Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SPE 200;3
Appraisal of Analytical Steamflood ModeIs
H-L. Chen, Texas A&M U., and N,D. Sylvester, U. of Akron
SPE Members
CopW9htWSO,SOCletY
of PetroleumErrgirreeca
Inc.
TIIls paperweepreparedfor preaantationat the @Oth
CaliforniaRegionalMeetingheld irrVentura,California,April4-S, 1S90.
Thk paparwasaalectedfor presentation
by errSPE Programcommitteefollowlnareviewof inf-tm
~taiti
in O@abefrecrWbmiff-f by the authort$).~t~fe
of the PWft
aa preaanted,haverw+beenravkwed by the societyof PelrofwmEmirind Me wbl~ to OWTOC~On
by the a~~e). ~ mat~al. M Pfe*ntW, *
~t MI=@
anYiwainonof theSoaietyof PetroleumEngineers,heoffkem,w mamb- pPf-tti
at SPE meetin%e
Wew@M to P@l~t~ rS~SWbyE~tofial@mIIIMOOS
of*V*VW
&~~m.
PmMto~b-dmm~titi*~-.lwftiNy
N@~.~~*M~&n~~
Telex, 7S0SSSSPEDAL.
of whereand by whomthe paperk preeentad.Write PublicationsManager,$PE, P.O. $0x -,
Rkh~*t
~ 7~.
SPE 20023
Jones(l)
applied van Lookerens(l 6, method for the
optimal steam injection rate for a given set of steam and
reservoir
parameters,
and utilized
the Myhill and
Stegemeier(l 5) method to predict oil production.
In the
Myhill and Stegemeier model, the average thermal efficiency
of the steam zone was calculated by the Marx and
Langenheim(l 2) solution at early times while the Mandl and
Volek(l 4, method was used to account for heat transfer
through the condensation front after the critical time. Jones
model contains a number of empirical factors (ACD, VODt VPD)
which were obtained through history matching for specific
sets of field production data. Thus, the adjustment of field data
may be necessary (TR, ht,hn ,t.toI) to achieve reasonable
history matching for some projects as shown in Jones Table 1.
In the original Jones model, the steam injection pressure was
calculated assuming a geometric relationship between
pressure and injection rate. The optimum steam injection rate
is taken to be the steam injection rate which gives the
maximum value for the vertical conformance factor (AR D)
Unfortunately, steam Injectivity test data is often not available
in the field. Therefore, the computer program written to
evaluate the Jones model was modified to allow input of steam
injection rate and pressure, This modification was necessary
to permit comparison of model predictions with actual field
data.
SPE 20023
Sw/r
= time, hr
tc
= critical time, hr
c D
At
- time increment, hr
tB T
T1,2
Ts
= steam temperature, F
= initial formation temperature, F
TR
%4)
API
c1
q,
&
fc p
fsdh
hfs
hn
hs
ht
@
z
= constant
v~
B
SPE 20023
oD
vpD
ist
Kh
Kro
Btu/ft-hr-F
x relative permeability to oil, fraction
Krw
ft2/day
= porosity, dimensionless
(=3.14159)
P
s
= viscosity , cp
Voi
(n)
avg
sdh
= oil phase
= steam phase
= rock phase
= water phase
b
%
P
%
qoi
qw
QI
G>
Qw
so
%c
Soi = initial
Sor
Scrst
%s
1.
Jones, J.:
~~~~~;able
.,
2.
3.
Steam
Drive Model for Hand-Held
Calculators, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1981)
4,
20, Vogel,
J.V.: Simplified Heat Calculations
Steamflood,
J. Pet, Tech (July 1984) 1127-35.
SPE 20023
5.
6.
for
7.
8.
9.
lf.
APpFNW
13, Willman, B.T., Vallerory, V.V, Runberg, G.W. Cornelius.
A.J., and Powers, L~W.: Laboratory Studies of Oil
Recovery by Steam Injection; J. Pet. Tech. (July 1961j
681-90.
VO!3=
NPSoi
(1)
[- ~(~oi.sor)l
;
I Tim
The critical time calculation recommended by Mand19 and
Volek(14) was used :
t.=
[ -xqtcD
4 Kh MA
I
(2)
AWRAISAL OF Analytical
STEAMFLOODfvU3DELS
=
,
SPE 20023
where
et~D effc~
1
f~dhLvdh
(3)
CW(T~-TR)
When Vs > VsBT, there is the option of either producing
steam over a given Interval, or shutting off the production.
Farouq Ali(5) suggested a simplified treatment which gives
Vs(t) after breakthrough at any time t
with
Lvdh
(4)
94 (705 - TJO38
Vs(t)=
(s)
(11)
-2 KhA(43560)EA(Ts-TR)
Ms = (1 -Ip)pRCR
VsBT+[6i(t-tBT)
$fsdh(l Sor)%cs+
QI = 4KhA(43560)(TS-TR)~~
$S*rpoC*
+ $-(1
Sor)PwCw
(12)
(6)
OtcD erf~
~(13)
= V~MS(T~-TR)
hi~-4Kd4(43560) (Ts-Td
v.
M, (Ts-TR)
(8)
- 1.453K4 + 1.061 K5
~
(14)
Since
where
1..12
K
t~D =
.[
0.3276
Thus, ~ is obtained as follows:
(i)
(ii)
(ii i)
(iv )
(Ts-TR)
(7)
Mb= p#R
The term etcD erfc~
Jones(l) expression
Qit-4KhA(43560)
(9)
(15)
(Ts-TR)
We can write
from Eq (3).
~ Qi
Substituting
(t-tBT)
+ VSBTMS(TS-TR)
(16)
Tavg =
Qit-V~(t)(TS-TR)MS
+ TR
(Ts-TR)
(lo)
H/=]
/ Ms
(Ts-TR)
(17)
2t&[VB-Vs(t)]
where TR was not included In the original Farouq All model.
1
..-
-1
..
7
SPE 20023
~
The only modification made for the Miller-Leung model
is m the calculation of optimum steam injection rate whkh
was originally presented by Leung (29) as:
ist=
(19)
Q.= Av~$(S~)-SOr$t)
The water displacement rate, Qw, is given by:
C)w = AVS@[St)-(l
-Sst -S.rst)]
(20)
1+Sst -+Sor$t)
Qi
5.6146 p~[hfs+fsdhLvdh-& (TR-32)]
For oil:
Qj=4K~A(Ts-TR)@+
Assume that VB
[VB-VY)]I$[S$+)-
- @+)=
v;,
S$)]
-s!+)-
for wate~
then
(21
Sg)-(1-swsg)]
(22)
= v@@lw+)]
From Eqs (21) and (22) we have
*=
w
W&[sy+wq
(23)
Qw-v@o(n)--s$+l)l
fw=~=~
qo+q~
1+Kro~w
Krwpo
Let,
qo
Kro~w . . c
=
K~oVo
qw
(25)
(n+l)
Sy
(1+C)+
gives
Qo-CQw
t$v;
Sy+l) =
(28)
Qo - qoAt =
(27)
To account for the fact that the sleam injection rate should be
based on cold water fed to a steam generator, Eq (27) becomes
is t-
= AVS$(S$)-
Qi
5.6146 PWLvdhAt
(26)
1+C
-..
111
AhsMs(Ts-TR) (29 )
by
Wb
Me
~qp~g~
Jones (1981)
FrontalAdvanoe
Cftaracteristios
1. Predkts ~,~,
1, Prediits ~,~,qw,So,~,
and
and TaW
2. Empirkal coefficientssuch as
(1985)
for reasonablehistory-rnafohiftg.
3. Tuning of field data for history=
field cases.
reasonable history-matching.
Comparison d
Predictive Ability
Sensitive
ist~ sdh$orst
Parameters
lBbles
Data Used
Field
Kern River A
T~
TR
(:F)
(~)
kaI(TI )
[cp(F)j
for
WOI(T2)
[GP(F)]
~01
(CP)
History
Matching
f~dh
qoi
(BOPD)
API
Soi
ht
hn
(ft)
(ft)
(acres)
(BWPD)
{tt2/D)
(BTU/tt30F)
380
95
1380(100)
47(200)
1380
25
0.7
15
0.5
75
9rJ
2.5
0.345
225
0.96
35.0
300
100
1700(100)
10[230)
f700
15
0.7
13.5
0.51
125
80
2.7
0.31
300
1.097
3s.4
300
90
1000(100)
10(250)
1000
10
0.75
14.5
0.52
33
29
2.7
0.2s
300
1.097
38.4
400
SO
2710(85)
4(350)
2710
230
0.7
14
0.50
97
97
60.7
0.33
6000
0.870
35.7
400
113
27S0(1 13)
S{350)
2780
1S40
0.6
15
0.71
250
200
137
0.33
5s000
iChu.Trlmble(23)]
Kern-Canfield
iQreaaar-Shoro(24)]
.
i
Kern.SanJoaquin
iGraaaar-Shoro(24)]
Kern-1O Pattern
iO@aabyet
4J2S)]
Tla Juana
[da Haan6
m
Lookardq
-112
0.9s
35,0
20023
Fmb$aNp
%%
udU@@Qcs
124053
-6.50
m
132677
(7.5)
Kem.Canfield
(7.5)
Kern.San
28928(2.0)
42912
Joaquln
37507(3.0)
(3.0)
334346a
(6.0)
3131158
(6.0)
Kern-Ten
Pauorn
10414373
TiaJuana
----
(5.5)
1s.21
NP
Np
Lkl?lsl~
136531
(7. s)
2.t5
136198
(7.5)
2.65
40571
8.17
30943
(2.0)
3.39
6.84
3313459
-0.90
(3.0)
-9.35
3572606
(6.0)
(6.0)
----
10073073
6.39
110800s4
(5.5)
.3.28
(5.5)
1. The numberInaldatheparentfwals
irdkatestheuitimateoil pmdwtbnyearby the fielddataor predkfivemdal.
) x 1~
2. % difference- [(Np,model. NpMd)1fJP.f~~
Heat condidlon
to cap rock
1-T*
-----
Stec.rn ZO=
011zone
--
--
EASE
ROCK
Heat canductlon
ta base rack
V,a
,/
n --
R,H
Steam zone
,+
4
Haofnowto
undeftyfngzone
Condenwte
0:
W*71W
fkal
INITIAL (1)
%.$:
(1+1
so swat
$WI-seidor.t
SW*8W
& 011zone
(b)
Dlsplaoement
Meohanism
or Gravity Overrtde
Dtsptacement
1-
I
Otn
S*V
Tk[IYCARM
1
!
.a
I
TIK
IWRIr
I .m
m.m
Tna
FigUre 4. HietorY
Data
S.n
year)
year)
at
*E 20023
am
-s
/
4rn
,$
r :
Ira
rmlmalws
:Mr4 .
~om
iia.
f:euklo!mr-w~
F:a.m
W*O
,maam mm.
,4aKerlaa
d,
aw
1.40
TM!
*mm
1.40
.40
s.o
4.*
9.41
l.a
I.*
PA-
mllm+nMs -
4.U
Tin? m
Month)
year)
+
i
d .
Ii :
.~*-
Wm4-lo
:Xsl,m
i!
i *4
4QEa
.a
1.48
S.U
n.m
11=
4.n
5. History
Month)
year)
Figure
Figure
- .m
s.n
Mm
Data
6. History
Match
of Kern
. Ten
Pattern
Data
sPE
3
88
88
F!-
TIA _
Mw.utuwss
, J@ES-
SOW
-L
8-
m87
@
TIME (YSAM)
(At = 1 Month)
, J-
MOOSL
TX= -
(b) Cumulative
Figure
h=88-
S417
-t
=~
20029
116