K'EQCHÎ GRAMMAR - An Introduction - Aug 2014

An Introduction
George Max
ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH
2 | K E Q C H G R A M M A R A n I n t r o d u c t i o n
George Max
ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org
K E Q C H I G R A M M A R A n I n t r o d u c t i o n | 3
George Max
KEQCH GRAMMAR
An Introduction
Ish Tziankil ru Keqch
George Max
SUPPORT THE AUTHOR URL: http://www.deensp.com/ EMAIL: info@deensp.com
George Max
Book design: George Max
Cover design: George Max
Keqch title: Ish Tziankil ru Keqch
English title: KEQCH GRAMMAR An Introduction
COPYRIGHT 2013 BY GEORGE MAX. GUATEMALA, MIDDLE AMERICA
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WARNING: This grammar book is provided as is for free use and without any warranty as
to the completeness of its current contents since the grammar of KC is still in the process
of compilation, research and development for use in written form. Thus any documentation presented at KEQCHI.ORG or other places on the Web is regularly updated without
prior notice. Nonetheless, it is within the authors best of knowledge and belief as a
Keqch speaker that the data contained here is true and legitimate.
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................7
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................8
SUBJECT PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................9
VERBS .............................................................................................................................................................9
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE......................................................................................................................9
ACTIVE AND ANTIPASSIVE .............................................................................................................................9
Active Verb Form ...............................................................................................................................10
Antipassive Verb Forms ....................................................................................................................10
TENSES .........................................................................................................................................................10
TENSE MARKERS .........................................................................................................................................10
PRESENT TENSE ..........................................................................................................................................11
PAST TENSE ................................................................................................................................................12
PRETERITE ...................................................................................................................................................12
FUTURE TENSE ............................................................................................................................................13
CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE .......................................................................................................14
PSEUDO-PERFECT ......................................................................................................................................15
PASSIVE VOICE ...........................................................................................................................................16
MODALS ......................................................................................................................................................17
IMPERATIVE MOOD ...................................................................................................................................18
PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................................................18
SUBJECT .....................................................................................................................................................19
OBJECT ......................................................................................................................................................19
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (WITH A NOUN)....................................................................................................19
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (WITHOUT A NOUN) ............................................................................................19
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS................................................................................................................................20
NOUNS ........................................................................................................................................................20
PLURAL NOUNS ..........................................................................................................................................20
COUNT AND NON COUNT NOUNS ..........................................................................................................20
NOUN SUBSTITUTES ...................................................................................................................................21
ARTICLES ......................................................................................................................................................21
ADJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................................22
COMPARISONS ...........................................................................................................................................22
SUPERLATIVES .............................................................................................................................................23
ANY/SOME ................................................................................................................................................23
George Max
MANY/A LOT OF ....................................................................................................................................... 23

A LITTLE/A FEW ......................................................................................................................................... 23
PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 23
ADVERBS ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY .......................................................................................................................... 24
VERY/TOO................................................................................................................................................. 24
ALREADY/YET/NOT YET ............................................................................................................................. 25
SINCE/FOR................................................................................................................................................ 25
DEMONSTRATIVES .................................................................................................................................... 25
BE, HAVE, THERE IS/THERE ARE ............................................................................................................. 26
USEFUL TIME EXPRESSIONS.................................................................................................................... 27
QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 27
YES/NO QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 27
INFORMATION QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 28
TAG QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 28
NON-VERB QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 29
SPELLING .................................................................................................................................................... 29
ACTIVE AND ANTIPASSIVE VERB FORMS ..................................................................................................... 29
Active Verb Form .............................................................................................................................. 29
Antipassive Verb Form ..................................................................................................................... 30
PRESENT PARTICIPLE ................................................................................................................................... 30
PAST PARTICIPLE ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Present, Past and Preterite .............................................................................................................. 31
Future.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Continuous ........................................................................................................................................ 31
IMPERATIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 32
CAPITAL LETTERS ....................................................................................................................................... 32
TITLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
COMBINING SENTENCES ....................................................................................................................... 32
WRITING GOOD SENTENCES ................................................................................................................ 34
WRITING GOOD COMPOSITIONS ....................................................................................................... 35
ESTEBAN AJ TZOLONEL .............................................................................................................................. 35
APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 36
KEQCH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS............................................................................... 36
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TRANSITIVE VERBS ................................................................................................... 36
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS ................................................................................................ 42
George Max
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADJ
ADV
AFF
AUX
COMP
CONT
DO
FUT
IMP
KC
MOD
NEG
OBJ
OPT
= adjective
= adverb
= affirmative
= auxiliary word
= complement
= continuous aspect
= direct object
= future tense
= Imperative Mood
= Keqch
= modal
= negative word
= Object
= optional
PA
PART
PPERF
PP
PRES or PRS
PRET
PROG
PAST or PST
QA
QI
QW
SPK
TAM
= Possessive Adjective
= Participle
= Pseudo-Perfect
= Possessive Pronoun
= Present Tense
= Preterite
= progressive aspect
= Past Tense
= question auxiliary word
= question interrogative word
= auxiliary / interrogative word
= spoken
= Tense, Aspect, Modal
George Max
PREFACE
EQCH GRAMMAR An Introduction aims to put together a simple

yet concise and precise grammar for the Keqch Mayan Language of
Guatemala (hereinafter KC.) It formally introduces the grammatical
rules of a language that had remained only spoken for a yet undetermined period of time. Hence, the main emphasis of this book is on writing correct KC phrases and sentences.
Firstly, it begins with a brief presentation of subject pronouns and an introduction to the main verb forms. This is followed by sections presenting the main
tenses and other that characterize this natural language. Then, a good portion of
the book covers the organization of the parts of speech inherent to KC. Lastly,
sections on building questions, spelling, and combining and writing sentences
can be found at the end.
Overview of KCs grammar:
The main grammatical tenses are the Present, Past, Preterite and Future.
These are followed by the Continuous and Progressive aspects and then
the Pseudo-Perfect, Modals and Imperatives.
The Passive Voice constitutes the third grammatical construction in KC
after the active and antipassive voices.
The main parts of speech include Pronouns, Nouns, Articles, Prepositions, and Adjectives.
Two main types of questions are defined in KC: Yes/No and Information
questions.
The main rules to derive the different verb forms used in the three
grammatical constructions of KC; namely, the active, passive and antipasive voices, are defined under Spelling.
Combining Sentences and Writing Good Sentences provide guidelines to
build phrases and sentences following the proper KC syntax.
The organization of this grammar guide allows an overall study of the structure of the Keqch Mayan Language. Only basic information is provided in each
section in order to keep the introductory character of this book. Nevertheless,
there are conjugation sets, classification tables, sentence structures and plenty of
examples that successively illustrate different aspects of the language as much as
possible. The definition of the spelling framework and the provision of methods
on combining sentences are also important parts in the constitution of this grammar book. Lastly, an Appendix contains a selected list of transitive and intransitive verbs along with other derived verb forms as a reference for the study of KC
grammar.
George Max
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
A subject pronoun in KC is used as the subject of a verb. Both singular and plural subject
pronouns are presented in the table below. Refer also to PRONOUNS for a complete classification of
KC pronouns.
KEQCH SUBJECT PRONOUNS
SINGULAR
Lain
laat
you
Aan
he/she
PLURAL
lao
we
laesh
you
aanhe
they
aan
it
REMARKS: The capitalization of the first and third singular persons Lain and Aan is here first introduced. For the former, to make it relevant within a sentence and for the latter to differentiate it from aan (it) which refers to inanimate objects, animals or things in general.
VERBS
KC verbs exist in infinitive form proper of which only a few are irregular. All other verb
forms are derived from the Infinitive including mainly those for the active, passive and antipassive voices. Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of Infinitive verbs.
Transitive and Intransitive

W. Sedat (1955) first set apart these verb types in KC. However, not all verbs have yet been
documented, let alone be distinguished into transitives and instransitives. Nevertheless, it appears
that transitive verbs make up the majority of verbs in KC. Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of
transitive and instransitive verbs.
Active and Antipassive

These verb forms take part in the grammatical construction of the antipassive and active
voices of KC. While the active verb form is a completely derived form, the antipassive verb form
can be a derived form or the same form as the Infinitive. Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a list of these
verb forms.
The active and antipassive verb forms are integral parts in the construction of the active and
antipassive voices in KC. However, they only work in conjunction with the tense marker sets
(see TENSE MARKERS below) defined for them. These verb forms cannot be exchanged from one
voice to another.
REMARKS:
Generally, infinitive verbs that end in k, preceeded by a vowel (e.g., onok, cutuk), do not undergo any change and are
used in their basic form for the antipassive voice and those that end in -nk, preceeded by a vowel (e.g., iqaank, tyaasnk)
are changed. For the active voice, the basic verb form is changed according to the spelling rules outlined in this book
under SPELLING.
George Max
Active Verb Form

This is a derived verb for building the active voice in KC. According to the spelling rules devised here, most of these verbs have a double vowel end (long sound representation) that helps
define and identify them for the active voice. Other verbs in particular may have a -v + ending
(v = vowel, = b). See the following 3rd and 4th examples.
Aanhe enkesh mesuu li Njej.

Ish Petra ish cuartesii lish Cuulal.
Aj Alberto nash chutu li S.
Laat sha acha li Acach.
PRES
PST
PRES
PST
They are sweeping the place.

Petra put her baby to sleep.
Alberto is gathering the wood.
You set the turkey free.
Antipassive Verb Forms

These verbs are comprised by a derived form and a base form. Most frequently, however, only the base form (Infinitive) is used in all tenses (except for in the future tense) in either spoken or
written KC. This particularity can with certainty identify the antipassive voice in sentences such
as the following.
Li Cuiinq na jorrok S.
Aanhe shehe elkaank re li Hal.
Laat inkat lakank reheb s Chaat.
Li ishq ish puchuk s li Nimh.
PRES
PST
PRES
PST
The man chops wood.

They are the ones that stole the corn.
You are the one that puts them together in the bed.
The woman washed (clothes) in the river.
The derived verb form for the antipassive voice is less known in either spoken or written KC
and it is thus first formally introduced here. Mostly these verbs have a -v + n ending (v = vowel).
Aanhe enkhe catyin Pish s Catyil.

Lao inko shaqaan Ochoch re li Ne.
Lain in atzun ricin lin Cuitzin.
They sell tomatoes in the market.

We erect houses for the poor.
I play with my little brother.
TENSES
Tense Markers
A tense marker in KC is an auxiliary word that indicates tense and person for any conjugated
verb. Importantly, a tense marker is unique for each person and tense set. Syntactically, all tense
markers go before the verb in any tense. Furthermore, tense markers are divided into active and
antipassive as presented in the following tables.
CLASIFICATION OF ACTIVE TENSE MARKERS
PRESENT
PAST
PRETERIT
FUTURE
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Lain in
lao inqa
Lain shin
lao ishqa
Lain kin
lao kiqa
Lain tin
lao taqa
laat inka
laesh enke
laat sha
laesh she
laat ka
laesh ke
laat ta
laesh te
Aan nash
aanhe enkesh
Aan ish
aanhe shesh
Aan kish
aanhe kesh
Aan tish
aanhe tesh
George Max
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIPASSIVE TENSE MARKERS
PRESENT
PAST
PRETERIT
FUTURE
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Lain in
lao inko
Lain shin
lao sho
Lain kin
lao ko
Lain tin
lao to
laat inkat
laesh enkesh
laat shat
laesh shesh
laat kat
laesh kesh
laat tat
laesh tesh
Aan na
aanhe enkhe
Aan ish
aanhe shehe
Aan ki
aanhe keheb
Aan ta
aanhe tehe
Note that the tense marker of the first person singular is the same for both voices in all tenses.
The one for the third person singular is also the same but only in the past tense.
NOTE: Tense markers of the future tense set behave much more like the auxiliary verb will in English. Those of the present, past and preterit, however, have other connotations to be explained and categorized under this grammar introduction.
Present Tense
The present tense in KC describes habitual or repeated actions. We can also use it to give
general information. A sentence in the present tense can use an active or antipassive verb form.
Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of ready-to-use verb forms. Study the following conjugation
set.
Verb: jalok to change; Conjugated verb form: infinitive antipassive
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Lain in jalok
laat inkat jalok
Aan na jalok
aan na jalok
I change
you change
he/she changes
it changes
lao inko jalok
laesh enkesh jalok
aanhe enkhe jalok
we change
you change
they change
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Lain in atinak Keqch.

Aan na atzun olotz-oq s ee.
Li Tz na kwoak Chikeq.
Aj Diego na tzolok chi tziak.
I can speak Keqch.

He/she plays soccer on the street.
The dog barks at night.
Diego learns how to write.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
The negative is formed by putting inc (literally not) before the verb in a sentence.
Laat inc inka naw ilok ru Hu.

Aj Manuel inc na wulak chi Canjelak.
You dont know how to read.

Manuel does not go to work.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the present tense, we use the auxiliary particle ma at the beginning of the sentence (similar to using do in English). Other questions asking for information
use interrogative words as shown in the following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Aj Felipe na shik chi tzolok Chikeq.
Felipe goes to study at night.
Does Felipe go to study at night? Yes.

Who goes to study at night? Felipe.
Ma na shik chi tzolok Chikeq aj Felipe? Eh.

Ani na shik chi tzolok Chikeq? Aj Felipe.
George Max
ar na shik chi tzolok Chikeq aj Felipe?
Where does Felipe go to study at night?
Past Tense
The past tense in KC describes a completed action. A sentence in the past tense can use an
active or an antipassive verb form. Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of ready-to-use verb
forms. Study the following conjugation set.
Verb: onok to paint; Conjugated verb form: infinitive antipassive
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Lain shin onok
laat shat onok
Aan ish onok
aan ish onok
I painted
you painted
he/she painted
it painted
lao sho onok
laesh shesh onok
aanhe shehe onok
we painted
you painted
they painted
Lain shin wulak chi eek ecuer.

