EXP 18 MODALITIES OF SOMATIC SENSATIONS

Sensory modalities requires specific receptors and they are

only present on a specific organ unlike the general
somatosensory modalities. Some general somatosensory are
touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS BASED ON LOCATION

Exteroceptor
- Located at or near body surface
- Provide information about external environment
Interoceptor or Visceroceptors
- Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, &
nervous system
- Provide information about internal environment
- Impulses usually not consciously perceived
Proprioceptor
- Located in muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
- Provide information about body position, muscle length
and tension, position and motion of joints, equilibrium
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF STIMULUS DETECTED
Mechanoreceptors mechanical pressure, touch
sensations, pressure, vibration
Thermoreceptors changes in temperature
Nocireceptors physical/chemical damage to tissue (pain)
Photoreceptors detect light that strikes the retina
Chemoreceptors chemical in mouth (taste), nose (smell)
and body fluids
EXP 19 ANATOMY OF THE EYE
Parts of the Eye

A. EXTRAOCULAR STRUCTURES
Eyebrows protects the eye from sweat
Eyelashes filtering particulate matters lodged in
the eyes such as dust particles
Eyelids (superior and inferior palpebrae) covers the
eye and protects eye from intense glare; wiper
*Eyelids close starting from lateral cantus and
then swipes the tears towards median cantus
Lacrimal gland found in the superolateral portion
of the eye; it produces tears
Lacrimal apparatus lubricates and keeps it moist
Palpebral fissure slit where eyeball is found

Caruncle found at the median cantus, fleshstructure at the midline

*Superior and inferior to caruncle, there are two
apertures: superior and inferior aperture of
nasolacrimal apparatus
Nasolacrimal sac where secreted tears are drained
and going down to nasolacrimal duct draining into
inferior meatus in the nasal cavity

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
- Extraocular muscles are innervated by cranial nerve III
(oculomotor nerve) includes levator palpebrae superioris
- Orbicularis is innervated by cranial nerve VII
- Insertion is at the lateral rectus and superior oblique

Levator palpebrae superioris

- elevates the superior eyelids
- innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
Superior rectus
- pull eyeballs superomedially to the nasal side
- innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
Lateral rectus
- moves the eye to the temporal side
- deviates the eye laterally
- innervated by cranial nerve VI (abducens)
Medial rectus
- deviates to nasal side
- innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
Inferior rectus
- pull eyeballs inferomedially
- innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
Superior oblique
- swings back to insert into the eye obliquely
- moves the eye inferolaterally
- innervated by cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
Inferior oblique
- when it contracts it moves the insertion towards the
origin superolaterally
- innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

B. Eyeball
- Located in the orbital fossa, bordered by cranial bones
and facial bones
- Has three layers:
I. Fibrous tunic outermost layer
a. Cornea transparent portion
b. Bulbar conjunctiva continuous with palpebral
conjunctiva
c. Sclera posterior part which cant be seen
II. Middle layer has blood vessels
a. Choroid contains the blood vessels
b. Uvea anterior, vascular tunic
comprised of the:
Iris colored portion of eye; causes
dilation & constriction of the pupil
Ciliary body forms aqueous humor
Suspensory ligament attached to the
lens, causes accommodation
Lens transparent and elastic;
refraction and focusing onto the retina
III. Nervous layer innermost layer
a. Retina third part of the eye wall; contains rods
and cones; light rays are focused on it
Optic disc on the nasal side, area
where optic nerve and retinal
vessels enter
Macula area without any blood
vessels where retinal vessels travelling
temporally eventually converge
area of sharpest vision
Fovea centralis point in macula, only
has cones, sharpest color vision

Anterior chamber filled with aqueous humor

Posterior chamber filled with vitreous humor
which is a gel-like substance

Visual Pathway
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Superior colliculus
Thalamus
Optic radiation
Visual cortex occipital lobe

EXP 21 OLFACTORY STRUCTURES

Olfactory sensation has very low threshold (parts per million)
and has fast accommodation

A. Olfactory epithelium
- is on the roof of nasal cavity; will have the:
a. Olfactory neuron which has olfactory hair
*Olfactory hair apical modification like a cilla
Olfactory neuron is supported by sustentacular
cells (supporting cells) and basilar cell which are
like basal cell which mitotically divide
Olfactory neuron is the receptor and
synapses with olfactory nerve
Olfactory nerve (dendrites) rises up and
traverse and olfactory foramina
On the cribriform plate, there is the
olfactory bulb olfactory tract (axon)
the olfactory cortex

EXP 22 GUSTATORY STRUCTURES

Gustatory sensation or taste is subserve by the tongue
Taste buds chemoreceptor of gustation
seen in the lingual papilla
also located on the pharynx, palette, and lips

LINGUAL PAPILLA
Circumvallate junction of anterior 2/3 and
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Fungiform mushroom like structure, has taste buds
which has gustatory neuron with gustatory hair
Filiform doesnt have taste buds, triangular
structure, enhance the taste because they can
detect texture and temperature
Foliate have taste buds embedded in their surfaces
CRANIAL NERVES THAT SUBSERVE GUSTATION
Cranial nerve VII anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Cranial nerve IX posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Cranial nerve X epiglottis

EXP 20 ANATOMY OF THE EAR

Ear for hearing and balance

I. Tympanic Membrane
- is concaved externally hence when light is
shone it produces cone of light which point to where
the handle of malleus is attached to the ear drum
II. Ossicles
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
III. Windows
Oval window foot process of stapes is in
contact with
Round window inferior to it
IV. Mastoid air cells above the middle ear, ceiling,
used for sound resonance, lightens the
weight of skull
V. Auditory tube / Eustachian equalizes the
pressure of the middle ear and external ear
If its not equalized, the concave ear drum
will be sucked out
it opens up to nasopharynx
C. Otic interna inner ear
a cast of the middle ear
has bony and membranous labyrinth

A. Otic externa outer ear

includes the pinna/auricle to ear drum
I. Pinna
Helix outermost fold
Lobule inferior to helix, for earrings
Anti-helix second fold
Anti-tragus terminal protrusion
Tragus can cover the meatus, opp of anti-tragus
Umbo depression
External auditory meatus/canal
Outer 1/3 cartilaginous
Inner 2/3 bony
B. Otic media middle
lateral wall is the tympanic membrane

I. Vestibule stapes steps on the oval window of the

vestibule which also has round window
II. Semicircular canal supposed to detect position
in a 3-dimnesional manner
Anterior (Superior)
Posterior
Lateral
III. Cochlea is a fluid-filled, snail shaped cavern
translates sound into nerve impulses
IV. Vestibulocochlear nerve