L-07 EQ Resistant Design of Concrete - Seismic For Print

4/25/2012
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Lecture-07
Introduction to Earthquake
Resistant Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
NWFP UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 404
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Topics
y Introduction
z
Effects of Earthquake
Deformation due to Earthquake
Horizontal and Vertical Earthquake Shaking
y How Architectural Features Affect Buildings During

Earthquakes
y Earthquake Design Philosophy
y Seismic Loading Criteria
z
Static & Dynamic Lateral Force Procedures
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Topics
y Gravity vs. Earthquake Loading in RC Buildings
y ACI Special Provisions for Seismic Design
z
ACI Provisions for SMRF
ACI Provisions for IMRF
Miscellaneous Considerations
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Introduction
y Earths Interior
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Introduction
y Earthquake results from the sudden movement of
the tectonic plates in the earths crust.
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Introduction
y Effect of Earthquake
y The movement, taking place at the fault lines, causes
energy release which is transmitted through the earth in
the form of waves. These waves reach the structure
causing shaking.
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Introduction
y Seismic Events around the globe
y Mostly takes place at boundaries of Tectonic plates
Dots
represents an
earthquake
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Introduction
y Types of Waves Generated Due to Earthquake
Body Waves
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Surface Waves
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Introduction
y Displacement due to Earthquake
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Introduction
y Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
z
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all three directions.
The structures designed for gravity loading (DL+LL) will be

normally safe against vertical component of ground shaking.
The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either adds to or

subtracts from the acceleration due to gravity.
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Introduction
y Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
z
The structures are normally designed for horizontal shaking

to minimize the effect of damages due to earthquakes.
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Introduction
y Earthquake Types with respect to Depth of Focus
z
Shallow
z
Depth of focus varies between 0 and 70 km.
Deep
z
Depth of focus varies between 70 and 700 km.
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Introduction
y Earthquake characteristics with respect to distance
from epicenter
1.0 T 10 sec
1 Hz f 0.1 Hz
Near Field: 0 to 25 km
0.3 T 1.0 sec

3.33 Hz f 1 Hz
Intermediate Field: 25 to 50 km
Far Field: Beyond 50 km
Epicenter
0.05 T 0.3
20 Hz f 3.33 Hz
25 km
Low period & high
frequency field
Moderate period &
low frequency field
Large period & low
frequency field
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Introduction
y Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate
and far field earthquakes
z
The natural time period of a structure is its important characteristic

to predict behavior during an earthquake of certain time period
(Resonance phenomenon).
For a particular structure, the natural time period is a function of

mass and stiffness {T = 2(M/K)}
T can be roughly estimated from: T = 0.1 number of stories
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Introduction
y Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate
and far field earthquakes
Medium rise
Structure
(upto 5 stories)
High rise
Structure
(Above 5 stories)
Epicenter
Low rise
Structure
(upto 3 stories)
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Introduction
y Earthquake Recording
z
Seismograph
z
Using
around
multiple
the
seismographs
world,
accurate
location of the epicenter of the

earthquake,
magnitude
as
or
well
size
as
its
can
be
determined.
z
Working of seismograph shown

in figure.
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Introduction
z
Richter Scale
z
In 1935, Charles Richter (US)

developed this scale.
The Richter scale is logarithmic,

So,
magnitude
measurement
is
ten
Richter
times
greater than a magnitude 4;

while it is 10 x 10, or 100 times
greater than a magnitude 3
measurement.
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Introduction
z
Some of the famous

earthquake records
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Introduction
y Earthquake Occurrence
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Introduction
y Seismic Zones
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How Architectural Features Affect

Buildings During Earthquakes?
y Importance of Architectural Features
z
The
behavior
of
building
during
earthquakes depend critically on its overall

shape, size and geometry, in addition to
how the earthquake forces are carried to the
ground.
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y Importance of Architectural Features
z
At the planning stage, architects and structural engineers must

work together to ensure that the unfavorable features are avoided
and a good building configuration is chosen.
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y Other Undesirable Scenarios
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y Soft Storey
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Earthquake Design Philosophy
Performance level
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Seismic Loading Criteria

y Building Code of Pakistan
z
In Pakistan, the design criteria for earthquake loading are based

on design procedures presented in chapter 5, division II of
Building Code of Pakistan, seismic provision 2007 (BCP, SP
2007), which have been adopted from chapter 16, division II of
UBC-97 (Uniform Building Code), volume 2.
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y Lateral Force Determination Procedures
z
The total design seismic force imposed by an earthquake on

