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I.
I NTRODUCTION
Emergency rescue and disaster relief are important applications of helicopters. To establish reliable communications
in these applications, helicopter satellite communications are
attractive.
In helicopter satellite communications, there is no multipath fading because no obstacle exists between helicopter and
geo-stationary communication satellite excepting rotor blades.
One of the most important issues in helicopter satellite communications is therefore periodic channel blockage due to the
rotor blades[1]-[4]. The periodic blockage causes burst error
and degrades bit error rate (BER) performance significantly.
Code division multiplexing (CDM) has a capability to reduce
the BER degradation because the duration of a CDM signal can
be set longer than that of the periodic blockage by adjusting
its multiplexing factor. CDM scheme is therefore promising
in helicopter satellite communications. We investigate CDM
employing Walsh-Hadamard code (WHCDM) for helicopter
satellite communications. WHCDM can be easily implemented
with Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: The configuration of proposed scheme is illustrated in Section II. The
influence of code estimation error is represented in Section III.
In Section IV, we show the results of the computer simulation.
Finally, we conclude the paper in Section V.
II.
Another major issue in helicopter satellite communications is time-varying Doppler shift caused by helicopter
maneuvers[5]. As mentioned above, there is no multi-path
fading in helicopter satellite communications. Therefore, no
Doppler spread occurs. Doppler shift only brings about frequency offset in the received signal. In CDM systems, the
frequency offset causes energy loss of signal after demultiplexing. Hence WHCDM scheme for helicopter satellite
communications requires accurate automatic frequency control
P ROPOSED SCHEME
qi = 1 2ai
(i = 0, 1, , M N M 1).
(1)
IWHT
Transmitted
signal
S/P
Received
signal
Coherent
detection
WHT
Received
data
P/S
Fig. 1.
BPSK
P/S
Information
data
S/P
Divide
Code
estimation
Fig. 2.
N Eb
Eb
si =
ci =
ci ,
(7)
N 1 N
N 1
(2)
That is, the m-th significant bit of p is aM N m . Then, serialto-parallel converter converts these two sequences into the
transmitted symbol Bm (m = 0, 1, , M 1)
Bm = (bmN , bmN +1 , , bmN +N 1 ),
where
bmN +n
qmN +n
= 0
qmN +n1
(n = 0, 1, , p 1)
(n = p)
(n = p + 1, , N 1).
(3)
Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the receiver of the proposed scheme. In the receiver, serial-to-parallel converter conbm (m = 0, 1, , M 1)
structs the received CDM symbol C
from the received signal sequence {ri } (i = 0, 1, , M N
1).
bm = (rmN , rmN +1 , , rmN +N 1 )
C
(8)
(4)
(5)
where
cmN +n =
=
N
1
k=0
p1
k=0
where
bmN +k wk,n
qmN +k wk,n +
bmN +n =
N
1
(6)
N
1
cmN +k wn,k .
(9)
(10)
k=0
k=p+1
(11)
1 sign(bmN +n )
{0, 1}
2
(12)
where
dmN +n =
b2
p =
arg min
(13)
mN +n .
n{0,1, ,N 1} m=0
TABLE I.
Primary Modulation
Demodulation
WHT order
Channel
S IMULATION C ONDITIONS
BPSK
Coherent detection
N = 8 and 64
AWGN channel
100
N=8 (Simulation)
N=64 (Simulation)
Eb
1
.
(15)
PB = erfc
2
N0
In the proposed WHCDM, as mentioned previously, a CDM
symbol with multiplexing factor N 1 contains N information
bits because the ordinal number p of the excluded code has
one bit per symbol. When code estimation is correct (i.e. p
= p), one bit contained in p is also correct. Because a CDM
symbol has energy of N/(N 1) times Eb per code as shown
in Eq. (7), the BER Pp of the other N 1 bits is represented
by
1
N Eb
Pp = erfc
.
(16)
2
N 1 N0
Eb/N0[dB]
Fig. 3.
IV.
C OMPUTER SIMULATION
1
{0.5 + 0.5 + (N 2)Pp }
N
(18)
1
= {1 + (N 2)Pp }.
N
The BER Pb of the proposed WHCDM is finally given by
lim Pb = lim Pp = PB .
10-4
10-6
P1 =
10-3
10-5
Pb = (1 Pc )P0 + Pc P1
1
= {Pc (1 Pp ) + (N 1)Pp }.
N
When WHT order N approaches infinity, we have
-2
10
(19)
(20)
of the signal generation process of biorthogonal signals. Results of computer simulation show that the BER performance
of the proposed WHCDM is slightly better than that of the
conventional one in the higher Eb /N0 region. It is expected
that AFC performs well in the helicopter satellite communication system employing the proposed WHCDM. In this paper,
we evaluated the performances in AWGN channel without the
periodic blockage as the most basic performances. We intend
to evaluate the performances of the proposed WHCDM with
the periodic blockage and Doppler shift in further studies.
10-1
Conventional (theory)
Proposed with N=8
Proposed with N=64
10-2
-3
10
-4
10
R EFERENCES
[1] K. Farazian, D. Divsalar, N. Golshan, T. K. Wu, and S. Hinedi,
Helicopter Satellite Communication: Development of Low-Cost RealTime Voice and Data System for Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service
(AMSS), in Proc. 1993 ICUPC, pp. 314-319.
[2] K. Farazian, B. Abbe, D. Divsalar, D. Raphaeli, A. Tulintseff, T. K.
Wu, and S. Hinedi, Development of Low-Cost Satellite Communications System for Helicopters and General Aviation, in Proc. Dual-Use
Heli/GA SATCOM Workshop, Aug. 11, 1994.
[3] W. G. Cowley, M. P. Lavenant, and W. Zhang, A Mobile Satellite
Modem for Helicopter Applications, in Proc. 1997 IMSC, pp. 479-484.
[4] Huan-Bang Li, M. Sato, A. Miura, S. Taira, and H. Wakana, Ku-band
helicopter satellite communications for on scene disaster Information
transmission, in Proc. 2004 PIMRC, pp. 2794-2796.
[5] T. Kojima and S. Yasue, A Fast Acquisition AFC for Helicopter Satellite
Communications, in Proc. 2012 ATC, pp. 106-109.
[6] T. Kojima and A. Suzuki, A novel AFC scheme for Walsh-Hadamard
Code Division Multiplexing, in Proc. 2013 ATC, pp. 271-274.
[7] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications,
2nd ed. 2001: Prentice Hall.
10-5
-6
10
10-7
0
10
Eb/N0[dB]
Fig. 4.
BER performance
100
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
Fig. 5.
V.
C ONCLUSION