Aanhe shehe shajok ecuer Chikeq.
Laesh she on li Ochoch.
Ish Carmela ish lok jun ish Acach.
I went out/for a walk yesterday.

They danced last night.
You painted the house. [PL]
Carmela bought a turkey [for herself].
The negative is formed by putting inc (literally not) before the conjugated verb in a sentence.
Ish Angelia inc ish cul lish Tojbal.

Lao inc sho wulak s Tzolel ecuer.
Angelia did not receive her payment.

We did not go to school yesterday.
To create a Yes/No question in the past tense, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of the
sentence (similar to using did in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative words as shown in the following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Aan ish wulak chi eek ecuer.
He/she went for a walk yesterday.
Did he go for a walk yesterday? Yes.

Who went for a walk yesterday? He did.
When did he go for a walk? Yesterday.
Ma ish wulak chi eek ecuer [Aan]? Eh.

Anii ish wulak chi eek ecuer? Aan.
Jokee ish wulak chi eek [Aan]? Ecuer .
Preterite
The preterite in KC can indicate and express actions and events that took place or were completed in the past. Thus, it is mostly used for story telling (narrative). It can also be used to tell
the probability of an action and event that must, should, would or could have happened in the past
but it didnt. We do this with the inclusion of the particle raj.
Verb: awok to sow; Conjugated verb form: infinitive antipassive
SINGULAR
Lain kin awok
laat kat awok
Aan ki awok
aan ki awok
I sowed
you sowed
he/she sowed
it sowed
George Max
PLURAL
lao ko awok
laesh kesh awok
aanhe kehe awok
we sowed
you sowed
they sowed
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT
Lain kin cul in an re li Rashkeho.

Aanhe kehe shucuak an li Caaq.
Arran ki cuan jun nim Ochoch.
Ish Elena kish tzol kemok s Tzolel.
I received a vaccine against malaria.

They were frightened by the lightning.
There used to be a large house there.
Elena learned how to weave at school.
We can express probability, possibility and advice in the past by the use of the particle raj in
the Preterite.
Li Tz ki cam raj an Tyajel. PROBABILITY

Laat kat ok raj s Tzolel. ADVICE
The dog could have died of a disease.

You should have entered school.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT
The negative is formed by putting inc (literally not) before the conjugated verb in a sentence.
Ish Paulina inc kish tzol ilok ru Hu.

Lao inc ko elelik an li Rahshiic.
Paulina did not learn how to read.

We did not flee by the violence.
To create a Yes/No question in the Preterite, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of the
sentence (similar to using did in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative words as shown in the following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Li cheekel Ishq ki cam.
The old woman died.
Did the old woman die? Yes.

Where did the old woman die?
When did the old woman die?
Ma ki cam li cheekel Ishq? Eh.

ar ki cam li cheekel Ishq?
Jokee ki cam li cheekel Ishq?
Future Tense
The future tense in KC describes an action yet to come, expected. As noted earlier, auxiliary
words for this tense behave very much like the auxiliary verb will in English. A sentence in the
future tense can use an active or an antipassive verb form. Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list
of ready-to-use verb forms. Study the following conjugation set.
Verb: atinak to talk, speak; Conjugated verb form: inflected
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Lain tin atinaq
laat tat atinaq
Aan ta atinaq
aan ta atinaq
I will talk
you will talk
he/she will talk
it will talk
lao to atinaq
laesh tesh atinaq
aanhe tehe atinaq
we will talk
you will talk
they will talk
Lao to shik s Catyil.

Ish Josefina tish tyii li Cuaa.
We will go to the market.

Josefina will make the tortillas.
George Max
Aj Juan ta catyiinq Keenk.

Aanhe tehe atzuunq s cui Cutan.
Juan will sell beans.

They will play in two days. [SPORT]
The negative is formed by putting inc (literally not) before the verb in a sentence.
Laesh inc tesh shik s Catyil.

Ish Marta inc tish lok li Cashlan.
You will not go to the market.

Marta will not buy the chicken.
To create a Yes/No question in the future tense, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of
the sentence (similar to using will in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative words as shown in the following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Laat tat piscoq s ishen li Pim.
You will jump over the bush.
Will you jump over the bush?

Who will jump over the bush? He will.
Where will he/she jump? Over the bush.
Ma tat piscoq s ishen li Pim?

Anii ta piscoq s ishen li Pim? Aan.
ar ta piscoq Aan? S ishen li Pim.
CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE

KC has both grammatical aspects, the continuous and the progressive. They are built by using an auxiliary word that implies "to be doing sth." Then we use chi/ish (continuous/progressive) to connect the verb. Study the following conjugation set.
SINGULAR
Lain tyokin
laat tyokat
Aan tyoo
PLURAL
lao tyokoo
laesh tyokesh
aanhe tyokhe
aan tyoo
To create the past continuous/progressive, we insert the particle raj to indicate that the action
was happening in the past as shown in the following conjugation set. Then chi/ish follows.
SINGULAR
Lain tyokin raj
laat tyokat raj
Aan tyoo raj
PLURAL
lao tyokoo raj
laesh tyokesh raj
aanhe tyokhe raj
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERB
Lain tyokin chi ilok ru Hu.

o
Lain tyokin raj chi ilok ru Hu.
Aj Leo tyoo ish onal li Ochoch.
o
Aj Leo tyoo raj ish onal li Ochoch.
PRES CONT
PAST CONT
PRES PROG
PAST PROG
aan tyoo raj
INF/PART
+ COMPLEMENT
I am reading.
I was reading.
Leo is painting the house.
Leo was painting the house.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERB
INF/PART
+ COMPLEMENT
The negative in the continuous/progressive is formed by adding inc (literally not) before
the auxiliary word.
In Nchin inc tyoo chi cuaark.

E li Mess inc tyokhe ish jochal li Chaat.
PRES CONT
PRES PROG
My grandmother is not sleeping.

The cats are not scratching the bed.
George Max
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERB
INF/PART
+ COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the continuous/progressive, we use the auxiliary ma at the

beginning of the sentence (similar to using be in English). Other questions asking for information
use interrogative words as shown in the following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Laesh tyokesh chi tziak s Hu.
CONT
You are writing on paper.
CONT
PROG
CONT
Are you writing on paper?

What are you writing on paper?
Who are writing on paper?
Ma tyokesh chi tziak s Hu?

Carruu tyokesh ish tziankil s Hu?
Anii tyokhe chi tzibak s Hu?
PSEUDO-PERFECT
The here termed pseudo-perfect in KC uses the auxiliary particle ac before the verb in past
tense, not past participle. In this respect, it differs syntactically from certain modern languages
(e.g., German, English or Spanish) that use have to form the Perfect. Still, in KC it gives the
same sense and direction and shows that an action or task has been completed for the moment.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AC + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Verb: cuak to eat; Conjugated verb form: infinitive past
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Lain ac shin cuak
laat ac shat cuak
Aan ac ish cuak
aan ac ish cuak
I have eaten
you have eaten
he/she has eaten
it has eaten
lao ac sho cuak
laesh ac shesh cuak
aanhe ac shehe cuak
we have eaten
you have eaten
they have eaten
Aj Mario ac ish choy lish Canjel chican.

Lao ac sho calen junsut.
Ish Lola ac ish lok cui ish Cashlan.
Li Tz ac ish cuak chican.
Mario has finished his job already.

We have grazed once.
Lola has bought two chicks.
The dog has already eaten.
The negative is formed by putting maj (literally not yet) before the conjugated verb in a sentence.
Ish Josefa ac ish tzol chi tziak.

o
Ish Josefa maj nash tzol chi tziak.
Aanhe ac shesh tzol chi ajlaank.
o
Aanhe maj enkesh tzol chi ajlaank.
Josefa has learned how to write.

Josefa has not yet learned how to write.
They have learnd how to count.
They havent learnd how to count.
IMPORTANT: the pseudo-perfect negative uses a verb in the present tense (underlined).
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AC + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the Pseudo-Perfect, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning
of the sentence. Other questions asking for information use interrogative words as shown in the
following 3rd and 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Lain ac shin oksii li S s Ca.
I have brought the wood inside.
George Max
Ma ac sha oksii li S s Ca? Eh.

Anii ac ish oksii li S s Ca? Aan.
Caput ac shat oksii li S s Ca?
Have you brought the wood inside [the house]? Yes.

Who has brought the wood inside? He has.
Why have you brought the wood inside?
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice in KC can be formed in every tense, aspect and modal as shown in the table below. Note that the column labeled as past participle shows two verb forms which should be
derived from the base form. Refer to PAST PARTICIPLE to find out how to derive passive participles.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE ACCORDING TO TAM*
TENSE
BASE FORM
AUXILIAR
PAST PARTICIPLE
PRESENT
asok
SIT
as / asman
PAST
asok
SIT
bas / asman
FUTURE
asok
SIT
asek / asmaanq
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AUX + chi asok
SIT
chi asec
PAST CONTINUOUS
AUX + raj chi asok
SIT
raj chi asec
PSEUDO-PERFECT
ac + AUX + asok
SIT
as / asman
MODAL
narruu + AUX + asok
SIT
as / asman
*TAM Tense, Aspect, Modal; SIT - Same as in Indicated Tense BUT only those defined for the antipassive voice.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB
PST PART
+ COMPLEMENT
TENSE
KEQCH A: ACTIVE VOICE, P: PASSIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
PRESENT
A: Aanhe enkesh tyii Ca ricin Utzaal.
They make brown sugar with sugar cane.
P: Ca na tyiman ricin Utzaal.

PRESENT CONT
PAST
Brown sugar is made with sugar cane.
Lao tyokoo chi chapok Car.
We are catching fish.
P: Car tyoo chi chapec.
Fish is being caught.
A: Aj Luis ish cam chaq li Ishim.
Luis brought the maize.
P: Li Ishim ish cam chaq an aj Luis.
The maize was brought by Luis.
Lao tyokoo raj chi isok Peens.
PAST CONT
We were weighing allspice.
P: Peens tyoo raj chi isec.

PSEUDO-PERFECT
FUTURE
Allspice was being weighed.
Lao ac sho catok naal chi Pim.
We have burned a lot of weed.
P: Naal chi Pim ac ish cat.
A lot of weed has been burned.
A: Tesh tyii junaq chic ee.
They will build another road.
P: Junaq chic ee ta tyibaaq.

MODAL
Another road will be built.
A: Laat narru inka tyii a Ochoch s Tenamit.

P: Ochoch narru na tyiman s Tenamit.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB
Coocal inc enke culman s Chutam. PRES

Ishim inc tyo raj chi isec.
PST CONT
Jokee ish chap li Cuiinq?
PST
A house can be built in the city.
PST PART
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + SUBJECT + AUX + VERB
You can build your house in the city.
+ COMPLEMENT
Children are not allowed in the meeting.

Maize was not being weighed.
PST PART
+ COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
When was the man caught?
George Max
Ma Pish tyoo chi isec?

ar ta tyibaaq junaq chic ee?
Carruu ac ish tzol?
PRS CONT
FUT
PPERF
Are tomatoes being weighed?

Where will another road be built?
What has been learned?
MODALS
In KC, we can create a modal expressing physical ability by the use of the verb ruuk (can, be
able to). We also use narruu (may, could) and marree (perhaps, maybe) to express probability
and possibility, respectively. In addition, the modifier raj is used to create the sense of to like to
and would like to.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + MOD + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Laat narruu inkat chapok Carr arrin.

PERMISSION WITH VERB IN PRESENT TENSE
o
You can [catch] fish here.
Lain narruu tin shik chi eek kwulaj Eklaa.
POSSIBILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE
o
I might be able to go out tomorrow morning.
Aan marree tish lok junaq ish cashlan s Catyil. PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE
o
He/she might buy a chicken at the market.
Marree inc tehe culunq. SPK
NON-PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE
o
Perhaps they wont come. OR They may not come.
In modals, the particle raj acts as a modifier after a verb so that it acquires equivalent meaning to the English modal should.
Lao inko canjelak raj s commonil.

o
We should work together.
Ac shat cirraa raj.
o
You should have cured already.
Li Mess ki tyolesiik raj an li Tz.
o
The cat wanted to be chased by the dog.
Laesh enke caytesii raj e ri chi aiink.
o
You should get used to listen.
Aanhe cuankhe raj s Tzalam.
o
They should be in jail/prison.
ADVICE, SUGGESTION WITH VERB IN PRESENT TENSE

POSSIBILITY WITH VERB IN PAST TENSE
PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN PRETERITE
ADVICE, SUGGESTION; PRESENT TENSE W / REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
STRONG ADVICE, SUGGESTION WITH VERB CUAANK
Particularly, raj can also be used after the verb ajok (to want, need, require) to give the meaning of would like to in English.
Aanhe tehe raj1 raj shik a cuicin.

o
They would like to go with you.
WOULD LIKE TO
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT / SUBJECT + NEG + MOD + AUX +
VERB + COMPLEMENT / MOD + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
To form the negative in a modal, we use inc (literally not) before the verb ruuk or the modal verb narruu. Marree can only be negated by a negative word after it.
The verb ajok is prefixed for each person in the active voice so that it becomes raj for the 3rd person singular and plural.
The complete conjugated set is as follows: Singular: cuaj, cuaj, raj; Plural: qaj, raj, raj.
1
George Max
Aan inc na ruu alinak s jumpaat.
INABILITY
He cannot run very fast.
Laat inc narruu inkat chunlaa arrin.

Lain inc narruu tin shik chi atzuunk.
NON PERMISSION
IMPOSSIBILITY
You may not sit here.

