Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
3, JUNE 1998
385
I. INTRODUCTION
HE residential photovoltaic (PV) system has great potential of being a significant market, due to the following
advantages [1]: 1) translating the utility value into an allowable
system cost using the homeowner economic parameters and 2)
the PV system is able to utilize the roof for support structure,
eliminating land and direct structure expense. However, it
suffers an interface issue with the utility that should be solved
before a large number of them are applied [2].
The small battery energy storage system (BESS) that possesses the functions of power conditioner, active power filter,
and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) has been demonstrated to be effective for interfacing with the utility and
providing reliable power to the load [3], [4]. In this paper, the
PV power is controlled by a dcdc converter and transferred
to the BESS proposed in [3] and [4] to form a residential
PV energy storage system. In addition to the advantages of
the BESS, the proposed system possesses flexible capability
in power usage. In Section II, it will be shown that, if load
characteristic of the homeowner, generation characteristic of
the PV power, and load demand of the utility have been
prescribed, the proposed system is able to allow an optimal
Manuscript received January 13, 1997; revised August 24, 1997.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Lien Ho College of Technology and Commerce, Miao-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0278-0046(98)03557-6.
386
(a)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 2. Four operation modes of the proposed system. (a) Mode 1. (b) Mode
2. (c) Mode 3. (d) Mode 4.
387
OF THE
PROPOSED SYSTEM
388
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5. The characteristics of PV array. (a) IV and PV characteristics. (b) m and b characteristics (25 C/1sun). (c) dPP V =dVP and IP
characteristics (25 C/1sun).
0 mVP
389
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. Control block diagram of the PV control section. (a) MPPT controller. (b) Current-mode controller.
where
and
(7)
The second issue is that there exists a right-half-plane zero
; in addition,
varies a lot from the constant-voltage
segment to the constant-current segment. Therefore, the regulating performance of MPPT control may not be good if the
right-half-plane zero is too small; it is also sensitive to the
operating point if the parameters of PI controllers are fixed. To
cope with these difficulties, the right-half-plane zero is made
large by adopting a small input capacitor , and the regulating
performance is improved by an adaptive PI controller. The
adaptive rule in the proposed system is
for
(5)
and
are positive reals. The design
where
object is to make the MPPT control be usually started from
the constant-voltage segment to approach the zero slope point.
Since
is large enough in this segment, it is easy to make
and
the regulating performance well by assigning proper
The adaptive gains
and
are set large to move the
operating point from the constant-current segment toward the
constant-voltage segment quickly.
It should be noted that the dynamic model of the converter,
including the PV array shown in Fig. 6(a), should be transferred to a discrete form. Accordingly, the PI controllers are
390
C. Current-Mode Controller
For the boost converter, the converter current
described by
(16)
can be
where
is on
(9)
(17)
is off
(10)
(11)
where is the duty ratio. The small-signal equation corresponding to (11) is then obtained by a linearization procedure
as
(18)
is the frequency of the ramp and is, thus, the
where
is the maximum voltage of the
switching frequency.
PV array. Equation (18) limits the maximum gain of
(12)
is the steady-state duty ratio. Since the
where
duty ratio is obtained by comparing the control signal
with the ramp signal
the variation of duty ratio can be
expressed as
(13)
is the amplitude of
where
(12), one can obtain
(14)
where
(15)
The proposed current-mode controller is designed as shown
in Fig. 6(b), where the small-signal model of the power
stage is plotted with (14). For achieving good current-tracking
and
must be
performance, the effect of variation of
of batteries voltage is small
reduced. Assume the variation
and very slow, such that it is neglected in the design of
is
the proposed current-mode controller. As a result,
owing to MPPT control, its
seen as a constant. As to
variation is large. In order to compensate this variation, a
is employed. Owing to its ease
feedforward control signal
of implementation and no need for the slope compensation,
the conductance current-mode control [15], [16] is adopted
for the proposed system. Usually, the P or the PI controller
is employed in the conductance current-mode control. Due
to the batteries, the output voltage of the dcdc converter is
assumed to be constant, such that the I control to eliminate
the effects of the low-frequency zero/pole created by the load
and output capacitor of a conventional dcdc converter is not
necessary [15]. Therefore, a P control of the current-mode
controller is enough for the proposed system. Based on the
(19)
Substituting (19) and (15) into (17), the maximum bandwidth
is obtained as
Hz
(20)
391
to generate the
(21)
to the output current of
is the scaling factor to transform
the boost converter, and
is the factor for scaling the current
with
With such an arrangement, the
command
power flows are balanced in each mode and flow as follows:
1) in mode 1,
the real power command is only for
battery charging, so the utility supplies the load real power
(2)
and simultaneously charges the batteries with power
in mode 2, if
is smaller than
the batteries are charged
by the PV array and the utility, as well; however, all the load
real power is supplied by the utility. On the contrary, if
is
is not enough for supplying all the load
larger than , yet
real power, the PV array charges the batteries and supplies the
load with real power
and the difference between the load
real power and
is supplied from the utility automatically;
is larger than and
is larger than
and 3) in mode 3,
the load real power, so the PV panel charges the batteries and
supplies all the load real power, and the difference between
and the load real power is fed to the utility.
is generated
When the system is operating in mode 4,
by the discharging controller
since the utility real power
command
is set as zero; if
is successfully regulated to
392
(a)
Fig. 8.
(b)
Simulated results of MPPT control. (a) An increasing step change in Ip . (b) A decreasing step change in Ip .
OF THE
MPPT CONTROL
PV array
batteries
AH
V
W/cm
F
V/50 kHz
ms
393
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9.
dP
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. System operations. (a) Measured waveforms when system is
changed from mode 3 to mode 2, where subscripts o; L; and u are used
to represent the BESS, the load, and the utility, respectively. (b) Measured
real power waveforms in various operation modes.
394
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