the structure at its base is referred to as base shear V in the
UBC-97.
The design seismic force can be determined based on:

z
Dynamic lateral force procedure [sec. 1631, UBC-97 or sec. 5.31, BCP-2007].
Static lateral force procedure [sec. 1630.2, UBC-97 or Sec. 5.30.2, BCP 2007], and/or
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y Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure
z
UBC-97 section 1631 include information on dynamic lateral force

procedures that involve the use of:
Time history analysis.
Response spectrum analysis.
The details of these methods are presented in sections 1631.5

and 1631.6 of the UBC-97.
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z
Time History Analysis (THA)

Lateral
Displacement
Ground
acceleration
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z
Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

Response D
1
a (ft/sec2)
Peak
Response
Ts1 = 0.3 sec

T
Response
a (ft/sec2)
(Ts1,D1)
D2
(Ts2,D2)
T
Ts2 = 1.0 sec
(Ts3,D3)
Response
a (ft/sec2)
D3
Structural
Time
period
T
T
Ts3 = 2.0 sec
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z
Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)
UBC-97 Response Spectrum Curve

(Acceleration vs. Time period)
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y Static Lateral Force Procedure
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z
The total design base shear (V) in a given direction can be

determined from the following formula:
V = (CI/RT) W
z
Where,
z
C = Seismic coefficient (Table 16-R of UBC-97).
I = Seismic importance factor (Table 16-K of UBC-97 )
R = numerical coefficient representative of inherent over strength and

global ductility capacity of lateral force-resisting systems (Table 16-N
or 16-P).
W = the total seismic dead load defined in Section 1630.1.1.

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z
The total design base need not exceed [ V = (2.5CaI/R) W ]

z
Where, Ca = Seismic coefficient (Table 16-Q of UBC-97)
The total design base shear shall not be less than [ V = 0.11CaIW ]
In addition for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall also not
be less [ V = (0.8ZNI/R) W ]
z
Where, N = near source factor (Table 16-T of UBC-97);

Z = Seismic zone factor (Table 16-I of UBC-97)
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z
Steps for Calculation of V:

z
Step 1: Find Site Specific details.
Step 2: Determine Seismic Coefficients
Step 3: Determine Seismic Importance factor I
Step 4: Determine R factor
Step 5: Determine structures time period
Step 6:Determine base shear V and apply code maximum and

minimum.
Step 7: Determine vertical distribution of V.
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z

z

z
Following list of data needs to be obtained:

z
Seismic Zone
Soil type
Past earthquake magnitude (required only for highest seismic zone).
Closest distance to known seismic source (required only for highest seismic
zone).
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z

z
Step 1: Site Specific details.

z
i. Seismic Zone
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Source: BCP SP-2007

z

z

z
ii. Soil Type
As per UBC code, if soil type is not known, type SD shall be taken.
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z

z

z
iii. Past Earthquake magnitude: This is required only for seismic zone 4
to decide about seismic source type so that certain additional coefficients
can be determined.
iv. Distance to known seismic zone is also required to determine

additional coefficients for zone 4.
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z

z
Step 2: Determination of Seismic Coefficients.

z
Cv:
Nv (required only for zone 4):
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z

z
Step 2: Determination of Seismic Coefficients.

z
Ca:
Na (required only for zone 4):
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z

z
Step 3: Determination of Seismic Importance Factor.
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z

z
Step 4: Determination of R Factor.

z
R factor basically reduces base shear V to make the system

economical. However the structure will suffer some damage as explained
in the earthquake design philosophy.
R factor depends on overall structural response of the structure under

lateral loading.
For structures exhibiting good performance, R factor will be high.
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z

z
Step 4: Determination of R Factor.
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z

z
Step 5: Determination of structures time period.

z
Structural Period (By Method A, UBC 97): For all buildings, the value T
may be approximated from the following formula:
T = Ct (hn)3/4
z
Where,
z
Ct = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and
Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings.
hn = Actual height (feet or meters) of the building above the base to the nth level.
eccentrically braced frames.
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z

z
Step 6: Determination of Base Shear (V).

z
Calculate base shear meeting the following criteria:

0.11CaIW V = (CI/RT) W (2.5CaI/R) W
For zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than:
V = (0.8ZNI/R) W
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z

z
Step 7: Vertical Distribution of V to storeys.

z
The joint force at a particular level x of the structure is given as:

Fx = (V Ft)xhx/ihi
(UBC sec. 1630.5)
{ i ranges from 1 to n, where n = number of stories }
Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in
addition to the Fx force at that level.
Ft = 0.07TV {for T > 0.7 sec}
Ft = 0 {for T 0.7 sec}

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Static Lateral Force Procedure

y Example: Calculate the base shear and storey forces of a five storey
building given in the figure. The structure is constructed on stiff soil
which comes under soil type SD of table 16-J of UBC-97.
The
structure is located in zone 3.

