Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Practice Paper 7
Mole Calculation
1.
Element
mass/g
C
54.54
54.54
amount/mol
12.0
4.545
H
9.09
= 4.545
Simplest mole
=2
2.273
ratio
Empirical formula of W is C2H4O.
9.09
(a)
36.37
= 9.09
1.0
9.09
2.273
= 2.273
16.0
2.273
=4
2.273
=1
O
36.37
Ratio of the average mass of one atom of an element to 12 of the mass of a 12C atom.
OR
1
12
mole of C atoms.
1.37
26.3
20.8
51.53
Ar of Pb = (
204.0072) + (
206.0612) + (
207.0552) + (
208.0602)
100
100
100
100
= 207.3
Note: A - no units & to 1 d.p. as required by the qn
(b)
3.
35.5
2(35.5)
= 0.500 mol
3.01 10 23
= 0.500 mol
6.02 1023
H2 2e (since each H2 molecule contains 2 electrons, i.e. HH),
Amount of electrons in 3.011023 hydrogen molecules = 2 0.500= 1.00 mol
22.4
=1.00 mol
Note:
22.4
4.
(a)
Mass of water present in 2.44 g of hydrated BaCl2. xH2O = 2.44 2.08 = 0.36 g
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
Practice Paper 7
% of water of hydration =
(b)
0.36
100% = 14.8%
2.44
[1m]
2.08
= 0.0100 mol
208.0
0.36
= 0.0200 mol
18.0
Amount / mol
Ratio
Anhydrous BaCl2
0.0100
[1m]1
H2O
0.0200
2
2.08
= 0.0100 mol
208.0
2.44
0.0100
= 244
5.
(a)
(b)
O2(g) + 2H2(g)
Initial volume / cm3
15.0
= 25.0
(i)
Water is a liquid at
2H2O(l)
[1m]
r.t.p.
55.0
O2 is the limiting
reagent
For gases,
mole ratio = vol. ratio
(ii)
[1m]
1. C
(b)
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. C
Volumetric Analysis
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
MCQ
Practice Paper 7
(a)
250
0.800
1000
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Amount of NaOH that reacted with (NH4)2SO4 = 0.200 0.0425 = 0.158 mol
Since (NH4)2SO4 2 NaOH,
Mass of (NH4)2SO4 =
(c)
= 0.200 mol
85.0
0.500
1000
= 0.0425 mol
0.158
[2(14.0+4.0) + 32.1 + 4(16.0)] = 10.4 g
2
Redox
1.
(a)
(b)
2.
(a)
(b)
9.85
= 0.0251 mol
392.0
25.0
250
1
5
(d)
(e)
3.
1000
50.0
= 5.00 103 mol
1000
Page28
1.
Practice Paper 7
Amount / mol
Mole Ratio
Metallic salt
5.00 103
2
25.0
= 2.50 103 mol
1000
SO32
2.50 103
1
salt e
25.0
= 2.50 103 mol
1000
X2O5 2X5+
Amount of Xn+ formed (after reduction of X2O5 by SO2) = amount of X5+ reacted
= 5.00 x 103 mol
Amount of KMnO4 reacted with Xn+= 0.0200
Amount / mol
Mole Ratio
Xn+
5.00 103
5
50.0
= 1.00 103 mol
1000
KMnO4
1.00 103
1
(+2)
MnO4 5e 5Xn+
Xn+ e
5.
Page28
During oxidation of Xn+, 1 mole of Xn+ will lose 1 mole of e to form X5+.
Practice Paper 7
= 2.25 10
(b)
100
25.0
10.0
= 2.00 x 104 mol
1000
5H2O2 ,
Since Na2O2
[1m]
[1m]
H2O2,
[1m]
Amount of NaOH formed from reaction of Na2O2 = 2 2.00 10 3 = 4.00 x 103 mol
Amount of NaOH formed by burning of Na2O
= Total amount of NaOH formed Amount of NaOH formed fromn reaction of Na2O2
= 9.00 103 4.00 x 103 = 5.00 x 103 mol
Since Na2O
[1m]
2NaOH,
Amount of Na2O =
1
5.00 10 3 = 2.50 x 103 mol
2
[1m]
MCQ
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. C
1.
