at ~ 0oC
Reheat to 40oC
LOW MELTING FRACTION
add more acetone

(acetone:oil=4:1)
Yield >60%
M.Pt. <15oC
16:0 ~35%
IV > 65
Crystallize at 20-24oC
2nd Fractionation
PALM MIDFRACTION
HIGH MELTING
FRACTION
Yield 25-30%
M.Pt. 30-35oC
16:0 ~60%
IV > 32-36
POP = 56%
POS = 10%
SOS = 1%
Yield >10%
M.Pt. 55-60oC
16:0 ~80%
IV > 10
41
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
PALM OIL
1st
Fractionation
Acetone:oil=4:1
Crystallize at ~ 0oC
Reheat to 40oC
LOW MELTING FRACTION
add more acetone

(acetone:oil=4:1)
Yield >60%
M.Pt. <15oC
16:0 ~35%
IV > 65
Crystallize at 20-24oC
2nd Fractionation
PALM MIDFRACTION
HIGH MELTING
FRACTION
Yield 25-30%
M.Pt. 30-35oC
16:0 ~60%
IV > 32-36
POP = 56%
POS = 10%
SOS = 1%
Yield >10%
M.Pt. 55-60oC
16:0 ~80%
IV > 10
Palm Oil Processing

Fractionation
42

Processing Aids
Thank You ...

Resources/References :
APOC (http://www.americanpalmoil.com/)
(http://www americanpalmoil com/)
Palm Oil World (http://www.palmoilworld.org/)
PPKS (iopri.org/)
MPOB (www.mpob.gov.my/)
Info Sawit (http://www.infosawit.com/)
Hariyadi, P. Editors. 2000. Antisipasi Penerapan Trade Barrier oleh

Negara Maju terhadap Produk Kelapa Sawit. Prosiding. Masyarakat
Perkelepasawitan Indonesia.
Hariyadi, P. Andarwulan, N, Nuraida, L., Guritno, P., Sugiyono,
Elisabeth, J., and Toruan-Mathius, N. 2007. Rencana Induk Kegiatan
Riset Unggulan Strategis Nasional Pengembangan Industri Kelapa
Sawit. Kementerian Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Masyarakat
Perkelapasawitan Indonesia (MAKSI) dam Institut Pertanian Bogor.
43

CPO Cooking Oil PH

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CPO Cooking Oil PH

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

From CPO to Cooking Oil

Professor of Food Process Engineering

Intro to Palm Oil

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Decrease Tromboxan A-2 (TXA2)

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

% of total Fatty acids

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

FFB Loaded Into Cages Ready

Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil Processing - hariyadi@seafast.org

Intro to Palm Oil Processing

Palm Oil Processing

Intro to Palm Oil