wG

wG

Single number that represents the entire set of

data (average)

wG

wG

The sum of the scores divided by the number

of scores

wG

Symbolized by M or X-bar

wG

The mean may not necessarily be an actual

score in a distribution

wG

wG

X: 8, 6, 7, 11, 3
Sum = 35
N= 5
M= 7

wG

The point in a distribution that divides it

into two equal halves
Symbolized by Md

wG

1.

Arrange the scores in ascending or

descending numerical order

2.

Calculate the value of (N+1/2)

3.

round the (N+1/2)th item

wG

wG

wG

X: 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Median = 8

Y: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12
Median = 5.5

wG

Score or qualitative category that occurs

with the greatest frequency
Always used with nominal data, we find the
most frequently occurring category

wG

X: 8, 6, 7, 9, 10, 6
Mode = 6

Y: 1, 8, 12, 3, 8, 5, 6
Mode = 8

Can have more than one mode

1, 2, 2, 8, 10, 5, 5, 6
Mode = 2 and 5

wG

CI

Midpoint
x

91-100

95.5

81-90

85.5

71-80

75.5

61-70

65.5

51-60

55.5

41-50

45.5

31-40

35.5

wG

fX

477.5

10

855

15

1132.5

10

655

333

136.5

35.5

N = 50

fX
=3625

Mean

fX
N

M = 3625/50 = 72.5

wG

wG

wG

(1) Simple to understand

(2) Easy to compute,

(3) Capable of further mathematical treatment,

(4) Calculated on the basis of all the items of the series,
(5) It gives the value which balances the either side,
(6) Can be calculated even if some values of the series are
missing.
(7) It is least affected by fluctuations in sampling.

wG

(1) Extreme items have disproportionate effect.

(2) When data is vast, the calculations become tedious.
(3) In case of open end classes, mean can only be
calculated by making some assumptions.
(4) A. M. is not representative if series is asymmetrical.

wG

wG
LOCATION OF THE
MEDIAN CLASS

CI

Exact limit

56-60

55.5-60.5

51-55

50.5-55.5

40-50

45.5-50.5

41-45

cf

60

54

15

45

40.5 (L)-45.5

13 (f)

30

36-40

35.5-40.5

10

17 (M)

31-35

30.5-35.5

CI

N = 60

MEDIAN =

60
2

30

( N 2 m)
L
c
f

40.5

(60 2 17)
5
13

30 17
5
13
13
40.5
13
40.5 1 41.5
40.5

wG

Merits of Median
(1) Easy to calculate,

(2) Can be calculated even if the data is incomplete,

(3) It is unaffected in case of asymmetrical series,
(4) Useful in case the series of qualitative characteristics is
given for example beauty, intelligence etc.
(5) Median is a reliable measure of central tendency if in a
series, frequencies do not tend to be evenly distributed.
(6) Median can be expressed graphically.

wG

(1) Calculation of median requires arraying of items which

may be tedious if the data is large,
(2) It is not suitable for further arithmetic treatment because
its value is only positional and not mathematical,
(3) Affected by number of items and not values,
(4) It is very unstable. In case of any addition to the series, the
value of median would change,
(5) Items of extremes are given no importance.

wG

wG

(1) Easy to understand,

(2) Simple to calculate and locate,

(3) Quantitative data in ranking is possible, mode is very useful

(4) It is the actual value that is in the series,

(5) Mode remains unaffected by dispersion of series,

(6) Not affected by extreme items,

(7) Can be calculated even if extreme values are not known.

wG

(1) Mode cannot be subject to further Mathematical

treatment.
(2) It is quite likely that there is no mode for a series,
(3) Cannot be used if relative, importance of items have
to be considered,
(4) Choice of grouping has a considerable influence on
the value of the mode.

wG

3Median = 2 Mean + Mode