I cannot be able to go play. [SPORT]
NON PROBABILITY
He/she may not have got paid.
ADVICE
We should not work on Saturday.
NOT TO LIKE TO
They would not want to come.
Marree inc ish cul ish Tumin.
SPK
Lao inc inko canjelak raj s Sabado.

Inc enkhe raj raj chaalk.
SPK
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + [MOD] + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
Ma inkat ruu ajlaank?

Ma narruu to ilaanq arrin?
Ma ta cuaj raj shik chi lokok ekwuu?
Carruu ta cuaj1 raj?
Can you count?

Can we rest here?
Would you like to go shopping in the afternoon?
What would you like?
IMPERATIVE MOOD
We use the imperative mood to form commands or requests in KC. No subject is necessary
in an imperative for the second person singular or plural unless we want to address someone(s)
specifically.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]
Cam chaq la Hu.

Tyolesii li Cashlan.
Mesuu li Njej.
anumaq e Canjel.
Camomaq e Tumin.
2nd S
2nd S
2nd S
2nd P
2nd P
Bring your book/notebook/paper.

Chase the chicken.
Sweep the place.
Do your work.
Take/bring money with you!
Negative Sentence Structure: NEG + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Ma/mat and me/mesh (literally do not, active/antipassive voices respectively) are used to
create the negative form of imperatives for the second person singular and plural respectively.
Ma tzap li Ucal.
Mat shucuak an li Tz.
Me uyu li S arran.
Mesh shik s ee.
2nd S
2nd P
Do not cover the pot.

Do not be scared of the dog.
Do not pile the wood there.
Do not go to the street.
PRONOUNS
KC pronouns are classified into Subject, Object, Possessive Pronoun, Possessive Adjective
and Reflexive. The following table presents these pronouns according to the English classification. Although the Object and Possessive Pronouns are the same in writing and pronunciation,
those of the latter are each preceeded by a definite article.
George Max
CLASSIFICATION OF KEQCH PRONOUNS

Subject
Object
Ob
Possessive
Adjective
(with a noun)
PA
Possessive
Pronoun
(without a
noun)
PP
Reflexive
SINGULAR
Lain
cue
me
lin / in
my
Ii cue
mine
cui
myself
laat
you
a cue
you
la / a
your
la cue
yours
a cui
yourself
li re
his/hers
ri
himself herself
Aan
he/she
re
him/her
lish / ish
his/her
aan
it
re
it
lish / ish
its
li re
its
ri
itself
lao
we
qe
us
li qa / qa
our
li qe
ours
qi
ourselves
laesh
you
e re
you
le / e
your
le re
yours
e ri
yourselves
they
e aan,
rehe
them
e lish / e
ish, esh
e li re
theirs
ribe
themselves
PLURAL
aanhe
their
Subject
Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence in KC.
Aan na alinak s ee.

Aanhe tyokhe chi tzolok Keqch.
Lao taqa lok li Cuyam.
PRES
PRES CONT
FUT
He/she runs on the street.

They are learning Keqch .
We will buy the pig.
Object
Use an object pronoun as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Aan ta camoq e re.

Shin lok re jun ish Punit.
FUT
SPK
He/she will take you. [PL]

I bought him a hat. OR I bought a hat for him.
Possessive Adjectives (with a noun)

Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to someone. Use possessive adjectives
with a noun (underlined). Possessive adjectives in KC distinguish between possessed (including
body parts) and non-possessed items (things or objects).
Aan lish S aj Beto.

Lin N na canjelak s Hospital.
La Cuesh cuan chirruu li Ca.
Tin lok e cuesh s Catyil.
Junaq raj qa Mess.
Majun e ish Acach shesh lok.
POSSD
POSSD
POSSD
NON-POSSD
NON-POSSD
NON-POSSD
That is Betos wood.

My mother works at the hospital.
Your pants are against the [houses] wall.
I will buy you pants in the market. (PL)
I wish we had a cat.
They didnt buy any turkeys.
Possessive Pronouns (without a noun)

Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. Use a possessive pronoun
without a noun but always with the respective definite article before it.
Lish Acach cuan s Ca ut la cue cuan s Pim.
Her turkey is in the house and yours is in the bushes.
George Max
Ain lin Mesle ut aan li re.
This is my broom and thats his/hers.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns in KC reflect on the subject of the sentence.
Laat inka cuil a cui s Lem.

Laesh enke tenkaa raj e ri chi tzolok.
You see yourself in the mirror.

You should help yourselves to learn.
NOUNS
A noun in KC can be the name of a person, place, thing or idea. Following are some noun
examples listed in several categories:
Person
Place
Object
Abstract
N, Tyucu
Chisec
Mesle
Usilal
mother, father
location
broom
Favor
Qan, Qacu
Chirrepec
Cuesh
Sahilcholej
Mrs., Mr.
location
pants
happiness
Cuulal, Teelom
Rainal
Tzumuy
Chinausal
baby, boy (sex)
location
anona
niceness, beautiful
SPK
Aurelia hugs her father.

I bought three anonas.
The broom is old already.
Ish Aurelia nash kaluu lish Tyucu.

Shin lok oshib chi Tzumuy .
Li Mesle ac keel chic.
Plural nouns
The pluralization of nouns follows this syntax: e + li + noun, where e = pluralizer, li = definite article. A noun should always be preceded by li when we refer to a specific noun in singular.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
li Ochoch
the house
e li Ochoch
the houses
li Acach
the turkey
e li Acach
the turkeys
li Tz
the dog
e li Tz
the dogs
li Ishq
the woman
e li Ishq
the women
E li Acach cuankhe s .
Tin tyolesii e li Cashlan.
SPK
The turkeys are on the street.

I will chase the chicken.
NOTE: Words already in plural include: li Coocal, li Poyanam.
Count and Non Count Nouns

Nouns in KC can be counted. Counted nouns, however, have no plural form. Syntax: NUMBER + CHI + NOUN.
George Max
NOUN
COUNTED NOUN
Ochoch
house
oshi chi Ochoch
three houses
Cashlan
chicken
oo chi Cashlan
five chicken
ee
road
cui chi ee
two roads
Tin lok oshi chi Acach.

Jun chi Ishq ki ok s Tzalam.
SPK
PRET
I will buy three turkeys.

A woman went to prison.
The following examples are non-count nouns and cannot have a number before them or have
plural forms.
Ik
Choch
Sahilcholej
Sham
Ha
water
wind, air
earth, ground, dirt
happiness
fire
rain
Cee li Ti ut li Cuaa s Sham.

Tiikil H na moq s li Tzuul.
Put the meat and the tortillas in the fire.

Pure water springs from the mountain.
We use ayaq (adj. some) and nal (adj. a lot) as quantifiers for nouns to indicate small and
large amounts respectively. Nal still requires the preposition chi to connect with the noun.
EXAMPLES: ayaq H, some water; ayaq Atzam, some salt; ayaq cashlan Keen, some pepper
Cee bayaq Atzam s li Tielcuaa.
Put some salt in the food.
EXAMPLES: nal Tumin, much money; nal Pim, much grass; nal Utzuuj, much flowers.
Nal chi Utzuuj na lok s Kesaant.
A lot of flowers are bought on All Saints Day.
Noun Substitutes
Athough KC has no indefinite articles (e.g. a, an), a noun can be substituted by jun (one),
junaq chic (another one; INDEFINITE) or junchic (the other one; DEFINITE). The following sentences illustrate this feature.
Ish Nela cuan jun ish Acach ut ish Amalia cuan jun re ajcu.
o
Nela has a turkey and Amalia has one too.
In Nchin ta raj shik s li Catyil ain aan Lain tin cuaj shik s junaq chic.
o
My grandmother wants to go this market but I want to go to another one.
Aj Maco ac cuan jun ish Cashlan aan tish lok junaq chic.
o
Maco already has one chicken but he will buy another one.
Ish N ta raj shik s li Catyil ain aan Aan ta raj shik s li junchic.
o
His/her mother wants to go to this store but he/she wants to go to the other one.
Aan na wulak chi ruu li Cuesh ain aan inc na wulak chi ruu e li junchic.
o
He likes this pants but he does not like the other ones.
ARTICLES
The main definite article in KC is li. We can use it with all kinds of nouns: singular and plural; count and non-count. There are two definite articles for the 3rd person singular in KC: aj and
George Max
ish for male and female, respectively. There are no a or an indefinite articles in KC such as there
are in other modern languages (e.g., German, English or Spanish).
Li ishq ish wulak s Catyil.

Li Ochoch naj ish terram.
Shin wulak toj s isheen li Tzuul.
Aj Miguel cuan s Ca.
Ish Marta nash naw kemok.
Lain ut aj Pedro inko tzolok.
The woman went to the market.

The house is tall.
I went to the top of the mountain.
Miguel is at home.
Marta knows how to weave.
I and Pedro study.
[NO VERB]
SPK
Although, li is an article it can also be used as a conjunction for that/the one that. The following examples illustrate this.
Aan li1 Cuiinq li2 na catyin Chacach.

Ainhe li1 Coocal li2 tyokhe raj chi sek.
Thats the man that sells baskets.

These are the kids that were laughing.
) li as a definite article; 2) li as a conjunction.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective in KC describes a noun. It goes before the noun in syntactic terms (e.g., English, German). Study the following examples.
nim ee
ac Chacach
chaail Hal
Chajom Cuiinq
chaj S
wide road
new basket
good corn
young man
pine wood
tz Acach
saq Tz
tiikil H
teelom Mess
Keel Punit
male turkey
white dog
pure water
male cat
old hat
Jun camenaq Mess cuan s li nim ee.

Li cuiinq na catyin chaail Hal.
Cui chi tz Acach taqa lok re Kesaant.
A dead cat is on the road.

The man sells good corn.
We will buy two turkeys for All Saints Day.
Comparisons
We can use adjectives to compare two people or objects in KC. Adjectives do not undergo
any change during this process.
Comparison pattern 1: SUBJ1 + JWAL + ADJ + PA-NOUN/AUX-VERB + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
Ish Berta jwal nim ish terram chirru aj Manuel.

Li Mess jwal naj na piscok chirruu li Tz.
Berta is taller than Manuel.

The cat jumps higher than the dog.
Comparison pattern 2: SUBJ1 + JWAL + AUX-VERB + [] + CHI US + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
Laat jwal inkat cheok Marimba chi us chirruu aj Kal.

Aj Marcos jwal nash naw tziak chi us chirruu aj Ton.
You play the Marimba better than Karl.

Marcos knows how to write better than Ton.
George Max
Superlatives
We can use adjectives to compare three or more people or objects in KC. Adjectives do not
undergo any change during this process.
Comparison pattern: SUBJ1 + KASHAL + ADJ/ADV + PA-NOUN/AUX-VERB + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
Ish Berta kashal nim ish terram chirruu e li oshi chi Ishq.
o
Berta is the tallest of the three women.
Aj Leo kashal eklaa na cuaclii chirruu e li oo chi Coocal.
o
Leo gets up the earliest of the five kids.
Any/Some
Junaq (any, some, a, an) and ayaq (some, a little) are commonly used with question, request or wish statements. In opposition, majun (literally there is/are not/no [] any/not to have)
and mac (there is not, not to have) are used in a negative sense to denote the lack of or absence
of a possession or thing, including people.
Ma cuan junaq ish Acach ish Julia?

Ma cuan ayaq Sakee anajcuan?
Cee bayaq ish Cuaa li Mess.
Junaq raj in Hu re tzolok.
Majun Coocal cuankhe s Tzolebl.
Li Mess mac ish Cuaa.
IMP REQ
WISH
[NO VERB]
Does Julia have any turkeys?

Is there some sun now/today/at this moment?
Give the cat some food.
I wish I had a book to learn.
There are no children at school.
The cat does not have food.
Many/A Lot of
Nal (there is many/a lot of, many) and caj (there is a lot of) are generally used to express
a large quantity and number for count and non-count nouns.
Nal chi Carr cuan s li Nimh.

Caj chi Saank cuankhe s li Pim.
Aj Mel ish cul nal chi Tumin.
There is many fish in the river.

There are a lot of ants on the grass.
Mel received a lot of money.
A Little/A Few
Baay (a little, some) and cachin (a few, some; little, small) are generally used to express
small quantity, number or measurement.
Aan cuan aay ish Tumin.

Cachin ajcu ish May lin Jolom.
[NO VERB]
He has some money.

My head only hurts a little.
PREPOSITIONS
The following table contains a list of prepositions in current use in KC. The most common
are chi, s, and re, literally to, in, and for.
George Max
TABLE OF KEQCH PREPOSITIONS
chalen
since
re
for, to, so
chi
to (for connecting verbs and other
ricin
with, together with, along with
chirree
at the edge/border/mouth of
ruel
under
chirrish
in back of, behind of
in, into, at, to
chirruu
chis
in front of, during, by

inside, within, in
takaa
taqek
down, below
up, high, above
/s/ isheen
above, on, over, on top of
toj
until, as far as (distance), up to
/s/ isheen cuaa
before, first
/s ish/ tyaanq
in between
nach
near, close to, in the vicinity
/s ish/ tyitoq
in the middle of
Lin Cuas na wulak chi canjelak.

Li Pish cuan s isheen li Cuahile.
Laesh tesh tzoloq re naq te naw e Canjel.
Aanhe shehe cuaak s li Paank.
My older brother goes to work.

The tomatoes are on the table.
You will study so that you can learn a skill.
They ate at the party (RELIGIOUS).
ADVERBS
Adverbs of Frequency
The most common adverbs of frequency in KC include: junelik (always), cuannaq (sometimes), majuncuaa (never, ever), majokee (never, not at all; not at any time), and majarruj
(not ever; not in any way).
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + ADV + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Ish Teresa junelik na wulak s Catyil.

Li Chiin cuannaq inc na atzumak.
Teresa always goes to the market.