31
15
V 3 : 15 p, 16 n, 18 e
32
15
32
16
X 2 : 16 p, 16 n, 18 e
31
15
W 2 : 15 p, 17 n, 17 e
Y : 15 p, 16 n, 16 e
Page28
Atomic Structure
Practice Paper 7
Z : 17 p, 18 n, 18 e
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
Ion
(i)
31
15
V 3 ,
32
16
X 2 and
35
17
(ii)
31
15
V 3 ,
32
16
X 2 and
31
15
(iii)
31
15
V 3 and
Y are isotonic.
W 2 or
Y are isotopic.
Recall: Isotopes are atoms
31 3
31
[Note: 15V and 15Y are not isotopes as they
of the same element with
have the same no. of protons and neutrons. They
thecharges.]
same no. of protons but
are ions of the same isotope with different
31 3
no. of neutrons.
(due to its highest charge and smallest different
mass)
15V
Recall: Extent of deflection
35
17 Z (due to its lowest charge and highest mass)
charge
32
15
31
15
Electronic configuration
3.
Z are isoelectronic.
W 2 and
32
15
31
15
(b) 16 neutrons
mass
(c) 17 electrons
31
15
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
3p
3 energy levels (shells) containing electrons (n = 1, n = 2, n = 3)
5 energy sub-levels (subshells) containing electrons (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p)
9 orbitals containing electrons
(one 1s, one 2s, three 2p, one 3s, three 3p)
8 completely filled orbitals
(one 1s, one 2s, three 2p, one 3s, two 3p)
1 partially filled orbital (one 3p)
1 unpaired electron (the one unpaired electron in the 3p orbital)
7 valence electrons (total no.of e from outermost quantum shell = 2 + 5)
(a)
(b)
20
2s
2p
3s
3p
Note: Boxes
must be
Write elect. config. of 16S atom: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 first, then add 2 e to outermost shell.
16
(d)
(c)
2p
22
2s
2p
3s
1s
2s
2p
3p
3s
3p
3d
4s
Page28
35
17
Practice Paper 7
29
1s
4.
(f)
2s
24
27
1s
32
(a)
(b)
5.
(a)
(b)
6.
(a)
2s
2s
3d
4s
2p
3s
3p
3d
2p
3s
3p
3d
2s
4.
3p
1s
(h)
3s
1s
(g)
2p
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
Na has a larger (atomic) radius than Li. This is because the effects of one more principal
quantum shell and greater shielding effect by greater number of inner shell electrons
outweighs the effect of a larger nuclear charge in Na as compared to Li.
Mg2+ has a larger (ionic) radius than Al3+. This is because Mg2+ has a larger nuclear charge
than Al3+ while both have the same number of principal quantum shell and the shielding
effect by inner shell electrons are relatively constant.
Group IV
Si/Silicon
1s22s22p63s23p2
(i)
(ii)
Relative atomic mass is the weighted average of the mass of the isotopes, taking
into account the relative abundances of the isotopes.
The value given in the Periodic Table describes the naturally-occurring Cu which
contains more than 2 isotopes. [1m]
[1m]
Or naturally-occurring Cu has greater abundance of 63Cu than that
in the sample.
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
(e)
Practice Paper 7
(b)
(i)neutron
I
Note:
Deflection should begin after the charged
particles enter the electric field, and
particles should continue on a straight line path
after leaving the field.
Cu2+
source
(ii)
Charge species
63
29
charge
mass
(a)
127
53
2
63
1
127
7.0o
Angle of deflection
[1m]
7.
Cu2
(7.0o
The first ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove one mole of
electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms. [1m]
(b)
1st ionisation
energy/
kJ mol1
Note:
General increase across period
sp
Note: First IE of Period 2
and 3 elements follow the
same pattern of 2,3,3.
Suggestion: For students
of high readiness, tutor
can get them to sketch 2nd
IE of Period 2 elements.
11
(c)
(i)
2
1
)
1.7o
63 127
12
sp
s2
s2p4
s2p2
s1
[1m]
2 5
s2p3
s2p1
s1
proton no.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
K: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Na has (one) less number of principal quantum shell of electrons than K, resulting in
a smaller atomic radius/distance from its nucleus to the outermost electron [1m]
and smaller shielding effect by fewer inner shell electrons [1m].
Hence 1st IE of Na (despite its smaller nuclear charge) is higher than that of K.
(ii)
Page28
7.(c)
Practice Paper 7
Less energy is required to remove the 3p electron from Al and hence, 1st IE of Mg is
higher than that of Al.
Si: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
(iii)
P has a larger nuclear charge [1m] than Si and the atomic radius/distance from its
nucleus to the outermost electron is smaller [1m] than that for Si. Shielding effect
by inner shell electrons for both Si and P are relatively constant since they have the
same number of inner shells.
Hence 1st IE of P is higher than that of Si.
P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
(iv)
Mutual repulsion between the paired 3p electrons in S makes the removal of one
of the paired electrons easier compared to removing the unpaired 3p electron of P
[1m] which does not experience such repulsion.
8.
(a)
Sharp increase from 5th to 6th IE, implying 5 valence electrons. [1m]
Group no. is in Roman numeral while
Q is in group V. [1m]
(i)
(b)
(ii)
No. [1m] Group V element in Period 2 can only have 7 electrons but element Q has
more than 7 electrons. [1m]
(i)
[1m]
(ii)
2+
(c)
Both the 4th and 5th electrons are removed from the same principal quantum shell [1m]
while the 6th electron removed is from an inner quantum shell which is much closer to the
nucleus. [1m]
Hence more energy is required to remove an electron from the inner shell.
(d)
9.
(a)
Compared to Fe atom, Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions have one less principal quantum shell
[1m]
of electrons after removing 4s electrons from Fe atom.
Therefore their ionic radii are smaller than the atomic radius of Fe.
Compared to S atom, S2 ion has two more electrons in its outer shell. Due to greater
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 (or any Group V element other than nitrogen) [1m]
Practice Paper 7
electron-electron repulsion, the electron cloud expands to give a larger S2 ion. [1m]
While both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions have the same number of principal quantum shells,
Fe3+
2+
has one less electron than Fe . Thus, there is reduced electron-electron repulsion in
Fe3+ to give a smaller electron cloud. [1m]
(b
)
MCQ
1.
2.
244
94
charge
they have different
nos. of p.q.s.
mass
O and Xe
have different atomic radii as
Aof deflection
extent
5.
114 94 = 20
4.
2nd IE: M +
Ans: D
289
114
No. of protons in X
Pu + X
n)
3.
Ans: B
M 2+ + e
ns1 for Group II element
2 6
sp
s2p3
2
s
s1
2 2
s2p1
sp
6.
Proton
n
e
n-1
7.
Element
X2
Rb+
charge
+1
A is Easy with ADVO!
Proton
36 2 = 34
37
e
36
37 1 = 36
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
Ans: B
Practice Paper 7
n+1
n-1
Sr2+
+2
38
38 2 = 36
Ans: A
Ans: A
Chemical Bonding
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
Na(s) is a good electrical conductor due to the presence of mobile electrons to carry
charges through the lattice. NaCl(s) does not conduct electricity because of absence of
mobile charge carriers since its ions, Na+ and Cl , are fixed at their lattice points).
Aluminium is malleable because the layers in the lattice can slide over each other without
breaking the strong metallic bond. Aluminium fluoride is brittle because when a force is
applied along a particular plane, layers of ions slide such that ions of the same charge
meet and repel one another, shattering the crystal along the fault line.
Magnesium chloride is soluble in water because its IONS can form ion-dipole
interactions with water molecules while ethene cannot form ion-dipole interactions nor
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
2.
Page28
Practice Paper 7
3.
4.
(a)
Trigonal planar
3 bond pairs & no lone pair
X has 3 valence electrons
Group III
5.
(a)
Group VII
NaCl has a giant ionic structure and HCl has a simple molecular/covalent structure.
More energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic attractions/ ionic bonds
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
Group V
Practice Paper 7
between Na+ and Cl than the weak intermolecular forces (OR permanent dipolepermanent dipole attraction) between HCl molecules.