700 kip
800 kip
12-0
800 kip
800 kip
60-0
800 kip
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y Solution: Selection of Ca and Cv.
z
Base Shear (V) = {CvI/RT}W
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y Solution: Selection of I.
z
Therefore, I = 1.00
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y Solution: Selection of R.
z
Therefore, R = 8.5 (for SMRF)
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y Solution: Calculation of T and W
z
T = Ct (hn)3/4
w5 = 700 kip
w4 = 800 kip
= 0.030 (60)3/4
w3 = 800 kip
= 0.646 sec.
w2= 800 kip

z
12-0
W = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5
hn = 60-0
w1 = 800 kip
= 4 800 + 700
= 3900 kip
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y Solution: Therefore,
z
V = {CvI/RT}W
= {0.54 1.00/ (8.5 0.646)} 3900 = 383 kips
The total design base need not exceed the following:
V = (2.5CaI/R) W
= {(2.5 0.36 1.00)/ (8.5)} 3900 = 413 kips
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW
= 0.11 0.36 1.00 3900 = 154.44 kips
Therefore, V = 383 kip
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y Solution: Vertical distribution of base shear to stories
z
The joint force at a level x of the structure is given as:

Fx = (V Ft)xhx/ihi
{ i ranges from 1 to n, where n = number of stories }
Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in addition to the
Fx force at that level.
Ft = 0.07TV {for T > 0.7 sec}
Ft = 0 {for T 0.7 sec}
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z
Fx = (V Ft)xhx/ihi
ihi = 80012 + 80024 + 80036 + 80048 + 70060 = 138000 kip
Therefore for the case under consideration, Force for storey 1 is:
F1 = (383 0) 800 12/ {(138000)} = 27 kip
Storey forces for other stories are given in table below.

Table Storey shears.
Level
x
5
4
3
2
1
hx (ft)
60
48
36
24
12
wx
(kip)
700
800
800
800
800
wxhx (ft-kip)
wxhx /(wihi)
Fx (kip)
42000
0.304
117
38400
0.278
107
28800
0.209
80
19200
0.139
53
9600
0.070
27
wihi = 138000 Check Fx =V = 383 kip OK
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Table: Storey shears.
117 kips
700 kip
107 kips
800 kip
80 kips
800 kip
53 kips
800 kip
27 kips
800 kip
Level
x
5
4
3
2
1
hx (ft)
60
48
36
24
12
wx
(kip)
700
800
800
800
800
wxhx (ft-kip)
wxhx /(wihi)
Fx (kip)
42000
0.304
117
38400
0.278
107
28800
0.209
80
19200
0.139
53
9600
0.070
27
wihi = 138000 Check Fx =V = 383 kip OK
383 kips
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Gravity vs. Earthquake Loading in

Reinforced Concrete Building
y Reversal of stresses takes place
during earthquake shaking, fig.
y Earthquake
tension
and
shaking
reverses
compression
in
members
y Reinforcement is required on
both faces of members.
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ACI Special Provisions for

Seismic Design
y The principal goal of the Special Provisions is to ensure adequate
toughness under inelastic displacement reversals brought on by
earthquake loading.
y The provisions accomplish this goal by requiring the designer to
provide for concrete confinement and inelastic rotation capacity.
y No special requirements are placed on structures subjected to low or
no seismic risk.
y Structural systems designed for high and moderate seismic risk are
referred to as Special and Intermediate respectively.
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Seismic Design
y Based on moment resisting capacity, there are three types of RC
frames,
z
SMRF (Special Moment Resisting Frame),
IMRF (Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame),
OMRF (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame).
y Some general requirements will be presented first, which are

common to all frames. Specific requirements for each type of frame
are presented later on.
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Seismic Design
y General Requirements
z
Concrete in members resisting earthquake induced forces
Min fc = 3000 Psi (cylinder strength) for all types
No maximum limit on ordinary concrete
5000 psi is maximum limit for light weight
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Seismic Design
z
Reinforcement in members resisting earthquake induced forces

z
Grade 60, conforming to ASTM A 706 (low alloy steel)
Grade 40 or 60, conforming to ASTM A 615 (billet steel) provided that
Fy (actual) Fy (specified) +18 Ksi
Actual Ultimate / Actual Fy 1.25
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Seismic Design
z
Hoops, Ties and Cross Ties

z
Confinement for concrete is provided by transverse reinforcement

consisting of stirrups. hoops, and crossties.
To ensure adequate anchorage, a seismic hook (shown in figure) is used

on stirrups, hoops and crossties .
(Seismic Hook)
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Seismic Design
z
Hoops, ties and Crossties: Advantages

z
Closely spaced horizontal closed ties in column help in three ways:

they carry the horizontal shear forces induced by earthquakes, and thereby
i.
resist diagonal shear cracks,

ii.
they hold together the vertical bar and prevent them from excessively
bending outwards (in technical terms, this bending phenomenon is called
buckling), and
iii.
they contain the concrete in the column. The ends of the ties must be bent
at 135 hooks. Such hook ends prevent opening of hoops and
consequently buckling of concrete and buckling of vertical bars.
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ACI Provisions for Special

Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)
y
Provisions for Flexural Members

These provision applies to flexural members with:
z
z
Factored axial compressive force Agfc/10.
Note: These provisions generally apply to beams because axial load on beams
is generally 0 or less than Agfc/10.
z
However they are also applicable to columns subjected to axial load less
than Agfc/10.
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y

Size: The members must have:
1.
a.
clear span-to-effective-depth ratio of at least 4, (Ln/d 4)

e.g., for Ln = 15 ft, d = 16, Ln/d = 15 12/16 = 11.25 > 4, O.K.
b.
a width-to-depth ratio of at least 0.3, b/d 0.3

e.g., for width (b) = 12 and depth (h) = 18, b/h = 12/18 = 0.67 > 0.3, O.K.
c.
A web width of not less 10 inches.
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y

2.
Flexural Reinforcement
min = 3fc/fy, 200/fy (at critical sections)
max = 0.025 (at critical sections)
Asl
Min. 2 bars continuous at all sections
Asl+ (Asl)/2
Asr
Asr+ (Asr)/2
As or As+ (at all section) (maximum of As at either joint)/4

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y

3.
Transverse Reinforcement
d/4
s
8 smallest longitudinal bar diameter

24 hoop bar diameter
12
s d/2
2h
2h
Column
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Column
67

y

4.
Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.3 0.05 (fy/ fc)db
Lap Splice
50 db for fc 3 and fy 40 ksi

Lapping of
Longitudinal bars
Spacing of stirrups
Least of d/4 or 4
inches
2h
2h
Lapping prohibited in regions where
longitudinal bars can yield in tension
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y Mechanical Splice of Longitudinal Reinforcement
z
Mechanical Splices shall conform to 21.2.6.
Section 21.2.6 says that welded splice shall conform to 12.14.3.2

which states A full mechanical splice shall develop in tension or
compression, as required, at least 125 % of the specified yield
strength (fy) of the bar.
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y Welded Splice of Longitudinal Reinforcement
z
Welded Splices shall conform to 21.2.7.
Section 7.3.6 says that welded splice shall conform to 12.14.3.4

which states A full welded splice shall develop at least 125 % of
the specified yield strength (fy) of the bar.
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y
Provision for Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load

The provision applies to members with:
Factored axial compressive force > Agfc/10
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y

1.
Size
a)
Each side at least 12 inches
b)
Shorter to longer side ratio 0.4.
i.e. 12/12, 12/18, 12/24 OK; but 12/36 not O.K
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y
Provision for Frame Members

Subjected to Bending and Axial
Load
2.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Clear span, hc
0.01 g 0.06
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y
Provision for Frame
h1
Members Subjected
to
Bending
and
Axial Load
3.
lo
h2
Trans. Rein.
0.25 (smaller of h1 or h2)
6 long. bar dia.

so
lo
Larger of h1 or h2
Clear span/6
18
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6 long. bar dia.

