Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
INDEX
a. Training Certificate
b. Acknowledgement
1. AAI Introduction
2. VHF
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Introduction
VHF Transmitter/ Receiver
Dipole Antenna
VCCS (Voice Communication Control System)
RCAG (Remote Control Air to Ground)
DATIS (Digital Airport Terminal Information Service)
RECORDER
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
3. AMSS
15
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
16
17
18
19
20
Introduction
Major areas of AMSS
Categories of Messages
Address indicator of AFTN messages
Block diagram of AMSS
ODBC
4. RADAR
21
(a)Introduction
(b)Use
(c) Principle
(d) Types
(e) L- Band Radar
21
22
24
26
5. CONCLUSION
32
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide Mr. S K TOMAR, SR. Manager(C-O) for his exemplary guidance ,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this training. The carefully
designed training program provides young engineers a close peek into how the
complex operations at an airport are managed, allowing for seamless operations.
I would also like to thank the respective department heads of VHF, L Band
RADAR, AMSS for taking time out of their schedules and explaining the
complexities of the systems in simple terms. Without them this exploration
could never have been successful.
Acknowledgement is something which really comes from the bottom of the
heart of every writer. I am obliged to staff members of AAI at IGI Airport, for
the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am
grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.
Sahil Hooda
00514802812
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible
for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It
provides Air traffic management (ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic
areas. It also manages a total of 125 Airports, including 11 International Airports, 8 Customs
Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil enclaves at Military Airfields.
FUNCTIONS
Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits
of the country, as accepted by ICAO.
Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc.
Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.
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MAKE
MODEL NO. OF Tx
MODEL NO. OF Rx
ECIL
5350
5100
PAE
T6T
T6R
OTE
DT100
DR100
About Tx 5350:
The Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) / Park Air Electronics (PAE) type 5350
single channel transmitters are designed for the transmission of amplitude modulated signals
within VHF aeronautical frequency band. The transmitter is intended for use in ground
station environments and can be combined with an associated EClL / PAE receiver to form a
transmitter / receiver system. The standard transmitter operates in the frequency range 118 to
136.975 MHz, with 25 kHz channel spacing. The frequency range of the 5350 transmitters
can be extended to operate between 108 and 155.975 MHz.
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Filter / Coupler Assembly: - The filter / coupler assembly contains a low-pass filter to
remove unwanted RF components, and a directional coupler to detect the forward and
reflected power levels.
Power Supply Module: - The Power Supply Module provides an unregulated supply
between 21.4 V and 32 V DC from the mains AC supply of220V.
Power Supply Regulation Module: - The PSU regulation module is supplied with the unregulated supply from the PSU module as one input and 28 V (Nominal) DC supply from the
battery backup as the second input and provides the following outputs.
A + 15 V regulated supply for the Synthesizer Module, and the Audio & Control Module.
B. + 10 V and + 5 V regulated supplies for the Audio & Control Module.
C. + 21.4 to 32 V unregulated supply for the RF PA Module, Audio and Control Module
and front panel indicators.
All these output voltages are generated from internal regulator ICs. When both AC and DC
supplies are connected, an automatic changeover to DC is initiated on the loss of the AC
supply. When both supplies are connected, priority of operation is from the AC supply.
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DIPOLE ANTENNA
A dipole antenna is an antenna that can be made by a simple wire,
with a centre-fed driven element for transmitting or receiving radio
frequency energy. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas
from a theoretical point of view; the current amplitude on such an
antenna decreases uniformly from maximum at the centre to zero at
the ends.
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1. RCAG-ECIL
Local site- Delhi
Remote site- Khajuraho
Frequency - 120.000 Mhz
Used for area control centre (east)
Media-VSAT or OFC
VSAT-provided by heel
OFC-provided by mtnl/bsnl
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RECORDER:
Recording and storage of all voice communications is a basic requirement for air traffic
control units. The requirement applies to all communication, i.e. ground-ground
communications (G/G) and air-ground communications (A/G). The G/G is the
communications among air traffic control units or centres where as the A/G communication is
between air traffic controllers and pilots.
Recording facilities shall be provided on all voice communication channels. Each station is
provided with multi-channel voice recording systems (analog/digital) for recording of
channels which includes operational voice communications on all ATS channels and all
important telephones and intercoms.
In vhf two recorders are used one is of RETIA and another is of RICOCHET company.
RETIA
Retia is a type of reorder which is designed to store any type of data source. In Retia 128 and
64 channels are available. Retia works on unix operating system.
RICOCHET
Ricochet is a modular system capable of being expanded and interfaced with a variety of data
source. Ricochet is designed to be adaptable to virtually any type of data source. Other than
audio recording, the system can record RADAR data and CCTV images. In Ricochet 64
channels are available. Ricochet works on window XP.
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TRANSMITTER
Carrier oscillator-The carrier oscillator generates the carrier signal, which lies in the RF
range. The frequency of the carrier is always very high because it is very difficult to generate
high frequency with good frequency stability, the carrier oscillator generate a sub multiple
with the required carried frequency. This sub multiple frequency is multiplied by the
frequency multiplier stage to get the required carrier frequency.
Buffer Amplifier-The purpose of the buffer amplifier is twofold.
a) It first matches the output impedance of the carrier oscillator with the input
impedance of frequency multiplier.
b) This is required so that the multiplier does not draw a large current from the carrier
oscillator. If this occurs, the frequency of the carrier oscillator will not remain stable.
Frequency Multiplier- This stage is also known as harmonic generator. The frequency
multiplier generates higher harmonics of carrier oscillator frequency.
Power Amplifier- The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier
stage. This is the basic requirement of a high-level transmitter.
Class C power amplifier-It gives high power current pulses of the carrier signal at its
Output.
Audio driver amplifier-The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the microphone.
The audio driver amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal. This amplification is necessary
to drive the audio of this signal.
Audio power amplifier- class A or a class B power amplifier amplifies the power of audio
signal.
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RECIEVER
RF Amplifier-This provides amplification for the signal as soon as it arrives from the
antenna. The amplified signal is then passed to the mixer.
Mixer- The purpose of the mixer is to translate the frequency of the incoming signal to the
intermediate frequency.
I.F.Amplifier- I.F amplifier where most of the amplification in a receiver takes place.
Demodulator-From the IF stages, the signal passes to a detector. Here demodulation of the
radio-frequency signal takes place to produce an audio signal.
Audio Amplifier- output of detector is amplified and then it goes to speaker.
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CATEGORIES OF MESSAGE
The following categories of messages shall be handled by the AFTN:
a) Distress messages
b) Urgency messages
c) Flight Safety Messages
d) Meteorological Messages
e) Flight Regularity Messages
f) Aeronautical Information Service Messages
g) Aeronautical Administrative services messages
Priority of Messages:
Depending on the category of messages/type of messages, each message carry a priority
Indicator (viz SS, DD, FF, GG, KK) to indicate the priority classification for
transmission/handling over AFTN.
SS is the top most priority, then DD & FF, and GG / KK are the lowest priority of
messages.
DISTRESS MESSAGES (Priority Indicator SS)
This message category shall comprise those messages sent by mobile stations reporting grave
and imminent danger and all other messages relating to the immediate assistance required by
the mobile station in distress threaten them.
URGENCY MESSAGES: (Priority indicator DD)
This category of messages shall comprise messages concerning the safety of ship, aircraft, or
other vehicles, or of some person on board or within sight.
FLIGHT SAFETY MESSAGES. (Priority indicator FF)
Movement and control messages
Messages originated by aircraft operating agency of immediate concern to an aircraft in
flight or about to depart.
METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES (priority indicator GG)
Messages concerning forecast e.g. terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs), area and route
forecasts.
Messages concerning observations and reports e.g. METAR, SPECI.
FLIGHT REGULARITY MESSAGES (Priority indicatorGG)
Aircraft load messages.
Messages concerning change in aircraft operating schedule.
Messages concerning aircraft servicing.
Messages concerning changes in collective requirement of passengers, crew and cargo
covered by deviation from normal operating schedule.
AERONAUTICAL ADMINISTRATIVE MESSAGES
Operation and maintenance of facilities essential for safety or regularity of aircraft
operation.
Essential to efficient functioning of aeronautical telecommunication service.
Exchanged between government civil aviation authorities relating to aircraft operation.
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JK-A
JK-B
JK-C
JK-D
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JK-A & JK-B servers are used for NOTAM related message. While JK-C & JK-D are used
for flight related message.
Common servers are of two types:
a) TCP/IP- Based on internet protocol address
b) X.25-In this ICON CARD are used for copy messages.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g.,
computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
An IP address serves two principal functions:
a) Host or network interface identification and location addressing.
b) An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.
I.P. address classification:
a) Class A: Address range lies between 1.0.0.0 to126.255.255.255. Number of hosts are
4,000,000.Bits in network I.D is 8.
b) Class B: Address range lies between 128.0.0.0 to191.255.255.255 Number of hosts
are 65,536.Bits in network I.D is 16.
c) Class C: Address range lies between 192.0.0.0 to223.255.255.255 Number of hosts
are 65,536.Bits in network I.D is 24.
d) Class D: Address range lies between 224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255 Number of hosts
are268, 400,000.Bits in network I.D is 0.class D used for test only.
e) Class E addresses are reserved for future.
ODBC
In computing, ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming
language middleware API for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The
designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems.
An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the client and
server side, with few changes to the data access code.
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RADAR
INTRODUCTION
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish (or antenna)
transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The
object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at
the same site as the transmitter.
Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The
term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as
an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging. The term radar has since
entered English and other languages as a common noun, losing all capitalization.
USE
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic control, radar
astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and
other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space
surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry
and flight control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating
radar for geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.
Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One
example is "lidar", which uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light from lasers rather
than radio waves.
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PRINCIPLE
The Primary Radar is based on the principle of echo. The implementation and operation of
primary radars systems involve a wide range of disciplines such as building works, heavy
mechanical and electrical engineering, high power microwave engineering, and advanced
high speed signal and data processing techniques. Some laws of nature have a greater
importance here.
Radar measurement of range, or distance, is made possible because of the properties of
radiated electromagnetic energy.
1. Reflection of electromagnetic waves
The electromagnetic waves are reflected if they meet an electrically leading surface. If
these reflected waves are received again at the place of their origin, then that means an
obstacle is in the propagation direction.
2.
This constant speed allows the determination of the distance between the reflecting
objects (airplanes, ships or cars) and the radar site by measuring the running time of
the transmitted pulses.
3.
This energy normally travels through space in a straight line, and will vary only
slightly because of atmospheric and weather conditions. By using of special radar
antennas this energy can be focused into a desired direction. Thus the direction of the
reflecting objects can be measured.
RADAR EQUATION
The power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is given by the equation:
where
Pt = transmitter power
Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna
Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna (most of the time noted as Gr)
= radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target
F = pattern propagation factor
Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target
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DOPPLER EFFECT
Frequency shift is caused by motion that changes the number of wavelengths between the
reflector and the radar. That can degrade or enhance radar performance depending upon how
that affects the detection process.
This produces information about target velocity during the detection process. This also allows
small objects to be detected in an environment containing much larger nearby slow moving
objects.
Doppler shift depends upon whether the radar configuration is active or passive. Active radar
transmits a signal that is reflected back to the receiver. Passive radar depends upon the object
sending a signal to the receiver.
The Doppler frequency shift for active radar is as follows, where
is Doppler
frequency,
is transmit frequency,
is radial velocity, and is the speed of light:
Only the radial component of the speed is relevant. When the reflector is moving at
right angle to the radar beam, it has no relative velocity. Vehicles and weather moving
parallel to the radar beam produce the maximum Doppler frequency shift.
Doppler measurement is reliable only if the sampling rate exceeds the Nyquist
frequency for the frequency shift produced by radial motion. As an example, Doppler
weather radar with a pulse rate of 2 kHz and transmit frequency of 1 GHz can
reliably measure weather up to 150 m/s (340 mph), but cannot reliably determine
radial velocity of aircraft moving 1,000 m/s (2,200 mph).
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TYPES
RADAR can be classified as follows1. Depending upon the waveform
a. Pulse Radar
Pulse radar sets transmit a high-frequency impulse signal of high power. After this
impulse signal, a longer break follows in which the echoes can be received, before
a new transmitted signal is sent out. Direction, distance and sometimes if
necessary the height or altitude of the target can be determined from the measured
antenna position and propagation time of the pulse-signal. One pulse is of 1s and
another of 100s.
b. Continuous Radar
CW radar sets transmit a high-frequency signal continuously. The echo signal is
received and processed. The receiver needs not to be mounted at the same place as
the transmitter. Every firm civil radio transmitter can work as a radar transmitter at
the same time, if a remote receiver compares the propagation times of the direct
signal with the reflected one. Tests are known that the correct location of an
airplane can be calculated from the evaluation of the signals by three different
television stations.
2. Depending upon the Principle
a. Primary Radar
A Primary Radar transmits high-frequency signals which are reflected at targets.
The arisen echoes are received and evaluated. This means, unlike secondary radar
set, a primary radar set receives its own emitted signals as an echo again.
Echo-based (that may generate clutter)
Target Role: Passive
Transfer Power Required: Maximum
Generally used for range detection
Unable to identify the target info
The output power is inversely proportional to the four times of range:
P
1
R4
b. Secondary Radar
At these radar sets the airplane must have a transponder (transmitting responder)
on board and this transponder responds to interrogation by transmitting a coded
reply signal. This response can contain much more information, than a primary
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radar set is able to acquire (E.g. an altitude, an identification code or also any
technical problems on board such as a radio contact loss.
Interrogator-Transponder based
Target Role: Active
Transfer Power Required: Minimum
Able to identify the target info including altitude, identification code, and other
details.
SSR has several modes of operationMode A: In this mode the aircraft's transponder provides positive aircraft identification by
transmitting a four-digit code to the ground station. The code system is octal; that is, each of
the code digits may be any of the numbers 0-7. There are thus 4096 possible four-digit codes
(e.g. 3472).
Mode C: In this mode the aircraft's altitude, derived from on-board instruments, is transmitted
to the ground station in addition to the identity.
3. Depending upon the use
a. Military Radar
b. Aviation Radar
c. Marine Radar
d. Meteorologists Radars
e. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads
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L BAND RADAR
L band, as defined by the IEEE, is the 1 to 2 GHz range of the radio spectrum.
Wavelength Range: 15-30 cm
Frequency Range: 1-2 GHz
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Limiting Factors
Beam Path and Range
The radar beam would follow a linear path in vacuum, but it really follows a somewhat
curved path in the atmosphere because of the variation of the refractive index of air, that is
called the radar horizon. Even when the beam is emitted parallel to the ground, it will rise
above it as the Earth curvature sinks below the horizon. Furthermore, the signal is attenuated
by the medium it crosses, and the beam disperses.
The maximum range of conventional radar can be limited by a number of factors:
Line of sight, which depends on height above ground. This means without a direct
line of sight the path of the beam is blocked.
Radar sensitivity and power of the return signal as computed in the radar equation.
This includes factors such as environmental conditions and the size (or radar cross
section) of the target.
Noise
Signal noise is an internal source of random variations in the signal, which is generated by all
electronic components.
Reflected signals decline rapidly as distance increases, so noise introduces a radar range
limitation. Reflectors that are too far away produce too little signal to exceed the noise floor
and cannot be detected. Detection requires a signal that exceeds the noise floor by at least the
signal to noise ratio. Noise figure is a measure of the noise produced by a receiver compared
to an ideal receiver, and this needs to be minimized.
Interference
Radar systems must overcome unwanted signals in order to focus only on the actual targets of
interest. These unwanted signals may originate from internal and external sources, both
passive and active. The ability of the radar system to overcome these unwanted signals
defines its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The higher a system's SNR, the better it is in isolating
actual targets from the surrounding noise signals.
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Clutter
Clutter refers to radio frequency (RF) echoes returned from targets which are uninteresting to
the radar operators. Such targets include natural objects such as ground, sea, precipitation
(such as rain, snow or hail), sand storms, animals (especially birds), atmospheric turbulence,
and other atmospheric effects. Clutter may also be returned from man-made objects such as
buildings and, intentionally, by radar countermeasures such as chaff.
Some clutter may also be caused by a long radar waveguide between the radar transceiver
and the antenna. In a typical plan position indicator (PPI) radar with a rotating antenna, this
will usually be seen as a "sun" or "sunburst" in the centre of the display as the receiver
responds to echoes from dust particles and misguided RF in the waveguide. AClutter is
considered a passive interference source, since it only appears in response to radar signals
sent by the radar.
Clutter is detected and neutralized in several ways. Other methods attempt to increase the
signal-to-clutter ratio. Clutter moves with the wind or is stationary. Two common strategies to
improve measure or performance in a clutter environment are:
Doppler processing, that uses filters to separate clutter from desirable signals.
Constant False Alarm Rate, a form of Automatic Gain Control (AGC), is a method that relies
on clutter returns far outnumbering echoes from targets of interest. The receiver's gain is
automatically adjusted to maintain a constant level of overall visible clutter. While this does
not help detect targets masked by stronger surrounding clutter, it does help to distinguish
strong target sources. In the past, radar AGC was electronically controlled and affected the
gain of the entire radar receiver. As radars evolved, AGC became computer-software
controlled and affected the gain with greater granularity in specific detection cells.
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A transmitter that generates the radio signal with an oscillator such as a klystron or a
magnetron and controls its duration by a modulator.
A duplexer that serves as a switch between the antenna and the transmitter or the
receiver for the signal when the antenna is used in both situations.
A receiver. Knowing the shape of the desired received signal (a pulse), an optimal
receiver can be designed using a matched filter.
An electronic section that controls all those devices and the antenna to perform the
radar scan ordered by software.
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Antenna Design
Radio signals broadcast from a single antenna will spread out in all directions, and likewise a
single antenna will receive signals equally from all directions. This leaves the radar with the
problem of deciding where the target object is located.
Early systems tended to use omnidirectional broadcast antennas, with directional receiver
antennas which were pointed in various directions. For instance, the first system to be
deployed, Chain Home, used two straight antennas at right angles for reception, each on a
different display. The maximum return would be detected with an antenna at right angles to
the target, and a minimum with the antenna pointed directly at it (end on). The operator could
determine the direction to a target by rotating the antenna so one display showed a maximum
while the other showed a minimum. One serious limitation with this type of solution is that
the broadcast is sent out in all directions, so the amount of energy in the direction being
examined is a small part of that transmitted. To get a reasonable amount of power on the
"target", the transmitting aerial should also be directional.
Fig: Long-range radar antenna, used to track space objects and ballistic missiles.
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Fig: Radar of the type used for detection of aircraft. It rotates steadily, sweeping the airspace
with a narrow beam.
Parabolic Reflector
More modern systems use a steerable parabolic "dish" to create a tight broadcast beam,
typically using the same dish as the receiver. Such systems often combine two radar
frequencies in the same antenna in order to allow automatic steering, or radar lock.
Types of Scan
Primary Scan: A scanning technique where the main antenna aerial is moved to
produce a scanning beam, examples includes circular scan, sector scan, etc.
Secondary Scan: A scanning technique where the antenna feed is moved to
produce a scanning beam, examples include conical scan, unidirectional sector scan,
lobe switching, etc.
Palmer Scan: A scanning technique that produces a scanning beam by moving
the main antenna and its feed. A Palmer Scan is a combination of a Primary Scan and
a Secondary Scan.
Conical scanning: The radar beam is rotated in a small circle around the
"boresight" axis, which is pointed at the target.
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Conclusion:
The summer training with AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA at ATS
Complex, IGI Airport has helped me understand the great determination
and hard work that goes into keeping the airports functioning and
ensuring the safety of passengers while also augmenting my knowledge.
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