Hence, NaCl has higher melting point than HCl.
(b) SiO2 has a giant covalent structure while SO2 has a simple molecular/covalent structure.
More energy is required to overcome the strong covalent bonds between Si and O
atoms in SiO2 than the weak intermolecular forces (OR permanent dipole-permanent
dipole attraction) between SO2 molecules.
Hence, SiO2 has higher melting point than SO2.
(c) Both have giant ionic structures with strong electrostatic attractions/ ionic bonds
between oppositely charged ions. Since Mg2+ and O2 have higher charge and smaller
radius than Na+ and Cl respectively, more energy is needed to overcome stronger ionic
bonds in MgO than that in NaCl.
Hence, MgO has higher melting point than NaCl.
(d) Both have giant metallic structures with strong electrostatic attractions/ metallic bonds
between cations and mobile valence electrons. Since Al has more valence electrons
than Na and Al3+ has higher charge density than Na+, more energy is needed to overcome
the stronger metallic bonds in Al than that in Na.
Hence, Al has a higher melting point than Na.
(e)
Page28
5.
Practice Paper 7
(l)
6. (a)
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
(b)
(c)
7.
Al in AlCl3 is electron-deficient (only 6 electrons around Al). N in NH3 has one lone pair of
electrons. Thus, a dative covalent bond is formed between one AlCl3 molecule and one
NH3 molecule to give H3NAlCl3 so that Al can achieve a stable octet configuration.
Cl
Al
(a)
(b)
120
Cl
Cl
H
H
107
Page28
(k)
the stronger hydrogen bonding between CH3CH(OH)CH3 molecules than the weaker
permanent dipole-permanent dipole attraction between CH3COCH3 molecules.
Hence, CH3CH(OH)CH3 has higher boiling point than CH3COCH3.
Both have simple molecular/covalent structures. More energy is required to overcome
the stronger permanent dipole-permanent dipole attraction between CHF 3 molecules
than the weaker van der Waals forces between CF4 molecules.
Hence, CHF3 has higher boiling point than CF4.
Both have giant covalent structures. Since C atom is smaller than Si atom and thus CC
bond is shorter than SiSi bond, more energy is required to overcome the stronger
covalent bonds between C atoms than that between Si atoms.
Hence, C has a higher melting point than Si.
Practice Paper 7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Page28
8.
Practice Paper 7
When it is dissolved in water, CH3COOH molecules form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Thus, its Mr was 60.
MCQ
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. C
Volume of the gas molecules is negligible compared with volume of the container.
Gas molecules exert NO forces of attraction on one another.
2.
m
RT ,
Mr
Using pV nRT
Mr
pV
2.00 104 104 10 6
Note :
Mr calculated by summation of Ar of all atoms
in the species is given to 1 decimal place.
122
Otherwise, calculated Mr is given to 3sf.
For Ne,
p1V1 p2V2
p2 3 2 1
p2 3 1 2
p2
2
kPa
3
p2
2
kPa
3
4
kPa = 1.33 kPa
3
Page28
3.
Practice Paper 7
4. (a)
Under constant T,
nRT
1
p
k
V
V
(b)
Under constant V,
nRT
p
k T
V
p
(c)
Under constant V,
nRT
p
k T/ C+273
V
p
p
T/K
273
T/C
V
(d) Under constant T,
nRT
1
p
k
V
V
p
(e)
Under constant T,
pV nRT k
(f)
pV
Under constant T,
pV
n
RT
pV
nRT
1/V
H fO MgO s
(b)
Check! Must
: Mg(s) + O2(g) + H2(g) Mg(OH)2(aq)
(c)
HcO C2H6 g
O
f
Mg OH aq
2
include state
(d)
HLE Li2O
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.
(a)
(b)
endothermic
exothermic
(d)
(e)
exothermic
exothermic
(g)
endothermic
Page28
1.
Practice Paper 7
4.
(c)
exothermic
(f)
endothermic
(a)
2010
316 kJ mol
3 394 4 286 0
C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
O
HcO C6 H12 l Hrxn
HfO pdts H fO rxtants
6 394 6 286
(a)
(b
)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
3928 kJ mol
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of liquid ethanol is the enthalpy change that
occurs when 1 mole of ethanol is completely burned in oxygen under standard
conditions.
Heat required to raise the temperature = 400 4.2 (22-12) = 16800 J = 16.8 kJ (No sign!)
16.8
Hc(ethanol(l)) =
= 840 kJ
(0.92 46.0)
1. Some heat is absorbed by the metal calorimeter.
2. Heat loss from the calorimeter to the surroundings (no lagging /insulation).
3. Not all the heat from the flame is transferred to the calorimeter and water.
4. Loss of ethanol (which vaporised) from the hot wick before the spirit lamp was
reweighed (at the end of the experiment). This would result in "higher" mass of
ethanol than actual being used in the calculation.
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Page28
5.
152 0
Practice Paper 7
30.0
1.0 0.0300mol
1000
29.0 29.4
average initial temperature of solution
29.2 C
2
amount of heat evolved v c T 30.0 30.0 3.2 35.8 29.2
amount of water produced
1660 J 1.66 kJ
HCl, a strong acid ionises completely in aqueous solution while CH3COOH is a weak acid
that ionises partially in aqueous solution.
Since ionisation of CH3COOH is an endothermic process, some heat released from the
neutralisation is absorbed to further dissociate the weak acid completely.
Therefore, the enthalpy change of neutralisation of CH3COOH with NaOH is less
exothermic than that of HCl with NaOH.
Hneutralisation
8.
(a)
Ca(s)
F2(g)
+178
CaF2(s)
2(+79)
Ca(g)
2F(g)
(+590)+
(+1150)
Ca2+(g)
2(328)
+
2F(g)
OR
Energy /kJ mol1
Check!
For each process,
- equation is balanced
- state symbol of
reactants and products
are stated correctly
LE(CaF2(s)) - process is labelled
with correct H symbol
or value
- arrow is pointing in the
correct direction
Ca 2+(g) + 2F(g) + 2e
(+590)+
(+1150)
2(328)
Ca 2+(g) + 2F(g)
Ca (g) + 2F(g)
2(+79)
Ca (g) +F2(g)
+178
0
LE (CaF2(s))
Ca(s) + F2(g)
1220
CaF2(s)
Page28
(b)
By Hesss Law,
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Practice Paper 7
LE CaF2 s
1220 178 590 1150 2 79 2 328
2640 kJ mol1
8.
(b)
LE
q q
r r
Since Cl has the same ionic charge and larger ionic radius/size than F, the magnitude of
lattice energy of CaCl2 is smaller than that of CaF2 (OR lattice energy of CaCl2 is less
exothermic).
O2 has a larger ionic charge and larger ionic radius/size than F. Since the effect of (q+q)
is greater than the effect of (r+ + r), the magnitude of lattice energy of CaO is larger than
that of CaF2 (OR lattice energy of CaO is more exothermic).
(a)
(b)
H = Average E(SiCl)
Check!
For each process,
- equation is balanced
Si(g) + 4Cl(g)
- state symbol of
reactants and
products are stated
= +488
correctly
- process is labelled
Si(g) + 2Cl2(g)
with correct H
symbol or value
4 x average E(Si-Cl)
arrow is pointing in
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g)
+338
4(+122)
610
SiCl4(g)
(ii)
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
9.
Practice Paper 7
10.
(a)
Hsoln(MgCl2)
MgCl2(s)
Mg2+(aq)
Hhyd(Mg2+)
= 1890
LE(MgCl2)
= ( 2526)
Mg2+(g)
2Cl (aq)
2Hhyd(Cl)
= 2(384)
2Cl (g)
10.
(a)
OR By energy level diagram:
Hsoln(MgCl2)
= (1890 + 768 2526)
= 132 kJ mol 1
2 Cl (g)
1890
2526
Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl (g)
Note:
Do NOT mark 0
on the y-axis!
MgCl2(s)
Hsoln(MgCl2)
2(384)
= 768
Check!
For each process,
- equation is balanced
- state symbol of reactants
and products are stated
correctly
- process is labelled with
correct H symbol or
value
Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl (aq)
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
Energy / kJ mol 1
Mg2+(g) +
Practice Paper 7
Ca2+ has the same ionic charge but larger ionic radius/size than Mg2+ and thus Ca2+ has a
lower charge density than that of Mg2+. Therefore, the numerical value of Hhyd of Ca2+ is
smaller than that of Mg2+ since Ca2+ ions form weaker ion-dipole interactions with water
molecules.
(b)
Multiple-Choice Questions
11.
Hr
CO(g) + 2 H2(g)
(B)
CH3OH(l)
Hr = Hc (reactants) Hc (products)
Hr = Hc(CO) + 2Hc(H2) Hc(CH3OH)
= (283) + 2(286) (715)
= 140 kJ mol1
Hr
OR, CO(g)
+
2 H2(g)
(283)
2(286)
CO2(g)
CH3OH(l)
(715)
2 H2O(l)
(C)
The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation of an acid with an alkali is the enthalpy
change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction of the acid and alkali
under standard conditions.
Both reactions involve mixing of a strong base and a strong acid and each gives two
moles of water. Therefore, the heat liberated for both reactions is the same.
(A)
H = 114 kJ mol1
H = 114 kJ mol1
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
13
.
Practice Paper 7
(B)
(C)
(D)
(C)
[J96/P3/Q7, N01/P3/Q9]
Page28
14.
Practice Paper 7
Look out for statement that indicates CaCl2 being more stable than CaCl.
A. False Ca(g) Ca+(g) + eCa(g) Ca2+(g) + 2e-
B. Statement is true BUT does not explain why CaCl2 is formed rather than CaCl.
For CaCl(s): Cl2(g) Cl(g) Cl(g)
H1
st
H1 = E(ClCl) + 1 EA (Cl) = (+244) + (364) = 242 kJ mol1
For CaCl2(s): Cl2(g) 2Cl(g) 2Cl(g) H2
H2= E(ClCl) + 2 x 1st EA (Cl) = +244 + 2(364) = 484 kJ mol1
more energy is released in forming 2 Cl from Cl2 in the formation of CaCl2
C. Lattice energy of CaCl is less exothermic than that of CaCl2
weaker ionic bonds in CaCl
CaCl is less stable.
D. False
energy
CaCl2(s)
CaCl(s)
15.
(C)
[N98/P3/Q8]
Since
LE
q q
r r
M2+Z2
>
>
L+Y
Page28
doubly-charged
cation and anion
J+X
Practice Paper 7
16.
(D)
[N05/P1/7]
A. Since enthalpy change of solution for BaF 2 is a small positive value, BaF2 might still
be soluble/sparingly soluble in water. (Statement is inconclusive)
B. Both Ba2+ and Mg2+ ions have the same ionic charge but Ba 2+ has a larger ionic
radius than Mg2+. Hence, the hydration energy for Ba2+ should be numerically smaller
(less exothermic) than that of Mg2+. (False)
q q
C. LE
r r
Since Ba2+ has a larger ionic radius (& both compounds have the same product of
ionic charges), lattice energy for BaF2 should be numerically smaller (less
exothermic) than that of MgF2. (False)
D.
H soln(BaF2)=
For Hsoln to be positive, this term must be more positive than the negative term due to
hydration processes. Therefore, the numerical value of lattice energy must be greater
than the sum of hydration energies. (True)
17.
(A)
[N2006 P1 Q33]
C(g)
Energy
/ kJ mol 1
Hat(diamond)
Hat(graphite)
C(diamond)
C(graphite)
+3
Hc(graphite)
Hc(diamond)
Page28
CO2(g)
Practice Paper 7
19. (a)
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system. The more disordered a system, the larger
its entropy.
(i) Na(s) Na(g)
S> 0 increase in disorder from a more ordered solid state to a more disordered
gaseous state.
(ii) 2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
S> 0 increase in disorder because the reaction proceeds with an increase in the
number of gas molecules.
(iii) Cl2(g) + 1 I2(s) 2 ICl3(l)
3
3
S < 0 decrease in disorder because the reaction proceeds with a decrease in the
number of gas molecules.
(iv) 1 mol of Cl2(g) is added to 1 mol of N2(g)
S > 0 increase in disorder because mixing of two different gas molecules will
result in a more disordered arrangement of the molecules.
(v) 1 mol of Cl2(g) at 298 K is heated to 373 K
S > 0 increase in disorder because an increase in temperature increases the
kinetic energy of the molecules.This causes a broadening of the Boltzmann energy
distribution which will result in more ways of arranging energy quanta in the hotter
gas.
Al2O3(s) + 6 HF(g) 2 AlF3(s) + 3 H2O(g)
H
= H fO (products) H fO (reactants)
ve
+ve
Since S< 0, TS > 0.
When temperature increases, TS becomes more positive.
At high temperature, G > 0 since H < TS .
Therefore, the reaction is not spontaneous at high temperature.
At low temperature, G < 0 since H > TS .
Therefore, the reaction is spontaneous at low temperature.
However, the reaction will be too slow at low temperature. Hence, the reaction should be
carried out at moderate temperature and not at very high temperature to prevent the reaction
from being non-spontaneous.
A is Easy with ADVO!
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
ve
Practice Paper 7
20. (a)
(i)
(ii)
log(2.0 x 1010)
(iii)
(b)
Chemical Equilibrium
CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
Equilibrium partial pressure/ atm
20
9
15
20
PCO PH2O (15)(20)
=
1.67
(a) Kp =
PCO2 PH2
(20)(9)
(b
)
2.
(a)
B since the equilibrium position shifts right to remove SOME of the H2.
Kc =
Kc ' =
[X 2 Y]2
= 5 mol1 dm3
[X 2 ]2 [Y]
[X2 Y]2
[X2 Y]4
2
=
= 5 = 25
2
[X2 ]4 [Y]2
[X
]
[Y]
[X2 Y]2
[X ][Y] 2
K c '' = 2
=
2
[X2 Y]
[X2 ] [Y]
1
(b)
3.
(a)
12
= (5)
1
2
= 0.447
Page28
1.
Practice Paper 7
(b)
of the change.
(i)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g) ---(*) H = 92.6 kJmol1
When volume decreases, pressure of the system increases.
The equilibrium position of (*) shifts to the right to reduce the pressure by reducing
the amount of gas molecules.
Equilibrium constant remains unchanged as the temperature is constant.
(ii) When temperature increases, the equilibrium position of (*) shifts to the left to
favour endothermic reaction so as to remove some heat energy.
The equilibrium constant decreases since the backward reaction is favoured.
(iii When iron catalyst is added, the equilibrium position remains the same since the
)
rate of backward reaction and forward reaction are increased by the same extent.
and equilibrium constant remain the same since temperature remains constant.
4.
5.
(a)
(i)
P P
2
Kp
SO3
O2
unit : atm1
SO2
(ii)
2SO2(g)
2p
O2(g)
p
2SO3(g)
4.7
P P
2
Kp
O2
(b)
(i)
4.7
2
0.1 0.2
2
SO3
SO2
5520 atm1
2
initial PSO2 3 2 atm
3
1
initial PO2 3 1 atm
3
2SO2(g)
+ O2(g)
Initial partial pressure /atm
2
1 0
0.10
0.05
PO2 at eqm 0.0500 atm
2SO3(g)
1.9
Tel: (65) 6251 3359 / 8233 2753 www.advoedu.com 1 Goldhill Plaza #02-43 Singapore 308899
Page28
(20.95)
0.95
+2(0.95)
Practice Paper 7
(iii
)
6.
(c)
P P
O2
SO2
1.9
2
0.05 0.1
7720 atm1
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Kp =
Kp =
(PN2 O3 ) 2
(PN 2O4 )(PNO ) 2
(0.25) 2
(0.75)(1.50) 2
Unit = atm1
[1m] Kp expression;
[1m] units
Equilibrium position shifts to the left [1m] to favour the endothermic reaction
so as to remove some heat [1m] to decrease temperature.
(ii) When pressure is increased,
Equilibrium position shifts to the right [1m] to decrease the number of gaseous
molecules [1m] to reduce the system pressure.
Page28
5.
Kp
PSO