6
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y
3.
Trans. Rein.
Provide add.
trans. reinf.
if thickness > 4
6db extension
6db 3
hx
hx
Alternate
90-deg hooks
hx
hx
hx
4 so = 4 + [(14 hx)/3] 6
hx = max. value of hx on all column faces
hx 14
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y
Provision for Frame Members Subjected

to Bending and Axial Load
4.
Lap Splice
Spacing of ties in lap

splice not more than
smaller of d/4 or 4
Tension lap splice

within center half of
member length
Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.3 0.05 (fy/ fc)db

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y
Joints of Special Moment Frame

Beam Column Joint
Beam
Column
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Column ties (with 135o)

hook continued through joint
(ACI 21.5.2)
77

y

z
Successful seismic design of frames require that the structures be

proportioned so that hinges occur at locations that least
compromise strength. For this, weak Beam-strong column
approach is used.
After design, the member capacities are calculated based on

designed section.
At joint, Column flexural capacity 1.20 x Beam flexural capacity
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y

z
Minimum Flexural Strength of Column at Joint
M+nc,t
M-nc,t
M+nb,r
M+nb,l
M-nb,l
M+
nc,b
M-nc,t
6(M+
M-nc,b
nb,l
M-nb,r)/5
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M-nb,r
M-nc,b
M+
nc,t
M+nc,b
6(M-nb,l
+ M+nb,r)/5
79

y

z
To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 21.5.1

requires that the column dimension parallel to the beam
reinforcement must be at least 20 times the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar.
Beam
Beam longitudinal
reinforcement with
diameter (db)
20db
Column
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y

z
Beam longitudinal reinforcement that is terminated within a

column. must be extended to the far face of the column core.
The development length (ldh) of bars with 90 hooks must be not
less than 8db, 6 inch, Or fydb/ (65 fc).
Beam
ldh
Beam longitudinal
reinforcement
Column
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ACI Provisions for Intermediate

Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)
y
Provision for Flexural Members

1.
Size: No special requirement (Just as ordinary beam

requirement).
2.
Flexural steel: Less stringent requirement as discussed next.
3.
Transverse steel: Same as for SMRF.
4.
Lap: No special requirement (Just as
ordinary beam
requirement).
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y

2.
min = 3fc/fy, 200/fy (at critical sections)

t 0.004
Asr
Asl
Asl+ (Asl)/3
Asr+ (Asr)/3
As or As+ (at all section) (maximum of As at either joint)/5

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y
Provision for Columns

1.
Size: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column

requirement)
2.
Flexural steel: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column

requirement)
3.
Transverse steel: Less Stringent requirement as given next.
4.
Lap: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column

requirement)
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y
lo
h1
so/2
h2
Trans. reinf. based on Mn and

factored tributary gravity load
so
8 smallest long. bar dia.

24 tie bar dia.
0.5 min. (h1 or h2)
12
Larger of h1 or h2
lo
Clear span/6
s d/2 (As per ACI 11.5.4)
18
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Miscellaneous Considerations
y IMRF are not allowed in regions of high seismic risk, however,
SMRF are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
y Unlike regions of high seismic risk, two way slab system without
beams are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
y In regions of low or no seismic risk ordinary moment resisting
frames OMRF are allowed but IMRF and SMRF may also be
provided.
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Design Example
y Example 1: Detail the selected frame of E-W interior frame of the
given structure as per SMRF requirements. The structure is
already designed for the following seismic zone data.
z
Seismic zone: 4
Magnitude of earthquake 7.0
Slip rate 5.0
Closest distance to known seismic source > 15 km.
Soil type: SD (stiff).
Concrete compressive strength = 3 ksi,
Steel yield strength = 40 ksi
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 3000 ksi.
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Design Example
y Given 3D structure:
fc = 3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
10.5 ft (floor to floor)
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
10.5 ft
15 ft
15 ft
10.5 ft
15 ft
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
Slab-Beam Frame
Structure
20 ft
Beams: 15 18 (d =15 inch)

Columns: 15 square
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Design Example
y Selected portion of E-W interior Frame:
Portion of frame
considered
20 ft
20 ft
CE 404
20 ft
20 ft
89
Design Example
y Reinforcement from Design:
For the beam in the given frame, we have
Asmin = 0.005 x15 x 15 = 1.125 in2
Asmax = 0.025x15 x 15 = 5.625 in2
Reinforcement in in2
Negative reinforcement at the ends and positive

1.61
1.61
1.02
1.21 1.02
2.25
reinforcement at the mid span must be greater

than Asmin and reinforcement at all locations must
be less than the Asmax
2.25
This is OK for the values on the given beam.