Sometimes the orange tree does not blossom.
NEG
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + ADV
Lao majuncuaa inko wulak chi eek.

Majokee tin taw ru aan.
SPK
+ AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

We never go out.
I will never understand that.
Questions Sentence Structure: QA + ADV + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]
Ma junelik na wulak chi atzuunk aj Gil?

Ma majarruj na ain?
Does Gil always go to play? [GAME]

Doesnt he/she ever listen/learn?
Very/Too
We use the intensifier caj (very, too) to make an adjective stronger. It has similar meaning
to the word very in English.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE SENTENCE with CAJ INDICATIVE MOOD
ATTRIBUTIVE
STRESSED
PREDICATIVE
Tiq ru li H.
Caj ish tiqual ru li H.
Li H caj ish tiqual ru.
The water is hot.
The water is very hot.
Same as previous
George Max
Kee ru li Cutan.
Caj ish kehil ru li Cutan.
Li Cutan caj ish kehil ru.
It is cold today.
It is very cold today.
Same as previous
Keel ru li Ochoch.
Caj ish kelil ru li Ochoch.
Li Ochoch caj ish kelil ru.
The house is old.
The house is very old.
Same as previous
The following examples show the use of caj in conditional sentences
Caj ish kehil ru li cutan re shik chi eek.

PRES
Caj ish kehil raj ru li cutan re shik chi eek.
PST
Ish Natalia caj raj ish luik re shik chi catyiink. PST
It is very cold today to go out/for a walk.

It was very cold today to go out/for a walk.
Natalia was very tired to go selling.
Already/Yet/Not yet
We often use chican (literally already, yet) with the PSEUDO-PERFECT. It shows that something
has happened. Chican can only go after the verb. In opposition, maj (literally not yet) shows
that something has not happened but will possibly happen.
Aj Mario ac ish cuaklii chican.

Laesh maj enke cul e Tojal.
Mario has already got up.

You havent received your payment yet.
Since/For
We use chalen (literally since, for) with the pseudo-perfect in KC. It is used to tell from a
particular time until now and also for a period of time.
Laat ac chalen a Chajomal inkat numshik.

Li Mess maj na cuaak chalen oshi Cutan.
You swim since you were a boy.

The cat has not eaten for three days.
DEMONSTRATIVES
The following table presents KCs demonstratives together with their respective plural forms
and two adverbs of place, arrin and arran; for reference.
ADV
DEMONSTRATIVES
SINGULAR
arrin
ain
here
this
arran
aan
there
that
PLURAL
PROXIMAL
ainhe
these
DISTAL
Ain li Ishim re li Acach.

Ainhe li Cuesh re Cay.
Aan li Ishq li na catyin Cum.
Aanhe li ishq li tyokheb chi puchuk.
Arrin cuan li Ochoch ut arran cuan li Nimh.
aanhe
those
This is the maize for the turkey.
These are the pants for sale.
Thats the woman that sells squash.
Those are the women that are washing [clothes].
Here is the house and there is the river.
George Max
BE, HAVE, THERE IS/THERE ARE

The verb cuaank (to be, have, there is/are) in KC may indicate a state of being, occurrence
or possession (to have or to own sth.). The following table shows a derived form of cuaank that
can indicate from physical presence to an emotional state.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Lain cuankin
laat cuankat
Aan cuan
aan cuan
I am
you are
he/she is
it is
lao cuankoo
laesh cuankesh
aanhe cuankhe
we are
you are
they are
Laesh cuankesh raj s li Chutam.

Aj Sec cuan s jun Chaajkilal.
You should be in the meeting.

Sec is in a hardship.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Aj Ton cuan s ish Canjel.

Li Tz cuan s ee.
Ish Chabela cuan jun ish Acach.
Tesh cuaanq s Usilal.
Naal chi Choq cuan s li Chushaa.
Aan ki cuan s Tzolel.
FUT
PRET
Ton is at work.
The dog is on the street.
Chabella has a turkey.
[You will] stay in wellness. OR [You will] remain in peace.
There are a lot of clouds in the sky.
He/she attended school.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + VERB + COMPLEMENT / NEG + SUBJECT + [VERB] + COMPLEMENT
Manii (is/are not), mac (there is/are not) and majun (none, nobody, not one, any) are used
in opposition to cuaank to deny or negate a statement. It denotes the absence and/or lack of a
person, thing or attribute as exemplified below.
Ish Elena manii [cuan] s ish Canjel. [OPT]

Aj Mateo majun ish Aaq [cuan].
[OPT]
E li Tz manii cuankhe s ee.
Mac Pim chirrish Ca.
[NO VERB]
Mac Choq s li Chushaa.
[NO VERB]
Majun chi Chaat cuankheb s li Ochoch.
NOT PRESENT
LACK OF
NOT PRESENT
NONEXISTENT
ABSENCE OF
LACK OF
Elena is not at his work.

Mateo does not have any pigs.
The dogs are not on the street.
There is no weeds outside the house.
There is no clouds in the sky.
There are no beds in the house.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
The auxiliary ma goes before the verb cuaank when making a question. Other questions asking for information use interrogative words such as in the following 3rd and 4th examples (see also
QUESTIONS).
Ma cuan s ish Canjel aj Ton?

Ma cuan junaq ish Acach ish Nela?
Anii cuankhe s li Chutam?
Carruu cuan s li Sec?
Is Ton at his work?

Does Nela have any turkeys?
Who are at the meeting?
What is in the cup/bowl?
George Max
USEFUL TIME EXPRESSIONS

Time expressions are still not extended in KC. The following table presents the most common time expressions referent to past, present and future times.
ecuer
anajcuan, oon
kwulaj
yesterday
today now
tomorrow
ecuer eklaa
anajcuan eklaa
kwulaj eklaa
yesterday morning
this morning
tomorrow morning
ecuer ekwuu
anajcuan ekwuu
kwulaj ekwuu
yesterday afternoon
this afternoon
tomorrow afternoon
ecuer chikeq
oon chikeq
kwulaj chikeq
last night
tonight
tomorrow night
s li Poo ish num
s li Poo ain
s li junchic Poo
last month
this month
next month
s li Cha ish num
s li Cha ain
s li junchic Cha
last year
this year
next year
The hour can be roughly stated with the word oonal which denotes a certain time of the day.
S li oonal ain.
[No Verb]
At this hour.
QUESTIONS
There are two main types of questions KC: Yes/No Questions and Information Questions.
Tag Questions comprise a less frequently used type of question. Non-Verb Questions are more
frequently used but in spoken KC.
Yes/No Questions
Sentence Structures: QA + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? / QA + SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT? / QA + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/OTHER + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?
Questions under this category use the auxiliary word ma at the beginning of an interrogative
sentence. This makes them semantically similar to the use of do as an auxiliary verb for this type
of questions in English. Ma can take on the meanings of the verbs be and have as examplified
below.
Ma inkat wulak chi auk? Inc.

Ma Carmen ish Cab? Eh.
Ma ac shat cuaak? Maj.
Ma cham li Nimh? Eh.
AUX AS DO
AUX AS BE
AUX AS HAVE
AUX AS BE + ADJ
Do you go to sow? No.

Is Carmen her name? Yes.
Have you eaten? Not yet.
Is the river deep? Yes.
Yes/No Questions as such require an affirmative or negative answer that in KC corresponds to

eh or inc, yes and no respectively.
Ma te cat li Pim? Eh
Ma sha set li Ti? Inc?
Are you going to burn the weeds? Yes.

Did you cut the meat? No.
George Max
Information Questions
Questions under this category use interrogative words at the beginning of a sentence. The
following table shows KCs interrogative words according to the English classification.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
anii
carruu
ar
caput
jokee
chan ruu
who
what
where
why
when
how
The vowel repetition for anii, carruu and jokee resembles that of the English words flee, too, etc.
in intonation, but not in vowel pronunciation.
We combine the word j (how) with a modified adjective to tell to what extent, amount or
degree: j nimal, how many/much, j najtil, how far, j oonal, what time, and so on. Harru
(how many/much) asks for quantity or amount.
J oonal ta lok chaq li Keenk?

Harru chi Coocal tyokhe chi alinak?
What time are you going to buy the beans?

How many children are running?
Sentence Structures: QI + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? / QI + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? /

QI + [PA] + NOUN + [SUBJECT]?
Interrogative words should always go at the beginning of the question such as shown in the
following examples.
Anii na catyin Mol?

PRES
Carruu ish Canjel Aan?
[NO VERB]
ar cuan lin Cuesh?
Caput cuankoo arrin?
Jokee tesh shik chi canjelak?
FUT
Chan ruu na ichan aan?
PRES
Who sells eggs?

What does he/she do? [AS A JOB, PROFESSION]
Where are my pants?
Why are we here?
When do you leave for work?
How does he sing?
Examples showing the use of interrogative content clauses in yes/no questions:
Ma sha aii carruu ish tyee? Eh.

Ma she ril ar ish cam? Inc.
Did you hear what he/she said? Yes.

Did you see where he/she took? No.
Tag Questions
A tag question in KC uses the word etyaal (right, correct) at the end of a sentence. It can be
used in affirmative and negative questions.
Tyoo chi cuaark a Nchin, etyaal?

Inc ish coo chi canjelak aj Pablo, etyaal?
AFF SPK Your grandmother is sleeping, isnt she?

NEG SPK Pablo did not go to work, did he?
A negative question tag with an affirmative sentence combines the words malaj (or) + inc
(not) so that it translates more like or not? at the end of a sentence. This type of question tag
may be confrontational in that it inquiries for the truth.
Ma inka naw atinak s Keqch, malaj inc?
Do you or do you not know how to speak Keqch?
George Max
Ma shesh wulak chi calek, malaj inc?
Did you or did you not go to graze?
Non-Verb Questions
Non-verb questions are short sentences that inquiry on a person or things properties, characteristics, attributes, look, appearance, condition, and so on. As the title suggests, they do not use
verbs and they rely on the auxiliary word ma or interrogative words to formulate a Yes/No or Information question.
Ma kee li H?
Ma tzaj ru li Ucal?
Anii raj lish Ca?
Carruu lish Caush Aan?
Is the water cold?

Is the pot dirty?
What was his/her/its name?
What does he/she worry about?
SPELLING
Active and Antipassive Verb Forms
These verb forms are widely used in phrases and sentences in KC. So, in order to derive verb
forms for the active and antipassive voices, one must take into account that all verbs end in v + k
or v + nk; where v = vowel and k, nk = end consonants.
Active Verb Form
We apply a simple, general rule to derive an active verb from the basic form whereby if the
verb ends in -v + k, the verb drops both letters. If it ends with -v + nk, the verb drops the -nk
BUT there is an exception to this general rule for certains verbs and is explained further below.
Verb: sacok to hit
Dropping of -v + k ending
ALL TENSES
SINGULAR
Lain AUX sac
Laat AUX sac
Aan AUX sac
Plural
lao AUX sac
laesh AUX sac
aanhe AUX sac
aan AUX sac
LIKEWISE: oqok, cutuk, chupuk, sachok, tojok, utzuk, tyamok, tyuluk, etc.
Verb: numsiink to pass
Dropping of -nk ending

ALL TENSES
SINGULAR
Lain AUX numsii
laat AUX numsii
Aan AUX numsii
PLURAL
Lao AUX numsii
aanhe AUX numsii
aanhe AUX numsii
aan AUX numsii
LIKEWISE: cuartesnk, hasaank, keloonk, cirrisnk, taqsiink, etc.
IMPORTANT:
From the two rules defined above to turn infinitive verbs into active verb forms, a group of verbs need special attention.
These verbs show a -v + b + v + nk ending pattern and thus drop their -v + nk ending. Therefore, achank acha,
buyunk buyu, canank cana, chutunk chutu, and so on. This rule applies for all tenses from present to
future.
Aanhe enkesh buyu li S s ee.

Aj Luis ish chutu ish Tumin re Raalankil.
PRES
PAST
They are piling up the wood on the street.

Luis saved money for Christmas.
George Max
Antipassive Verb Form

We apply a general rule to derive an antipassive verb from the basic form whereby if the verb
ends with -v + k, it is used in its basic form. If the verb ends with -v + nk, the verb drops the k
and ends in n. Refer back to TENSE MARKERS for the list of tense markers that are used with antipassive verbs.
Verb: lochok to turn/switch on, light up
No change in verb ending

PRESENT, PAST,
PRETERITE
SINGULAR
Lain AUX lochok
Laat AUX lochok
Aan AUX lochok
PLURAL
lao AUX lochok
laesh AUX lochok
Aanhe AUX lochok
aan AUX lochok
Likewise: oqok, cutuk, chupuk, sachok, tojok, utzuk, tyamok, tyuluk, etc.
Dropping of k
PRESENT, PAST,
PRETERITE
Verb: tolonk - to lay down
SINGULAR
Lain AUX toloan
laat AUX toloan
Aan AUX toloan
PLURAL
lao AUX toloan
laesh AUX toloan
aanhe AUX toloan
aan AUX toloan
LIKEWISE: ajlaank, cuartesnk, hasaank, pumunk, keloonk, salank,etc.
A simple rule pertaining KC phonetics makes the verb form for the future tense change its k
ending into q. This change is valid according to the separate sounds currently assigned to these
consonants.
Change of k ending for q for verbs ending in v + k
Verb: ucak - to drink
SINGULAR
Lain tin ucaq
laat tat ucaq
Aan ta ucaq
PLURAL
lao to ucaq
laesh tesh ucaq
aanhe tehe ucaq
aan ta ucaq
LIKEWISE: quemoq, nukuq, topoq, tzoloq, etc.

Change of k ending for q for verbs ending in v + nk
Verb: nimaank - to grow up
SINGULAR
Lain tin nimaanq
laat tat mimaanq
Aan ta nimaanq
PLURAL
Lao to nimaanq
laesh tesh nimaanq
aanhe tehe nimaanq
aan ta nimaanq
LIKEWISE: tolonq, mesuunq, salanq, etc.
Present Participle
While all verbs can be used in their base form in the continuous aspect of KC, the progressive
aspect uses two verb forms which correspond to the present participle (see CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE.) Consequently, all verbs ending with -ok and -uk are replaced by -al. Examples: cutuk
- cutal; cuosok - cuosal; chupuk - chupal. All verbs ending with -v + nk are added the suffix il. Examples: hasaank - hasankil; mesuunk - mesunkil; pajiink - pajinkil.
Eb li Cuiinq tyokhe ish camal li Hal.

Lao tyokoo ish anunkil qa Canjel.
The men are taking the corn.

We are doing our work.
Past Participle
In KC, we use the past participle to build the Passive Voice only. This verb form shows several variations according to TAM and whether the inflexion is possible or likely for a certain verb
and the given case.
George Max
Present, Past and Preterite

As a general rule, verbs ending with -ok or -uk should be replaced by - or -man. Those concerned may be mono- and two-sylable verbs having this ending pattern.
EXAMPLES: tzolok tzol/tzolman; culuk cul/culman; rumuk rum; kemok kem; pejok pej/pejman, etc.
Li Ismal na tzulman ricin li Uk.

Li Tz ish tzol chi cojlaak.
PRES
PST
The hair is braided with the hands.

The dog was taught to seat.
Similarly, verbs ending with -v + nk duplicate the vowel (in writing) and lose the n OR they
lose their -nk ending and add -man. This rule applies strictly for verbs with two, three or more
syllables having this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: anank anaaak/anaman; cusiink cusiik/cusiman; numsiink numsiik/numsiman;
jilosnk jilosiik/jilosiman; mesuunk mesuuk/mesuman, etc.
Li Tzalam-ch ish anaaak chirruu li Tzak.
The plank was reclined against the wall.
Future
Two variations happen here. Verbs ending with -ok or -uk should be replaced by -ek or maanq. Those concerned may be mono- and two-sylable verbs having this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: rumuk rumek; cuotzok cuotzek/cuotzmaanq, tyuluk tyulek/tyulmaanq, etc.
Li Chaat ta rumeq s Muhl.
The bed will be thrown in the trash/garbage.
For verbs with two or more syllables, the rule follows that of the present and past tenses for
verbs ending in -v + nk except that the k changes to q and there is only one variation.
EXAMPLES: cholannk cholaniiq, atzumnk atzumaaq, etc.
Li Culal ta cholaniiq an lish Nchin.
The baby will be nursed by his/her grandmother.
Continuous
Here we have one variation of the past participle for the passive voice whereby verbs ending
in -ok or -uk are replaced with -ec. This applies for mono- and two-sylable verbs having this end
pattern.
EXAMPLES: hamok hamec; jutuk jutec, etc.
Lish Ochoch tyoo chi camec an li But. CONT
His/her house is being dragged by the flood.
Similarly, verbs ending in -v + nk duplicate the vowel (in writing) and lose the n. This rule applies for verbs with two or more syllables with this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: kajtesnk kajtesiik; tolonk toloaak, etc.
Li Ishqaal tyoo chi kaluuk.
CONT
The girl is being hugged.
George Max
Imperative
Since the imperative mood is expressed in the second person singular and plural, it uses two
different verb forms. The verb for the imperative in the second person singular is the derived
verb form of the active voice.
Tyolesii li Imul.
Ishimaa li Hal.
Chase the rabbit.

Thresh the corncobs.
The verb for the imperative in the second person plural is generally modified with the suffix omaq for verbs ending in -ok or -v + nk or -umaq for verbs ending in -uk or -unk.
Tzuqumaq ayaq H s Ree.

Sutumaq li Ochoch!
Drip some water in its mouth.

Surround the house.
CAPITAL LETTERS
The main rules for word capitalization in KC include the following:
The first word in a sentence

The name of a person
A nationality or language
Titles of people
The names of cities, provinces, states, countries
The names of buildings
The names of holidays
Religious words
Every noun as introduced here
Aan na wulak chiruu alinak.

Elena, Abel, Sofia
Kich, Ingles, Mam
Qan Belinda, Qacu Eliberto
Chisec, Purulha, Kich, Guatemala
Poopol, Iglesia, Hospital
Rahil Cutan, Kesaant, Ralanquil
Jesus, Maria
Ochoch, ee, Nimh, Cutan, Cum
Titles
Most words in titles must be capitalized. The following rules apply:
Always use a capital letter on the first word of a title.

Use a capital letter on all the important words.
Do not use a capital letter on the following if they are not at the beginning of a sentence
o Prepositions (s, re, chi, isheen, chirruu, etc.)
o Connecting words (ut, aan, malaj)
o Articles (ish, aj, li)
COMBINING SENTENCES
Method 1: Use of the conjunction ut (literally and)
We can join two or more verbs in one sentence with ut.
George Max
Li Cuulal na aj. Li Cuulal na ok chi tyaak.

Li Cuulal na aj ut na ok chi tyaak.
The baby wakes up. The baby starts to cry.

The baby wakes up and starts to cry.
We can also combine verbs and phrases with ut into one compound sentence. The components
(verbs, phrases) can be in active1 and antipassive2 voice.
Ish Adelia na jalok2, nash chap1 ish Chacach ut na shik2 s Catyil.

o
Adelia changes, grabs her basket and goes to the market.
Method 2: Use of the conjunction aan (literally but)
We can join two phrases/clauses or sentences with aan to present a contrasting pattern.
Sho wulak raj chi eek. Tyoo raj li Ha.

Sho wulak raj chi eek, aan tyoo raj li Ha.
Aan ish lok raj chaq li Ishim. Mac raj chic Ishim
Aan ish lok raj chaq li Ishim, aan mac raj chic.
SPK
SPK
We wanted to go out. It was raining.

We wanted to go out but it was raining.
He had to buy maize. There was not any maize.
He had to buy maize but there wasnt any.
Method 3: Use of the combination ut ... ajcu (literally and too)
Aj Juan na wulak chi tzolok. Ish Marina na wulak chi tzolok.

o
Juan goes to school. Marina goes to school.
Aj Juan na wulak chi tzolok ut ish Marina na wulak ajcu.
o
Juan goes to school and Marina goes too.
Use in modal sentences:
Aj Ro na ruu atinak s Poqomch. Aj Ton na ruu atinak s Poqomch.

o
Rob knows how to talk in Poqomch. Ton knows how to talk in Poqomch.
Aj Ro na ruu atinak s Poqomch ut aj Ton na ruu ajcu.
o
Rob can talk in Poqomch and Ton can too.
Method 4: Use of the combination manii ... ut ajcu (literally not and ... either)
In this sentence construction method, we use ajcu at the end of the sentence to mean either since
it can also be used in a negative clause.
Ish Alicia manii raj s Ca ecuer. Aj Gil manii raj s Ca ecuer.

o
Alicia was not at home yesterday. Gil was not at home yesterday.
Ish Alicia manii raj s Ca ecuer ut aj Gil manii raj ajcu.
o
Alicia was not at home yesterday and Gil was not either.
Method 5: Use of the conjunction naq (literally when)
When using naq to join two clauses, the subject of the second clause is displaced at the end.
Ac shin aj. Li Tzshul ki tyaaak.

Ac shin aj naq ki tyaaak li Tzshul.
SPK
I have wakened up. The rooster crowed.

I have wakened up when the rooster crowed.
Ac sho ok s Ca. Li Ha ki chal.

Ac sho ok s Ca naq ki chal li Ha.
SPK
We had got home. It began to rain.

We had got home when it began to rain.
Lain ac shin raq chi shorrok. Lain in tyii li Tzacaemq.

o
I have finished making tortillas. I prepare the meal.
George Max
Ac shin raq chi shorrok naq in tyii li Tzacaemq.

SPK
o
I had finished making tortillas when I prepare the meal.
Use of naq with combined events in the pseudo-perfect, preterite, continuous and past tense.
Ish Natalia ac laje Cha cuan re naq ki ok chi tzolok.

o
Natalia was already five years old when she started school.
Tyokin raj chi cuaak naq shin esh oq chi atzuunk.
o
I was eating when they called me to play.
PPERF - PRET
CONT-PAST, SPK
Method 6: Use of the conjunction ishan naq (literally because)
Tin tyii in Cuaa. Ac Cuale chic.

Tin tyii in Cuaa ishan naq ac Cuale chic.
Aj Mario inc ish wulak s Tzolel. Aj Mario cuale ish cuaklii.

o
Mario did not go to school. Mario got up late.
Aj Mario inc ish wulak s Tzolel ishan naq cuale ish cuaklii.
o
Mario did not go to school because he got up late.
SPK
I will make tortillas. It is noon already.

I will make tortillas because it is noon already.
Method 7: Use of jcan naq for cause and result sentences (literally that is why OR because
at the beginning of a sentence in English)
Ish Delia mac ish Tumin. Ish Delia inc na shik s Catyil.
o
Delia does not have money. Delia does not go to the market.
Ish Delia mac ish Tumin jcan naq inc na shik s Catyil.
o
Delia does not have money, which is why she does not go to the market. OR
o
Because Delia does not have money, she does not go to the market.
Method 8: Use of ishen cuaa (before, first) and chirrish aan (then, after that)
Isheen cuaa in cuaklii, chirrish aan in tyii in Cuaa.
First I get up then I make tortillas.
WRITING GOOD SENTENCES
Writing good and accurate sentences according to KC syntax and grammatical rules outlined throughout this grammar guide is mandatory.
Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. (Imperatives do not necessarily have a
subject.) Some short statements or questions describing/asking for a persons or things
properties, characteristics, attributes, look, appearance, etc., however, DO NOT require a
verb.
EXAMPLES:
o
o
o
Li Chajom naj ish terram.

Anii a Cab?
Mac ish Cuaa li Tz.
The young boy is tall.

What is your name?
The dog does not have any food.
Some sentences have a direct object (DO) which goes directly after the verb. The direct
object is usually a noun and sometimes it has an adjective or an article (li).
SUBJ
Li Ishq
AUX
na
VERB
DO
shokok
S.
The woman picks up wood.
George Max
SUBJ
AUX
VERB
DO
Aan
nash
mesuu
li Njej.
He/she sweeps the place.
A list of consecutive actions or things in a sentence is separated by commas. Ut (and) or

malaj (or) is written before the last action or thing in the list. Examples:
o
o
Lain in cuaclii, in cuak ut in shik s Tzolebl.

I get up, eat breakfast and go to school.
Aan na awok Ishim, Kenk ut Pish s lish Choch. He grows corn, black beans and tomatoes in his
land.
WRITING GOOD COMPOSITIONS
Every composition must have a title as stated earlier in TITLES under CAPITAL LETTERS.
A good composition has an introductory sentence. It introduces the composition to the
reader and gives the general idea of the composition. It should also have a concluding
sentence similar to the introductory sentence in mind.
Follow each of the rules for creating compound sentences outlined in COMBINING SENTENCES.
Esteban aj Tzolonel
Aj Esteban na canjelak s jun Tzolel. Toj ish cul ri re aj Tzolonel ut anajcuan ac ish taw ish
Canjel. Aan tish tzol jun Chuut chi Coocal, li toj isheen Cha tehe oq s Tzolel. S lish Canjel cuan
ish cutal e aan chi tziak ut ilok ru Hu chirruu jun Cha. Jcan ajcu, tish cut e li Coocal jalanq, jalanq
chi Nle li na ajman s Tzolel ut s Ochoch.
Ishan naq li Tzolel cuan chirree Tenamit, aj Esteban junelic na shik s elel-chich re naq eklaa
na ok s lish Canjel. S li Tzolel nash chutu ri ricin rech aj Canjelil, li enkhe cutuk s e li junjunk
chi Njej. Naq na tiklaa li Tzolok, aj Esteban na ok s lish ceeil Njej ut nash oq e lish Ca e li junjunq chi Tzolom. Chirrish aan, na tiklaa li Tzolok ut na raq toj Cule.
Aj Esteban tish tzol nim aj Tzolom naq ac ish taw ish Nle chi us chirrish Tzolok Coocal. Anajcuan
tyoo ish tzolal jun Chuut chi china Al ut china Ishqaal li toj shesh tiki chi tziak ut ilok ru Hu. Aan ajcu
na tzolok rehe chi canjelak s Komonil ut cuaank s Tuqtukilal. Jcan lish Canjel aj Esteban re tzolok
jalanq, jalanq chi Tzolom s li Tzolel ut junelik saa s ish Chool ish anunkil rajlal Cutan.
Esteban the Teacher

Esteban works in a school. He just graduated as a teacher and now he has found a job. He will teach
a group of kids that will enter school for the first time. It is his job to teach them to write and read during one
year. Also, he will teach the children different skills that are needed in the school and at home.
Because the school is in the suburbs, Esteban always goes by bicycle so that he gets early at his work.
At the school, he joins with his colleagues that teach in the different classrooms. When teaching starts,
Esteban enters his assigned classroom and takes attendance of each student. After that, the class starts
and finishes until noon.
Esteban will teach young students when he gets good experience after teaching children. Now he
teaches a group of kids and girls that just started to write and read. He also teaches them to work in community and in harmony. That is the job of Esteban in teaching different students at the school and he is always happy of doing it every day.
George Max
APPENDIX 1
KEQCH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TRANSITIVE VERBS
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
A
aennk
aiink
achank
ajlaank
ajsiink
ajtesnk
akiink
akunnk
alank
aloresnk
anank
apusnk
apuunk
atesnk
atzamnk
atzumnk
aenan
ain
achaan
ajlan
ajsin
ajtesin
akin
akunin
alan
aloresin
anaan
apusin
apun
atesin
atzaman
atzuman
aenaa
aii
acha
ajlaa
ajsii
ajtesii
akii
akunii
ala
aloresii
ana
apusii
apuu
atesii
atzamaa
atzumaa
aenaak
aiik / aiman
achaaak
ajlaak
ajsiik / ajsiman
ajtesiik
akiik
akuniik
alak
aloresiik / aloresiman
anaaak
apusiik / apusiman
apuuk
atesiik / atesiman
atzamaak
atzumaak
A
to commission
to hear
to release, set free
to count, enumerate
to wake up
to amuse, make laugh
to weed, clean
to dress up
to weigh (see also Bisok)
to increase weight
to lean, to recline
to blow/play an instrument
to blow, exhale, inflate
to bathe so./sth.
to add salt, season with salt
to bloom, blossom
acok
achok
akok
alaknk
alkusnk
anok
anuunk
asok
ayok
ekok
esok
iomoresnk
iqok
irrok
isok
itoonk
ojok
oqok
ukuk
ukiink
utuk
uyunk
acok
achok
akok
alakin
alkusin
anok
anun
asok
ayok
ekok
esok
iomobresin
iqok
irrok
isok
iton
ojok
oqok
ukuk
ukin
utuk
uyuan
ac
ach
ak
alakii
alkusii
an
anuu
as
ay
ek
es
iomoresii
iq
irr
is
itoo
oj
oq
uk
ukii
ut
uyu
ac / acman
ach / achman
ak / akman
alakiik
alkusiik / alkusiman
an / anman
anuuk / anuman
as / asman
ay / ayman
ek / ekman
es / esman
iomoresiik
iq / iqman
irr / irrman
is / isman
itook
oj / ojman
oq / oqman
uk / ukman
ukiik
ut / utman
uyubaak
to tie, bind, fasten with a rope or cord

to twist, coil, curl
to twist
to cheat, deceive, swindle
to rotate, turn around
to cure, heal
to do, make
to fold, bend, enfold
to delay, detain
to dig, shovel, scratch, scrabble
to cut hair
to become rich, accumulate goods
to rub, scrape, scrub
to roll, make cylindrical sth.
to measure (length, weight, amount)
to carry on/over (head, body)
to sew, join or fasten with stitches
to call so./sth., shout, cry
to beat, whir, flap
to smoke, give off smoke
to fill
to pile, heap, mound
C
caank
calaank
cachank
cachinoresnk
cakaank
caleenk
camok
canank
canok
caoresnk
caplisnk
caain
calan
cachaan
cachinoresin
cakan
calen
camok
canaan
canok
caoresin
caplisin
caaii
calaa
cacha
cachinoresii
cakaa
calee
cam
cana
can
caoresii
caplisii
caaiik
calaak
cachaaak
cachinoresiik
cakaak
caleek
cam
canaaak
can
caoresiik
caplisiik
C
to name, appoint; call
to construct, build; erect
to name, give a name
to reduce, decrease, shorten
to add an attic
to graze, clear the land
to take, to marry (the man)
to leave, go away from, cease
to capture with a rope, lasso
to make bitter, sour, embitter
to reach the summit, peak
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
catok
catyiink
caushlnk
caytesnk
chajok
chakeenk
chamoresnk
chaqoresnk
chichiink
chikok
chiqok
chirrink
cholannk
cholok
chok
choshok
choyok
chuaank
chulaknk
chununk
chupuk
chupuk
chutunk
chuk
chuyuk
cimuunk
cirrisnk
cook
cochlaank
coconk
cojonk
colbetnk
colonnk
copnk
copok
coshlaank
cosok
cotaank
cotonk
cotzok
cuaclesnk
cuajaank
cualuunk
cuaank
cuak
cuartesnk
cutesnk
cusiink
cukuk
culaank
cuaank
cuosok
curruk
cutunk
cutuk
cutuk
catok
catyin
caushlak
caytesin
chajok
chaken
chamoresin
chaqoresin
chichiin
chikok
chiqok
chirrian
cholanin
cholok
chok
choshok
choyok
chuan
chulakin
chunuan
chupuk
chupuk
chutuan
chuk
chuyuk
cimun
cirrisn
cook
cochlan
cocoan
cojoan
coletan
colonin
copin
copok
coshlan
cosok
cotan
cotoan
cotzok
cuaclesin
cuajan
cualun
cuan
cuaok
cuartesin
cutesin
cusin
cukuk
culan
cuan
cuosok
curruk
cutuan
cutuk
cutuk
cat
catyii
caushlaa
caytesii
chaj
chakee
chamoresii
chaqoresii
chichii
chik
chiq
chirri
cholanii
chol
ch
chosh
choy
chuaa
ch ulakii
chunu
chup
chup
chutu
chu
chuy
cimuu
cirrisii
cob
cochlaa
coco
cojo
coletaa
colonii
copii
cop
coshlaa
cos
cotaa
coto
cotz
cuaclesii
cuajaa
cualuu
cuan
cu
cuartesii
cutesii
cusii
cuk
culaa
cuaa
cuos
curr
cutu
cut
cut
cat / catman
catyiik / catyiman
caushlaak
caytesiik
chaj / chajman
chakeek
chamoresiik
chaqoresiik
chichiik
chik / chikman
chiq / chiqman
chirriaak
cholaniik
chol / cholman
cho / chman
chosh / choshman
choy / choyman
chuaak
chulakiik
chunuaak
chup / chupman
chup / chupman
chutuaak
chu
chuy / chuyman
cimuuk
cirrisiik
co / coman
cochlaak
cocoaak
cojoaak
coletaak
coloniik
copiik
cop / copman
coshlaak
cos / cosman
cotaak
cotoaak
cotz / cotzman
cuaclesiik / cuaclesiman
cuajaak
cualuuk / cualuman
cuan
cua / cuman
cuartesiik
cutesiik
cusiik / cusiman
cuk / cukman
culaak
cuaak
cuos / cuosman
curr / currman
cutuaak
cut / cutman
cut / cutman
to burn, incinerate, set fire to

to sell, trade; market; place
to worry, preoccupy, concern
to accustom, inure; get used to
to wash, clean sth.
to cook, boil; ripen, mellow
to deepen; make deeper
to make dry, wipe dry
to annoy, bother, disturb
to wish for good eating
to cook; boil; stew; burn
to extend, stretch, spread
to feed, nourish, nurture
to broaden, widen; open trail
to operate on; make a surgery
to clobber, beat up, pound
to finish, end, conclude
to spit; cough up
to get dirty, mess up
to sit down so. or sth.
to turn off; blow out; put out
to pick (flowers, fruit, leaves)
to gather, collect, put together
to urinate, piss, wet
to nip, pinch; to nibble, pick at
to cover over with straw; thatch
to bring up; raise children/animals
to make holes in; pierce; vent
to alight, land, sit
to hitch, tie up, lash; start, initiate
to sit; place, settle, clear up
to save, defend, protect
to overcome, beat; to win through
to peck
to prick, peck
to think, deliberate; consider; reflect
to shorten; decrease, diminish; lower
to defecate
to roll, wind
to reduce, to ease, relent; relax, let up
to lift, hoist; pick up; raise
to play on a harp (n. cuajb, harp)
to blow/review fire with a fan
to be; have
to eat; destroy; wear away; corrode
to lull, put to sleep; narcotize
to cause, give rise to (witchcraft)
to lower, reduce; put/bring down
to slacken, loosen; root up, pull up
to save, preserve; keep, protect
to bark, yap
to chill, cool; quench, dampen
to chop; slice; cut into pieces
to rest against; slant
to show, display, exhibit; present
to throw; shoot; discard
E
ecasnk
echannk
elkaank
elkenk
etaank
ecasin
echanin
elkan
elkein
etan
ecasii
echanii
elkaa
elkeii
etaa
ecasiik / ecasiman
echaniik
elkaak
elkeiik
etaak
E
to move; stir; work, power
to own; appropriate
to steal, rob, take away
to abstinence, restraint, fasting
to mark, indicate, signal; measure
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
etzuunk
etzun
etzuu
etzuuk / etzman
to make fun, joke, banter
H
hlesnk
hak
hachok
hamok
hasaank
hellok
hiltasnk
hirrok
hitok
hook
homok
hopok
hoyaank
hupunk
hlesin
hak
hachok
hamok
hasan
hellok
hiltasin
hirrok
hitok
hook
homok
hopok
hoyan
hupuan
hlesii
ha
hach
ham
hasaa
hell
hiltasii
hir
hit
ho
hom
hop
hoyaa
hupu
hlesiik / hlesiman
ha
hach
ham
hasaak
hellman
hiltasiik
hirr / hirrman
hit / hitman
ho
hom
hop
hoyaa
hupuaak
H
to melt, thaw; melt down
to chew; scrunch; bite
to bite, champ; take a bite
to wear away; fall apart
to whisper; speak softly
to extend, stretch; spread
to let lay, repose or rest
to spill or scatter (not water)
to unloose, unbind, untie
to insult, mistreat verbally
to break; crack; fail; tear
to open a hole; bore, drill
to shout, yell, scream
to turn upside down, invert
I
iqaank
ishimnk
ishqennk
isiink
itok
iqan
ishiman
ishqenin
isin
itok
iqaa
ishimaa
ishqenii
isii
it
iqaak
ishimaak / ishiman
ishqenik
isiik / isiman
it
I
to carry on the back
to separate the kernels (corn)
to free oneself; leave behind
to take out; remove; extract
to break, explode (pottery)
J
jalok
jeok
jilink
jilok
jilosnk
jitok
jitok
jokok
jochok
jok
jorrok
joskoresnk
jotzok
jucuunk
julticnk
jutuk
jalok
jeok
jilian
jilok
jilosin
jitok
jitok
jokok
jochok
jok
jorrok
joskoresin
jotzok
jucun
jultican
jutuk
jal
je
jili
jil
jilosii
jit
jit
jok
joch
jo
jor
joskoresii
jotz
jucuu
julticaa
jut
jal / jalman
je / jeman
jiliaak
jil
jilosiik / jilosiman
jit / jitman
jit / jitman
jok / jokman
joch / jochman
j
jorr / jorrman
joskoresiik
jotz / jotzman
jucuuk
julticaak / julticman
jut / jutman
J
to move, change; shed
to reduce, shorten; lower
to lay horizontally; spread
to come close to; to massage
to draw near, bring near
to accuse; claim, demand
to fasten, tie up; lash; moor
to graze; scrape; scratch
to scratch, scrape; steal, robe
to shave; scrape
to break, smash; crack; tear
to enrage; flourish; infuriate
to graze; scrape; rasp
to drag, haul; be pulled; trail
to remind; recall, remember
to insert; introduce
K
kaank
kachok
kajsiink
kaluunk
kartesnk
kashok
kehiink
kehoresnk
keloonk
kemok
kek
kesnaank
ketok
kichok
kilank
kik
kishaank
kishnaank
kishok
kaain
kachok
kajsin
kalun
kartesin
kashok
kehin
kehoresin
kelon
kemok
kek
kesnan
ketok
kichok
kiln
kik
kishan
kishnan
kishok
kaaii
kach
kajsii
kaluu
kartesii
kash
kehii
kehoresii
keloo
kem
k
kesnaa
ket
kich
kilaa
k
kishaa
kishnaa
kish
kaaiik
kach
kajsiik / kajsiman
kaluuk / kaluman
kartesiik / kartesiman
kash / kashman
kehiik
kehoresiik
kelook
kem
kman
kesnaak
ketman
kich / kichman
kilak
ki / kman
kishaak
kishnaak
kishman
K
to accuse, place blame; incriminate
to cut; hack; chop; slice
to return, give/send back; restore
to hug; embrace; hold
to deliver, convey; give/hand over
to exceed; pass by
to guess; predict
to cool down, cool off, turn cold
to pull, tug; haul in
to weave, knit; crochet
to grind, mill, pound; crush
to sharpen; make sharp/pointed, hone
to break off with the hands; tear off
to tear/split clothes, fabric
to thicken; make dense; become thick
to straighten, straighten out, unbend
to eructate, burp, belch
to heat up/warm up; put on fire
to loosen, unbind, untie
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
kitzok
kochok
kolok
kotok
kusuk
kitzok
kochok
kolok
kotok
kusuk
kitz
koch
kol
kot
kus
kitz / kitzman
koch / kochman
kol / kolman
kot / kotman
kus / kusman
to graze oneself; bruise; crush

to roll, wind; fold, bend
to harvest maize
to turn round, go round, rotate, spin
to reprimand, tell off; scold
L
lakank
lanok
lapok
latzaank
lecok
lepok
letzok
likok
lochok
lochtenk
lokok
lutesnk
lucunk
luhoresnk
lakaan
lanok
lapok
latzan
lecok
lepok
letzok
likok
lochok
lochteen
lokok
lubtesin
lucuan
luhoresin
laka
lan
lap
latzaa
lec
lep
letz
lik
loch
lochte
lok
lutesii
lucu
luhoresii
lakaaak
lane / lanman
lap / lapman
latzaak
lecman
lepman
letz / letzman
lik / likman
loch / lochman
lochtek
lok / lokman
lutesiik
lucuaak
luhoresiik
L
to pair, match; mate
to wrap, pack; cover; enfold
to kick; insert into the ground
to grasp, tighten; narrow; take up
to draw out/extract with a spoon
to throw water
to stick, glue, paste; join, fix together
to bend; bow down
to inflame; lighter; ignite, switch on
to climb, clamber; trail
to buy, purchase; get; invest in
to tire out, exhaust, weary
to hang up, suspend, put up
to cool, warm, cool down/off
M
makok
matceenk
matannk
mausilnk
matyajank
mayibk
memoresnk
mesuunk
metzecunk
michok
minok
mochonk
muchuk
muquk
musiknk
mushuk
makok
matcen
matanin
mausilan
matyajin
mayik
memoresin
mesun
metzecuan
michok
minok
mochoan
muchuk
muquk
musikan
mushuk
mak
matcee
matanii
mausilaa
matyajii
mayii
memoresii
mesuu
metzecua
mich
min
mocho
much
muq
musikaa
mush
mak / makman
matceek
mataniik
mausilaak
matyajaak
mayiik
memoresiik
mesuuk / mesuman
metzecuaak
mich /michman
min
mochoaak
much
muq
musikaak
mush
M
to take away, remove
to dream about, dream
to give, offer up, contribute
to curse, damn, swear
to offer up, contribute
to smoke
to fall silent, be dumbstruck
to sweep; sweep away
to exert; strain, make an effort
to root up, pull up; extract
to force, oblige
to shrink, shrivel; contract
to crumble; mince, finely chop
to hide, conceal; bury, inter
to breathe, inhale and exhale
to desecrate, pollute, profane
N
nlenk
nawk
nimaank
nimoresnk
ninkehnk
nukuk
numsiink
nlean
nawk
niman
nimoresin
ninkehin
nukuk
numsin
nleaa
naw
nimaa
nimoresii
ninkehii
nuk
numsii
nleaak
naw / nawman
nim
nimoresiik
ninkehiik
nuk / nukman
numsiik / numsiman
N
to argue, think, reason, know
to know; realize; can; learn
to grow up; rise; become big
to make bigger; enlarge
to celebrate; make a party
to swallow; suck down
to pass; move, transfer, get
O
ochennk
oshloknk
osotesnk
oyennk
ochenin
oshlokin
osotesin
oyenii
ochenii
oshlokii
osotesii
oyenii
ocheniik
oshlokiik
osotesiik
oyeniik
O
to accompany; join, attach
to value, price, esteem, cherish
to bless, praise
to wait, tarry; stay; watch
P
paaank
pajok
pajiink
pakok
paqoonk
patzok
payok
paan
pajok
pajin
pakok
paqon
patzok
payok
pa
paj
pajii
pak
paqoo
patz
pay
paaak
paj / pajman
pajiik
pak / pakman
paqook
patz / patzman
pay / payman
P
to obey, take orders; religious party
to spill; scatter
to break, smash, shatter; open way
to break, smash; bend, twist
to carry weight (man, on the shoulders)
to ask, question, inquire; request
to commission
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
pechok
pechok
pejok
pekok
perrenk
picaank
picok
piscoonk
pohiink
pok
puaank
pucasnk
puctasnk
pucuk
pukuk
pumunk
puquk
purruk
pushnk
putzuk
pechok
pechok
pejok
pekok
perrean
pican
picok
piscon
pohin
pok
puan
pucasin
puctasin
pucuk
pukuk
pumuan
puquk
purruk
pushin
putzuk
pech
pech
pej
pek
perre
picaa
pic
piscoo
pohii
p
puaa
pucasii
puctasii
puc
puk
pumu
puq
purr
pushii
putz
pech / pechman
pech / pechman
pej / pejman
pek / pekman
perreaak
picaak
picman
piscook
pohiik
po
puaak
pucasiik
puctasiik
puc / pucman
puk / pukman
pumuaak
puq / puqman
purr
pushiik / pushiman
putz / putzman
to roll up, wind, coil

to carve, hew
to tear, split, rip
to splatter, splash, spatter
to extend, stretch flat
to strike, hit; knock; beat
to dig; delve; scratch; scrabble; pick
to jump, bounce; skip; hop
to epilepsy, falling sickness
to break up, split, tear
to fire, shoot, discharge
to spread, disseminate, scatter
to increase, multiply, augment
to blow up; break; burst, pop
to beat; whir; flap
to fill; cover; crowd; occupy
to sprinkle, scatter, dust
to grind grains; mill
to dust; shake off, clean
to crush, squash, bruise
R
ratesnk
rak
rapok
raqok
rekok
repok
rinok
rumuk
ratesin
rak
rapok
raqok
rekok
repok
rinok
rumuk
ratesii
raa
rap
raq
rek
rep
rin
rum
ratesiik
ra
rap / rapman
raq / raqman
rekman
repman
rin
rum
R
to make someone suffer
to love, want, wish; like; feel like
to hit; whip; beat
to finish; end, conclude
to lick; lap against
to splatter, splash, spatter
to stretch; be pulled, tighten
to throw, toss over; waste
S
sacok
sachok
sak
salank
saqoresnk
sereknk
setok
shcuaank
shajok
shaqank
shekok
shelok
sherriink
sherrok
shichok
shipcosnk
shitiink
shokok
shorrok
shucunk
shujuk
shulcupnk
shulunk
shushnk
shutuk
sibeenk
sicok
silok
sok
socuennk
sotonk
sacok
sachok
sak
salaan
saqoresin
serekin
setok
shcuan
shajok
shaqaan
shekok
shelok
sherrin
sherrok
shichok
shipcosin
shitin
shokok
shorrok
shucuan
shujuk
shulcupin
shuluan
shushan
shutuk
sien
sicok
silok
sok
socuenan
sotoan
sac
sach
sac / sacman
sach / sachman
sala
saqoresii
serekii
set
shcuaa
shaj
shaqa
shek
shel
sherrii
sherr
shich
shipcosii
shitii
shok
shorr
shucuaa
shuj
shulcupii
shulu
shushaa
shut
siee
sic
sil
so
socuenaa
soto
salaaak / salaman
saqoresiik
serekiik
set / setman
shcuaak
shaj / shajman
shaqaaak
shek / shekman
shel / shelman
sherriik
sherr
shich / shichman
shipcosiik
shitiik
shok
shorr / shorrman
shucuaak
shuj / shujman
shulcupiik
shuluaak
shushaak
shut / shutman
si
sic / sicman
sil /silman
sob / soman
socuenaak
sotoaak
S
to hit, beat; knock; smack
to lose; waste; miss, fade
to make thin, slim, slender; reduce
to tilt, lean; tip, incline
to make clean; bleach, whiten
to talk, converse; chat, tell
to cut; chop; slice
to vomit, puke, throw up
to dance
to stand; raise, elevate, lift
to butt, gore
to crack, split; slit, gash; tear, rip
to make smaller, reduce; lessen
Same as Shelok
to oblige, compel; coerce
to push forward
to darn, mend; repair; patch
to save; collect, gather
to make tortillas; flatten, roll, shape
to be afraid of; fear, fright
to break, smash; crack; fail; tear
Same as Shipcosink
to turn head upside down
to whistle; hiss; sing
to wrap; cover; envelope, enfold
to make/become smoky
to search; seek, look, ask for
to flay, skin, peel off
to eat dry tortillas or bread
to envy, begrudge; desire, covet
to tuck in; lay down; lean, bend
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
suk
sukisnk
sumeenk
sumunk
sutuk
suk
sukisin
sumen
sumuan
sutuk
su
sukisii
sumee
sumu
sut
su
sukisiik
sumeek
sumuaak
sut / sutman
to sink, submerge; plunge, go down

to return, give back; go back
to reply, answer back; protest; respond
to marry, wed; get married
to enclose, surround, circle, encompass
T
tachkink
tacuasnk
tamok
tamresnk
tanank
tanok
taqeenk
taqresnk
taqsiink
tek
tenenk
tenkaank
tenok
terkusnk
ticoresnk
tichcosnk
tictink
tijok
tikink
tik
tiqcuasnk
tiqink
tiqonk
tiqok
titzok
tok
tok
tochok
tojok
tolcosnk
tolonk
topok
toqok
toqok
tuaank
tulaank
tupusnk
turunk
tusunk
tusuk
tutzuk
tutzunk
tuyunk
tzuqleenk
tzahk
tzajniink
tzamaank
tzapok
tzeqok
tzeqtannk
tziak
tzilok
tzook
tzolonk
tzolok
tzoyok
tachkin
tacuasin
tamok
tamresin
tanaan
tanok
taqen
taqresin
taqsin
tek
tenean
tenkan
tenok
terkusin
ticoresin
tichcosin
tictin
tijok
tikian
tik
tiqcuasin
tiqian
tiqoan
tiqok
titzok
tok
tok
tochok
tojok
tolcosin
toloan
topok
toqok
toqok
tuan
tulan
tupusin
turuan
tusuan
tusuk
tutzuk
tutzuan
tuyuan
tzuqlen
tzahk
tzajnin
tzaman
tzapok
tzeqok
tzeqtanan
tziak
tzilok
tzook
tzoloan
tzolok
tzoyok
tachki
tacuasii
tam
tamresii
tana
tan
taq
taqresii
taqsii
tachkik
tacuasiik
tam
tamresiik
tanaaak
tan / tanman
tene
tenkaa
ten
terkusii
ticobresii
tichcosii
ticti
tij
tiki
t
tiqcuasii
tiqi
tiqoaa
tiq
titz
to
to
toch
toj
tolcosii
tolo
top
toq
toq
tuaa
tulaa
tupusii
turu
tusu
tus
tutz
tutzu
tuyu
tzuqlee
tzah
tzajnii
tzamaa
tzap
tzeq
tzeqtanaa
tziaa
tzil
tzo
tzolo
tzol
tzoy
teneaak
tenkaak
ten
terkusiik / terkusiman
ticoresiik / ticoresiman
tichcosiik
tictik
tij / tijman
tikiaak
ti / tman
tiqcuasiik
tiqiaak
tiqoaak
tiq
titz / titzman
to
to
toch / tochman
toj / tojman
tolcosiik / tolcosiman
toloaak
top / topman
toq / toqman
toq
tuaak / tuman
tulaak
tupusiik
turuaak
tusuaak
tus / tusman
tutz / tutzman
tutzuaak
tuyubaak
tzuqleek
tzah / tzahman
tzajniik
tzamaak
tzap / tzapman
tzeq / tzeqman
tzeqtanaak
tziman
tzil / tzilman
tzo
tzoloaak
tzol / tzolman
tzoy / tzoyman
taqresiik
taqsiik / taqsiman
T
to give bad advise or suggestion
to tire, weary, fatigue; get tired
to gather, collect, accumulate
See Tamok
to lie/lay down; lean, bend
to throw down; drop; tumble
to follow; chase; pursue; keep track of
to wet; moisten; get wet
to go up, ascend, climb; upload, lift
to open; spread out; extend
to oblige, compel to do sth.
to help, aid, assist; support
to strike, hit; knock; beat against sth.
to increase the price; speculate prices
to straighten, unbend; set upright
to trip against sth., trip over
to lie, prevaricate, tell a falsehood
to pray; tech, instruct, educate; preach
to begin, initiate, start; commence
to kick, stamp; punch, poke
to heat, make hot; warm
to clothe, dress up; adorn, decorate
to sweat, perspire; exude
to add; append; attach, connect
to bother; borrow soth.
to clear; loosen, unbind, untie
to eat into, eat away; wear away
to touch, feel; hit, strike
to pay
to roll; knock down/over; wallow
to extend; lay down, stretch out
to jab, thrust, poke
to break, smash; snap
to throw away; discard
to heap, pile up; accumulate
to bewitch, charm, enchant
to shorten, curtail, cut short
to strip, undress, get undressed
Same as Turubnk
to order; arrange; sort, classify
to elongate, lengthen; extend
to make even; extend, stretch
to hang up; suspend, droop
to disarrange, mess up, disorganize
to dip; wet, soak in water, saturate
to make/get dirty; besmirch
to ask, request; invite
to close; cover, put the cork/lid on
to lose; waste
to despise, scorn; spurn, reject
to write; spell; type on a keyboard
to pass; strain, drain, percolate
to sip; slurp; suck up; puff at/on
to align, line up; put into line
to learn, study; educate oneself
to heat, make hot; warm
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
tzuuk
tzuluk
tzuquk
tyaak
tyaasnk
tyakok
tyalok
tyamtesnk
tyamok
tyatzok
tyechnk
tyehok
tyekok
tyok
tyiaank
tyocaank
tyoconk
tyocosnk
tyocok
tyleenk
tyonnk
tyuluk
tyutuk
tyuk
tzuuk
tzuluk
tzuquk
tyaak
tyaasin
tyakok
tyalok
tyamtesin
tyamok
tyatzok
tyechin
tyehok
tyekok
tyok
tyian
tyocan
tyocoan
tyocosin
tyocok
tylen
tyonin
tyuluk
tyutuk
tyuk
tzu
tzul
tzuq
tzu / tzuman
tzul / tzulman
tzuq / tzuqman
tyaasii
tyak
tyal
tyamtesii
tyam
tyatz
tyechi
tyeh
tyek
ty
tyii
tyocaa
tyoco
tyocosii
tyoc
tylee
tyonii
tyul
tyut
ty
tyaasiik
tyak / tyakman
tyal / tyalman
tyamtesnk
tyam
tyatz
tyechik
tyehman
tyek / tyekman
tyeman
tyiaak
tyocaak
tyocoaak
tyocosiik
tyoc / tyocman
tyleek
tyoniik
tyul / tyulman
tyut / tyutman
tyman
to kiss, touch with the lips

to braid, plait; twist; weave
to drip, drizzle, dribble; drop; leak
to cry, weep; grumble, wine
to play a musical instrument; announce
to treat; bargain; deal, negotiate
to test, attempt, try; taste
to vacate; empty; evacuate; clear
to pour
water into a cup
to squeeze; press; express; wring
to offer, suggest; tender, bid
to say, utter; tell; call; mention
to trample, tread; poach; stamp on
to say, utter; tell; call; mention
to fix, repair; compose, write
to step on; step of the foot
to tuck in; lay down; put to bed; lean
to twist, turn; wring; warp, bend
to cut; chop; slice; saw
to keep vigil over; keep watch over
to wait for; expect; hope
to spread; smear; anoint
to wrap, pack; cover; envelop, enfold
to stretch, extend, elongate; reach out
U
ucak
ucmiink
uctasnk
ulank
ushtannk
utzuk
ucak
ucmin
uctasin
ulan
ushtanan
utzuk
uc
ucmii
uctasii
ula
ushtanaa
utz
uc / ucman
ucmiik
uctasiik
ulak
ushtanaak
utz / utzman
U
to drink; drinking; consume liquids
to commence, begin, start; initiate
to give to drink; water; watering
to visit, visit each other; receive guests
to have mercy, compassion
to smell; pry; smell out; sniff
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS

INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
A
acanak
ajajnak
ajk
aktiink
akuunk
alatik
aleenk
alinak
atiink
atinak
atisimak
atzumak
acanak
ajajnak
ajk
aktin
akun
alatik
alen
alinak
atin
atinak
atisimak
atzumak
alakik
alkuunk
atzuunk
ujoc
alakik
alkun
atzun
ujoc
ACTIVE
aj
aktii
akuu
PAST PARTICIPLE
aktiik
akuuk
alee
balkuu
batzunee
buj
alkuuk
atzuneek
uj / uj
ENGLISH
A
to have a nightmare; bogey, bad dream
to clear up; get light
to awaken, wake up, arouse
to burn; be parched
to clothe, dress
to sprout, burgeon, shoot
to tempt, entice
to run; go fast; hurry, rush
to take a bath; shower; wash
to speak, talk; communicate; chat
to sneeze
to flower, effloresce, bloom, blossom
to cheat, deceive, swindle; betray

to turn around, rotate; turn over
to play; play a game or sport; gamble
to harden, toughen; stiffen; stubborn
C
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
calak
cachik
cachlik
cakwuunk
cajbak
caqmoqnk
calek
canaak
canjelak
catzok
cayk
chaalk
chajok
chakak
chaqik
chuak
chuklaak
chunlaak
chutlaank
chuk
ciliink
cirraak
coclaak
cojlaak
coletak
coloonk
conlak
coshlak
cosk
cotak
cuak
cuaark
cuacliik
cueek
culaak
cuiklaank
culunk
culuunk
cuak
cuotzok
cutlaank
calak
cachik
cachlik
cakwun
cajak
caqmoqin
calek
canaak
canjelak
catzok
cayk
chaalk
chajok
chakak
chaqik
chuak
chuklaak
chunlaak
chutlan
chuk
ciliink
cirraak
coclaak
cojlaank
coletak
colon
conlak
coshlak
cosk
cotak
cuak
cuaark
cuacliik
cueek
culaak
cuiklan
culuan
culun
cuak
cuotzok
cutlan
E
elelik
eleoknk
elk
elkak
elkek
elelik
eleokin
elk
elkak
elkek
I
ishimak
itzok
ishimak
itzok
J
jolcok
jotok
jolcok
jotok
K
kaak
kajk
kapliik
kashoonk
kek
kaak
kajk
kapliik
kashon
kek
ACTIVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
cakwuu
cakwuuk
caqmoqii
caqmoqiik
catz
cay
chal
chaj
catz / catzman
chuklaa
chunlaa
chutlaa
chaj / chajman
chutlaak
cilii
cirraa
coclaa
cojlaa
ciliik
coss
cos / cosman
cu
cuar
cuaclii
cubee
cublaa
cuiklaa
culub
cua / cuman
cuotz
cutlaa
cuotz / cuotzman
cutlaak
eleokii
el
itz
jot
cuiklaak
culuaak
eleokiik
ENGLISH
to build; construct; erect, set up
to agonize, go through agonies
to crouch, bend over/down; stoop
to get ready; prepare; gear up
the sound of leaves falling
to redden, turn red, blush
to graze; clear the land; scrub
to stay, remain; keep; become
to work, labor; act
stinging, burning sensation
to accustom, get used to; inure
to come (from); result from
to wash up, bathe, wash, launder
to boil, cook, steam; bake
to dry up/out; get dry, whiter
to spit (up/out), belch out
to seat, place in a seat; settle
to sit down; seat oneself, sit, settle
to gather; join, unite; coalesce
to urinate, wet oneself; leak
to fry, burn; roast, toast
to heal, cure; get better, recover
to start, begin; commence
to sit down, sit oneself, sit; settle down
to reserve, keep; set aside
to defeat, beat; overcome; win
to bend, incurve; hook; bend down/over
to think, conceive in the mind; believe
to shorten, curtail; reduce, decrease
to defecate
to eat; consume; take a meal
to sleep; fall asleep; spend the night
to get up, arise; rise
to lower, reduce; go/step down
to come to terms, settle; get ready/by
to kneel (down); get down on knees
to agree, concur; accept; consent
to arrive, come (back), return
to bark, yap; speak; yell
to share, partake of; divide up
to stand up
E
to run away, flee, escape; fly by
to germinate, develop; sprout, bud
to get out, exit, leave; go/come out
to steal, rob; draw; walk away
to fast; diet
itz / itzman
I
to flail, thresh (corn); shed grains
to crack, split; slit, tear, rip
jot / jotman
J
to slip, skid; sideslip; slide
to comb, brush; annoy, bother, harass
kaa
kaj
kaplii ??
kaj
kman
K
to decay, putrefy; rot, decompose
to return, move backward, go back
to reach the top of a mountain; hill
to relocate; move (in); shift
to grind, mill, pound; crush
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
ACTIVE
kehik
kilak
kionk
kishak
kishiink
kisik
kunaank
kehik
kilak
kion
kishak
kishin
kisik
kunan
L
lajk
lochtek
lokonnk
luk
luctaak
lajk
lochtek
lokonin
luk
luctaak
laj
M
mashiink
matyajak
metzecuak
mq
musikak
mashin
matyajak
metzecuak
mq
musikak
mashii
matyajii
N
nachok
nujak
numeenk
nachok
nujak
numen
O
ojoak
ok
okeenk
ojoak
ok
oken
O
to cough; loudly expel air from the lungs
to start, begin; commence, initiate
to cooperate, join, take part; support
P
piscok
pojok
pomok
puctaak
piscok
pojok
pomok
puctaak
P
to jump; skip; leap, hop
to slacken, loosen; ease
to roast, broil, grill; barbecue
to multiply, increase in number/quantity
kishii
kisii
kunaa
lokonii
lu
PAST PARTICIPLE
ENGLISH
kishiik
kisiik
kunaak
to guess, predict; foresee, foretell; solve

to thicken; become thick, make dense
to straighten, unbend, flatten out; iron
to eructate, burp, belch
to heat up, warm up; get warm
to fart; pass gas, expel gas
to soften; ease up, abate; relax
lokoniik
M
to get old (wood); get moth-eaten
to offer up; give, contribute, make offer
to exert oneself, strain
to germinate, develop; sprout, bud
to respire, breathe, inhale and exhale
N
to approach, approximate, come near
to become full; fill; satisfy
to pass, go by, cross; go beyond
num
poj
pom
L
to wear away, waste; wear out
to climb, clamber; trail
to commune; take/receive communion
to weary, tire; exhaust; get tired/bored
to interlock; jam; lock; bind; tangle
poj
pom
R
ruuk
ruuk
ruu
S
saak
sachk
salkuuk
saqeuk
senk
serakik
shcuak
shajok
shaqliik
shenirk
sheyaank
shiqaank
shik
shipcok
sholak
shotcok
shucuak
saak
sachk
salkuuk
saqeuk
sen
serakik
shcuak
shajok
shaqliik
shenirk
sheyan
shiqan
shik
shipcok
sholak
shotcok
shucuak
saa
sach
salkuu
saqeu
se
shcuaa
shaj
shaqlii
shenir
sheyaa
shiqaa
R
to be able (can, may, might); be ready
shaj / shajman
shiq
S
to be scarce; run short; skimp
to lose; mislay, misplace; fail
to turn over/upside down; turn round
to dawn; to wake up; daybreak
to laugh; laugh at so. or sth.
to talk, converse; chat, tell
to throw up, vomit; puke; repeat
to dance; spin; go out dancing
to stand up; stop, halt; stall
to establish, settle; strike; take root
to gasp; pant, wheeze
to shift, slip
to go, remove oneself, leave, depart
to overthrow; overturn; tip over
to play the flute; from sholb flute
to choke, suffocate; smother
to fear; be afraid of; frighten
George Max
INFINITIVE
ANTIPASSIVE
shulcupik
shulkik
shushak
siaak
siclik
sipook
solok
sumlaak
surlaak
sutuunk
shulcupik
shulkik
shushak
siaak
siclik
sipook
solok
sumlaak
surlaak
sutun
T
tacuaak
taamk
tanliik
taqaak
teok
terkuuk
tichok
tictik
tijok
tiklaak
tiqlaak
tilk
tishk
tolcok
tulaak
tuqlaak
tulak
tushmek
tuslaak
tuk
tuylaak
tzacabk
tzaqlok
tzaqoonk
tziak
tzocaak
tzuyaak
tyaak
tyajerk
tyamaak
tyik
tyoklaak
tyolaak
tyoleek
tyniink
tyotaak
tacuaak
tamk
tanliik
taqaak
teok
terkuuk
tichok
tictik
tijok
tiklan
tiqlan
tilk
tishk
tolcok
tulaak
tuqlaak
tulak
tushmek
tuslaak
tuk
tuylaak
tzacak
tzaqlok
tzaqon
tziak
tzocaak
tzuyaak
tyaak
tyajerk
tyamaak
tyik
tyoklaak
tyolaak
tyoleek
tyoniik
tyotaak
U
ulak
ushks
ulak
ushk
W
wulak
wulak
ACTIVE
sipoo
sol
sumlaa
surlaa
sutuu
PAST PARTICIPLE
sol
sut / sutman
tam
tanlii
taqaa
terkuu
tich
tij
tiklaa
tiqlaa
til
tish
tich / tichman
tij / tijman
tilman
tublaa
tuqlaa
tuslaa
tuylaa
tzacab
tuyman
tzaq
tzaqman
tyajer
tyonii
ush
ushman
FIRST DATE PUBLISHED: November 02, 2010.
ENGLISH
to fall forward; overturn, overthrow
to bend, bow, lean; incline, slope, tilt
to whistle; hiss; sing
to start, originate
to smoke
to swell up; become swollen, distend
to undress; remove clothing
to get married, wed, marry
to become/get rounded
to surround, encircle; turn over/around
T
to tire, weary, toil
to join, unite; gather; coalesce
to fall sick (in bed)
to wet; moisten; get wet
to comb/brush hair oneself
to increase the price; speculate prices
to jab, thrust, poke
to lie, prevaricate, tell a falsehood
to pray, praise or appeal to God
to start, begin; commence
to dress up; get ready/dressed
to interlock; jam; lock; get stuck
to age, grow older, mature
to roll; stumble, fall forward
to build up; accumulate; collect
to come to terms, settle; get by
to bewitch, charm, enchant
to sprout, shoot; reappear, recur
to get naked; impoverish; strip, denude
to breastfeed, suckle; suck
to hang, put up/down; suspend
to build a block and concrete house
to complete, finish, make whole, fill out
to participate, take part of; intervene
to write; compose; type in keyboard
to be hungry; hunger, starvation
to become tenacious; stubborn
to cry, weep; lament; sound, ring
to fall sick/ill; sicken; be taken ill
to vacate; empty; evacuate; clear out
to disgust; dislike; sicken; revolt
to lay down; go/put to bed; lean, bend
to be born, hatch; sprout, bud; originate
to keep vigil; watch, keep watch over
to expect, hope; wait for sth.; anticipate
to heal, form a scar; heal a wound
U
to visit, come over; spend time with so.
to do, make; perform
W
to arrive, come; reach
LAST DATE UPDATED: August 03, 2014

K'EQCHÎ GRAMMAR - An Introduction - Aug 2014

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An Introduction

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

Ish Tziankil ru Keqch

SUPPORT THE AUTHOR URL: http://www.deensp.com/ EMAIL: info@deensp.com

COPYRIGHT 2013 BY GEORGE MAX. GUATEMALA, MIDDLE AMERICA

KEQCH An Extended Grammar Book

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

MANY/A LOT OF ....................................................................................................................................... 23

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

SUPPORT THE AUTHOR URL: http://www.deensp.com/ EMAIL: info@deensp.com

EQCH GRAMMAR An Introduction aims to put together a simple

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

Transitive and Intransitive

Active and Antipassive

SUPPORT THE AUTHOR URL: http://www.deensp.com/ EMAIL: info@deensp.com

Active Verb Form

Aanhe enkesh mesuu li Njej.

They are sweeping the place.

Antipassive Verb Forms

The man chops wood.

Aanhe enkhe catyin Pish s Catyil.

They sell tomatoes in the market.

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

laat inkat jalok

lao inko jalok

laesh enkesh jalok

aanhe enkhe jalok

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Lain in atinak Keqch.

I can speak Keqch.

Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Laat inc inka naw ilok ru Hu.

You dont know how to read.

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

Felipe goes to study at night.

Does Felipe go to study at night? Yes.

Ma na shik chi tzolok Chikeq aj Felipe? Eh.

SUPPORT THE AUTHOR URL: http://www.deensp.com/ EMAIL: info@deensp.com

ar na shik chi tzolok Chikeq aj Felipe?

Where does Felipe go to study at night?

Lain shin onok

laat shat onok

Aan ish onok

aan ish onok

lao sho onok

laesh shesh onok

aanhe shehe onok

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Lain shin wulak chi eek ecuer.

I went out/for a walk yesterday.

Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Ish Angelia inc ish cul lish Tojbal.

Angelia did not receive her payment.

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

He/she went for a walk yesterday.

Did he go for a walk yesterday? Yes.

Ma ish wulak chi eek ecuer [Aan]? Eh.

Lain kin awok

laat kat awok

ISH TZIANKIL RU KEQCH URL: http://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: info@keqchi.org

laesh kesh awok

aanhe kehe awok

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT