Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Introduction

To study the behaviour of fluid in motion we need to

consider several factors.
Whereas, behaviour of fluid in rest is influenced by its

specific weight only.

The science of study which deals with fluid motion and

forces causing its motion is known as Fluid Kinetics

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Introduction

In fluid kinetics it is necessary to observe the fluid behaviour

with respect to space as well as with time.
Lagrangian Approach: An individual fluid particle is selected
and attention is focussed on the behaviour of particle during its
course of motion through out the space.
Eulerian Approach: A fixed volume in space is selected and
attention is focussed on the fluid behaviour with respect to this
volume.
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Velocity of Fluid Particles

Velocity of a fluid particle is the change in displacement with

respect to change in time.

s
V Lt
t 0 t

Velocity of a fluid particle will have three components and in

vector notation it is represented as,

V ui vj wk
Velocity components are in general function of x, y, z and t.
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Velocity of Fluid Particles

Velocity components are in general function of x, y, z and t.

When x, y and z are constants the velocity represent
velocity of fluid particle at a point for different time

interval.
When t is constant then it represents velocity at different

location in the flow field for a given instant of time.

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Types of fluid flow

Steady and unsteady flow,

Uniform and non-uniform flow,
One dimensional and multi dimensional flow,
Rotational and irrotational flow, and
Laminar and Turbulent flow.

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Types of fluid flow

Steady flow:
When the fluid properties like velocity, pressure, density
etc., which describe the fluid behaviour at a point, doesnt

change with respect to time.

u
v

0, 0, in general
0
t
t
t

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Types of fluid flow

Unsteady flow:
When the fluid properties like velocity, pressure, density
etc., which describe the fluid behaviour at a point, change

with respect to time.

u
v

0, 0, in general
0
t
t
t

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Types of fluid flow

Uniform flow:
When the fluid velocity either in magnitude or in direction,

doesnt change with respect to position at a particular instant

time.

u
v
V
0, 0, in general
0
x
y
S

Flow of liquids under pressure through long pipe line of

constant diameter is an example of such type of flow.
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Types of fluid flow

Non-Uniform flow:
When the fluid velocity changes with respect to position at a

particular instant time.

u
v
V
0, 0, in general
0
x
y
S

Flow of liquids under pressure through long pipe line of

varying diameter is an example of such type of flow.
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Types of fluid flow

Note:
All the flows can exist independent of each other, so that

any of the four types of combinations of flows are possible.

Flow through constant diameter pipes leads to uniform flow.
Flow with constant rate leads to steady flow.

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Types of fluid flow

Multi dimensional flow:

When the fluid velocity is function of more than one

principal coordinates and independent of time.

V = f(x, y, z) or V = f(x, y) or V = f(y, z) or V = f(x, z)

Steady Multi dimensional flow:

When the fluid velocity is function of more than one
principal coordinates and dependent of time.
V = f(x, y, z, t) or V = f(x, y, t) or V = f(y, z, t) or V = f(x, z, t)
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Types of fluid flow

One dimensional flow:

When the fluid velocity is function of any one of the

principal coordinates and independent of time.

V = f(x) or V = f(y) or V = f(z)

Steady One dimensional flow:

When the fluid velocity is function of any one of the
principal coordinates and dependent of time.
V = f(x, t) or V = f(y, t) or V = f(z, t)
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Types of fluid flow

Rotational flow:
Fluid particles rotate about their mass centres while they are

moving.
Hence they will have some angular velocity,

Irrotational flow:
Fluid particles do not rotate about their mass centres while
they are moving.
Hence they will not have any angular velocity,
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Types of fluid flow

Laminar flow:
Fluid particles move in layers with one layer of fluid sliding
smoothly over the adjacent layer.
Flow of viscous fluid is an example of laminar flow.

Turbulent flow:
Fluid particles move in an entirely disorderly manner, that results
in rapid and continuous mixing of fluid leading to momentum
transfer across the flow.
Flow in natural steams, artificial channels, water supply pipes etc.,
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Fluid flow description

Fluid flow can be described by:

Steam lines,
Stream tubes,

Path lines, and

Steak lines.

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Fluid flow description

Steam lines:
It is an imaginary line drawn in the flow field such that its tangent
at a point will gives us velocity of fluid at that point.
The pattern of fluid flow is represented by a series of steam lines.
The differential equation for a steam line in multi dimensional

coordinates is,

x y z

u
v
w
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Fluid flow description

Steam lines:
Across a steam line there can be no fluid flow.
For steady flow, steam line pattern doesnt change with respect to
time.
For unsteady flow, steam line pattern changes with respect to time.

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Fluid flow description

Steam tubes:
It is an imaginary tube formed by a group of steam lines passing
through a small closed curve, which may or may not be circular.
There will not be any flow across the boundary of stream tube.
Fluid will enter or leave the steam tube through its ends only.

For flow pattern analysis stream tubes are used.

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Fluid flow description

Path Lines:
It is a line traced by a single fluid particle as it moves over a
period of time.
It indicates the direction of velocity of fluid particle at successive
instant of time.
In steady flow the path line and steam lines are identical.
In unsteady flow both are different.

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Fluid flow description

Streak Lines:
It is a line traced by a fluid particles having same velocity between
different path lines at the instant of time.
In steady flow streak line, path line and steam lines are identical.
In unsteady flow they are different.

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Basic principles of fluid flow

Principle of conservation of mass:

Mass is conserved.

Principle of conservation of energy:

Energy conserved.

Principle of conservation of momentum:

Momentum is conserved.

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Fundamental Principles of Conservation

Principles which govern basic equations used in CFD as

well as in analytical fluid dynamics

What basically conservation talks about

Bank Account
Money In

Balance

Money Out

Interest

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Fundamental Principles of Conservation

Statement of conservation
Change in

Money In - Out Generation

Money
Transfer

Control
Volume
General
Quantity In

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General
Quantity Out

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Fundamental Principles of Conservation

Control Volume, CV:

Identified region in space across which changes in a

particular quantity are found

When weve a CV we can write a balance for the CV

Difficulty lies in utilization of principles of basic

mechanics

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Fundamental Principles of Conservation

Newtons law of motion are developed based on

Lagrangian description
Sets of particles n their trajectory which r governed by
Newtons law of motion
Where as in Eulerian description weve CV n we r

interested to study transport phenomena across CV

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Reynolds Transport Theorm

Convert a system from Lagrangian description to

Eulerian description

System is essentially an identified collection of particles

of fixed mass and identity
System at t

System at t + t

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Reynolds Transport Theorm

Consider a property of the system N

N t N I t N II t

N t t N II t t N III t t
System at t

System at t + t

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III

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Reynolds Transport Theorm

Rate of change of N of the system
dN
dt

sys

N t t Nt N II t t N II t N III t t N I t

t
t
t
t

N III t t
t

N I t
t

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Rate of outflow of N across CV

Rate of inflow of N across CV

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Reynolds Transport Theorm

Rate of change of N of the system

dN
dt

sys

N t t N t N
Lt

t 0
t
t

CV

Rate of

Out
flow-In
flow

Rate of {out flow in flow}

nV dA

dA

CS

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Reynolds Transport Theorm

Conservation of the property

dN
dt

sys

CV

nV dA

CS

RTT relates total rate of change of a property related to a

system of fixed mass & identity with the rate of change of
the property w.r.t a CV and a balance of outflow n inflow

across the system boundary/surface.

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Conservation of Mass
Here we consider, N = m, n = 1

dm
m

V dA
dt sys t CV CS
Assumptions:
A non deformable control volume {volume f (t)}
Control volume to be stationary {rel. vel. = abs vel.}

When we consider system of fixed mass LHS will

automatically equal to zero

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Conservation of Mass
The earlier expression changes to

0 dV V dA
t CV
CS

CV t dV CS V . dA 0

Convert surface integral to volume integral by using

divergence theorem

V . dA . V dV

CS
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Conservation of Mass
The earlier expression changes to

CV t dV CV . V dV 0

V
CV t
dV 0

Since choice of elemental volume is arbitrary, hence the

value of integrand itself is zero

. V 0
t

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Conservation of Mass
Finally we tried to convert integral form of conservation
of mass into differential form

. V 0
t

This is well known Continuity Equation

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Exercise 01

In a two dimensional fluid flow the component of

the velocity along the x axis is given as follows

u 3x 2 x 2 y y 3
Determine the component of the velocity along the y-

axis for the condition of continuity of flow.

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Exercise 02

In a three dimensional fluid flow the velocity

components given as follows

u x 2 y 2 , v y 2 z 2 , w 2 x y z
State the whether flow is continuous or not.

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Exercise 03

In a three dimensional fluid flow the velocity

components given as follows

u x 2 2 z 2 8, v 2 y 2 z 2 6
Find the velocity component in z direction if it

satisfies the continuity of fluid flow.

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Exercise 04

Show that two dimensional fluid flow is continuous

with the following velocity components

u 6 xy, v 3x 2 3 y 2
Also find whether the flow is irrotational or not?

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Exercise 05

In a two dimensional fluid flow x velocity component is

given by

u ax 2 bxy cy 2
Find the y velocity component of fluid flow with a
condition u = 0 at y = 0. Assume that the continuity is
satisfied.
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Dr. Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar Mandapati

Associate Professor
SMBS, VIT University
mohan.jagadeeshkumar@vit.ac.in