For the column, we have
Asmin = 0.01 x15 x 15 = 2.25 in2
This is also OK.
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
CE 404
20 ft
90
45
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Calculation of number of bars:
No. of bars = As/Ab
Use No. 5 bar,
Negative reinforcement at joint:
Left joint:
No. of #5 bars
1.61/0.31= 5.19 (take 6 bars in 2 layers)

Right joint:
6 bars
6 bars
4 bars 4 bars 4 bars

8 bars
Positive bars (mid span):
8 bars
1.21/0.31 = 3.9 (take 4 bars in 1 layer)

Positive bars (at joint):
Column reinforcement:
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
2.25/ 0.31 = 7.25 (take 8 bars for even distribution

of bars at all faces of column)
CE 404
91
Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Provisions for Beams

z
Sizes
z
ln/d = 20 12/15 = 16 > 4 (ACI 21.3.1.2 satisfied)
Width/ depth = 15/18= 0.833 > 0.3 (ACI 21.3.1.3 satisfied)
Width = 15 > 10, O.K.
Therefore 12 wide and 18 beams are OK
CE 404
92
46
4/25/2012
Design Example
z

z
Asl = 6 #5
Asr = 6 #5
Asmid+ = 4 #5
Asl+ = 4 #5
As (any section) Max. As at joints
As+ (at joints) As (at joints)
2 #5 bars (6 #5 bars)
4 #5 bars (6 #5 bars) OK
CE 404
Asr+ = 4 #5
OK
93
Design Example
z

z
d/4 = /4 = 3.75
8 smallest long. bar dia.= 8 5/8= 5
24 hoop bar diameter = 24 3/8= 9

12
2h = 36
s d/2 = 15/2 = 7.5
2h = 36
Column
CE 404
94
47
4/25/2012
Design Example
z

z
Lap Splice: If required then,

z
Not to be provided within joints. Not to be provided within 2h region from face of
the support.
Spacing of hoops within lap = least of d/4 or 4 c/c = 3.75 c/c
Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.30.05 (fy/ fc)db 30 = 2.5
50 db = 50 (5/8) = 31.25 2.5 for fc 3 and fy 40 ksi
2h=36
CE 404
2h=36
95
Design Example
z
Provisions for Columns

z
Size: All columns are 15 square, therefore the size is more than the
least required for SMRF (i.e., 12).
Flexural Reinforcement: All columns are reinforced with 8 #5 bars

which gives g = 0.011, within the specified range 0.01 g 0.06.
CE 404
96
48
4/25/2012
Design Example
y SMRF Requirements
Checklist
z

z
Transverse Reinforcement:
z
lo
#3 @ 3.75 c/c
throughout height
lo = max (larger column

dimension, hc/6, 18) = 18
hc = 8.5
Spacing of ties in lo region is

least of = smaller column
dimension/4, 6 long bar
dia = 3.75
8, #5 bars
lo
Spacing in the remaining

region will be least of 6
long bar dia or 6 = 3.75
CE 404
15 15
column
97
Design Example
z

z
Lap Splice:
z
Tension lap splice within center

half of member length.
Spacing of ties in lap splice not

more than smaller of d/4 or 4.
hc = 8.5
Continue 3.75 inch spacing.

z
Lap length = 1.3 0.05 (fy/ fc )db=

30 2.5
And from 50db = 50(5/8) =

31.25
CE 404
98
49
4/25/2012
Design Example
z
Provision for Joints

z
To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 21.5.1 requires that
the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement must be at
least 20 times the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
20 5/8 = 12.5
Column dimension parallel to beam long bar = 15, OK
CE 404
99
Design Example
z
6 #5 bars
2
Beam
6 #5 bars
Joint
CE 404
Column
100
50
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Example 2: A two dimensional frame of the building is shown in
figure 01. All beams in the frame are 12 wide and 18 deep. All
columns are 12 square. It is required only for frame BFGC to:
a.
Provide suitable number of bars in beams and columns for which flexural
reinforcement is shown in the figure (Use only #5 bars as main reinforcement
and #3 bars as transverse reinforcement).
b.
Provide suitable spacing for stirrups and ties when shear reinforcement as
per design is 0.23 in2/ft in all parts of the frame.
c.
Satisfy all SMRF requirements for beams and columns.
d.
Present appropriately proportioned structural details of beam and column.

Also draw the beam to column joint detail at detail X as shown in fig. 01.
Take fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
CE 404
101
Design Example
y Given Building:
1.2 in2
J
1.2 in2
1.0 in2
1.44 in2
1.44 in2
10 ft
F
2.4 in2
2.6 in2 3.0 in2
E 1.0 in2 1.2 in2 1.0 in2 1.2 in2
3.2 in2
10 ft
1.8 in2
3.2 in2
B
10 ft
Detail X
G
3.0 in2 2.6 in2
2.4 in2
H
1.2 in2 1.0 in2 1.2 in2 1.0 in2
3.2 in2
3.2 in2
ln =15 ft
10 ft
Figure 01: RC Building Frame

CE 404
102
51
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Solution of Part (a)
z
As given in problem, # of bars using #5 bars are as below:

J
# of bars = As/Ab
Negative reinforcement at joint:

F
2.6 in2 3.0 in2
1.2 in2
1.8 in2
G
3.0 in2 2.6 in2
1.2 in2
3.2 in2
Take 10 bars at joint for beam FG.

H
Positive bars (mid span):

1.8/0.31 = 5.80 (take 6 bars in 2 layers)
3.2 in2
Positive bars (at joint):

Column reinforcement:
3.2/ 0.31 = 10.32 (take 12 bars for even
10 ft
15 ft
10 ft
CE 404
distribution of bars at all faces of column)
103
Design Example
y Solution of Part (a)
F
E
(5+5) #5
4 #5
(5+5) #5
(4+2) #5
4 #5
12 #5
12 #5
B
10 ft
C
15 ft
CE 404
D
10 ft
104
52
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Solution of Part (b)
z
As given in problem, Shear reinforcement spacing with #3 bar is:

Spacing= (Ab/As) 12
With #3, 2 leg vertical stirrups (Ab = 0.22 in2)
Stirrup spacing for beams:

sb = (0.22/0.23) 12 = 11.47 c/c
As per ACI minimum reinforcement and maximum
0.23 in2/ft
spacing requirement, spacing should not exceed:
i. Avfy/50bw = 14 c/c
H
0.23
in2/ft
0.23
ii. d/2 = 16.5/2 = 8.25 c/c

iii. 24 c/c
iv. Avfy/{0.75(fc)bw = 17.85 c/c
in2/ft
Finally sb = 8.25 c/c

Tie spacing for column:
10 ft
15 ft
D
10 ft
CE 404
s = (0.22/0.23) 12 = 11.47 c/c

Spacing for tie bars according to ACI 7.10.5.1 is
minimum of:
16 dia of main bar =16 5/4 =10 c/c
48 dia of tie bar = 48 (3/8) =18 c/c
Least column dimension =12 c/c
Finally sc = 10 c/c
105
Design Example
y Solution of Part (b)
z
As given in problem, Shear reinforcement spacing with #3 bar is:

J
#3, 2 legged @ 8.25 c/c
H
#3, ties @ 10 c/c
B
10 ft
C
15 ft
CE 404
#3, ties @ 10 c/c
D
10 ft
106
53
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Solution of Part (c)
z
SMRF Requirements Checklist

z

z
Sizes
z
ln/d = 15 12/16.5 = 10.9 > 4 (ACI 21.3.1.2 satisfied)
Width/ depth = 12/18 = 0.66 > 0.3 (ACI 21.3.1.3 satisfied)
Width = 12 > 10, O.K.
Therefore 12 wide and 18 beams are OK.
CE 404
107
Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z

z
Asr = (5+5) #5
Asl = (5+5) #5
Asl+ = 4 #5
As+ (at joints) As (at joints)
4 #5 bars {(5+5) #5 bars} N.G
Provide at least 5 bars at joint.
Asmid+ = (4+2) #5
Asr+ = 4 #5
As (at all critical sections) Asmin

As Asmin = 4 #5 bars
O.K
As (any section) Max. As at joints
As (at any section) Asmax
Provide at least 3 bar
Asmax = 0.025bd = 16 #5 bars
CE 404
OK
108
54
4/25/2012
Design Example
z

z
Recommended Flexural Reinforcement
3 #5
Asl = (5+5) #5
Asmid+ = (4+2) #5
Asl+ = (4+2) #5
CE 404
Asr = (5+5) #5
Asr+ = (4+2) #5
109
Design Example
z

z
d/4 = 16.5/4 = 4.125 4
8 smallest long. bar dia.= 8 5/8= 5
24 hoop bar diameter = 24 3/8= 9
12
2h = 36
Column
s d/2 = 16.5/2 = 8.25
2h = 36
Note: Spacing calculated in part (b) (i.e., sb = 8.25)

of this problem does not govern for 2h regions.
However it governs elsewhere.
CE 404
110
55
4/25/2012
Design Example
z

z
Lap Splice: If required then,

z
Not to be provided within joints. Not to be provided within 2h region from face of
the support.
Spacing of hoops within lap = least of d/4 or 4 c/c = 4 c/c
Lap splice length =1.3 ld = 1.30.05 (fy/ fc)db 30 = 2.5
50 db = 50 (5/8) = 31.25 2.5 for fc 3 and fy 40 ksi
2h=36
CE 404
2h=36
111
Design Example
z

z
Size: All columns are 12 square, which is equal to least required for
SMRF (i.e., 12).
Flexural Reinforcement: All columns are reinforced with 12 #5 bars

which gives g = 0.025, within the specified range 0.01 g 0.06.
CE 404
112
56
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF
Requirements Checklist
z

z
Transverse Reinforcement:
z
lo = max (larger column dimension,
lo
hc/6, 18) = 18.5

z
Spacing of ties in lo region is least of =
hc = 9.25
smaller column dimension/4, 6 long
12, #5 bars
bar dia = 3
z
Spacing in the remaining region will be
lo
least of 6 long bar dia or 6 = 3.75
G.L
12 12
column
CE 404
113
Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF
Requirements Checklist
z

z
Lap Splice:
z
lo
Tension lap splice within center

half of member length.
hc = 9.25
Spacing of ties in lap splice not

more than smaller of d/4 or 4
Lap length = 1.3 0.05 (fy/ fc )db=

30 2.5
lo
And from 50db = 50(5/8) =

31.25
CE 404
G.L
12 12
column
114
57
4/25/2012
Design Example
z

z
To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 21.5.1 requires that
the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement must be at
least 20 times the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
20 5/8 = 12.5
Column dimension parallel to beam long bar = 12, Almost OK.
CE 404
115
Design Example
z
(5+5) #5 bars
2
Beam
(4+2) #5 bars
Joint
CE 404
Column
116
58
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Presentation of appropriately proportioned structural details of
beam, column and selected joint.
z
In this part, structural drawings showing all calculated SMRF details

have been asked to draw. This has already been done in part (c) along
with each member (beam and column) SMRF checks.
However in the examination, it is better to draw all drawings here in part

(d) at the same place to avoid waste of time.
Part (d) is shown next.
CE 404
117
Design Example
y Structural Details for beam (Long section):
Note: Lap splice is provided
only if required.
s = 4 (5+5) #5
2
3 #5
A
2h = 36
Column
s = 8.25
(4+2) #5
CE 404
(5+5) #5
(4+2) #5
2h = 36
(4+2) #5
118
59
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Structural Details for Beam (Cross sections):
(5+5) #5
#3, 2 legged
@ 4 c/c
18
(4+2) #5
3 #5
12
(4+2) #5
Section A-A
CE 404
#3, 2 legged
@ 8.25 c/c
18
12
Section B-B
119
Design Example
y Structural Details for Column:
lo = 18.5
12 #5
Lap length = 2.5
#3 ties @ 3 c/c
(throughout)
12
#3ties @ 3 c/c
12, #5 bars
lo = 18.5
12
G.L
12 12
column
CE 404
120
60
4/25/2012
Design Example
y Structural Details for Joints:
(5+5) #5 bars
2
Beam
(4+2) #5 bars
Joint
CE 404
Column
121
References
y ACI 318
y UBC-97
y BCP SP-2007
y Earthquake tips from IITK.
CE 404
122
61
4/25/2012
The End
CE 404
123
62

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4/25/2012

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deformation due to Earthquake

Horizontal and Vertical Earthquake Shaking

y How Architectural Features Affect Buildings During

Static & Dynamic Lateral Force Procedures

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provisions for SMRF

ACI Provisions for IMRF

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all three directions.

The structures designed for gravity loading (DL+LL) will be

The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either adds to or

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The structures are normally designed for horizontal shaking

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Depth of focus varies between 0 and 70 km.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Depth of focus varies between 70 and 700 km.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

0.3 T 1.0 sec

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The natural time period of a structure is its important characteristic

For a particular structure, the natural time period is a function of

T can be roughly estimated from: T = 0.1 number of stories

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures