HUMAN RESPIRATION

By :
Name
Student ID
Entourage
Group
Assistant

: Fatahalani Rizkika
: B1K014017
: VII
:2
: Lucky Pratama Suharto

PRACTICUM REPORT OF ANIMAL PHISIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2015

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Respiration is process gas exchange oxygen (O2) from the air by living
organisms that used metabolism to a series which will produce carbon dioxide
(CO2) that has to be spent, because it is not needed by the body. Every living
being respiratory tract to get oxygen O2 used to burning nutrients in the cell
body. Respiration system in human involved total organs such as nose, mouth,
pharynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs. Function of respiratory system is
facilitating respiration gas exchange between the atmosphere, lungs and tissue
cells in the body (Medina, 2007).
A model breathing human have count level that different. Differences
in different psychological level, show that main components that unstable every
breath where each component played role in respiratory system (Verma et
al. , 2009). According to Madina (2007), respiratory mechanism divided into two
kinds that is breathing chest and stomach respiration. Breathing chest bones
happened because the movement of the rib cage by the muscles between his
ribs (intercostal). Stomach

breathing happen because muscle movements

diaphragm (which restrict chest cavity and abdominal cavity). Breathing is one of
the characteristics and the activity living creatures.
Lung function in gas exchange between out air and blood that is oxygen
from the air enter to blood, and carbon dioxide from blood out into the air. The
gas exchange occurs through layer that consists of epithelial cell membrane,
basalis, liquid among cells endothelial capillary, plasma, membrane red blood
cells, and fluid intrasel blood red. In addition, there is layer liquid
that thin surfactant on the surface and that to keep alveoli always distend. The
process gas exchange occurs passively, depending on the difference in gas that is
in every

compartement.

diffusion (setiadi, 2008).

The

process

gas

exchange occurs

with

the

1.2. Objective
The purpose of practical class is measured volume inspiration and
expiration of normal respiration (volume tidal), measure how much greater lung
capacity that can be accessed respiration (air capacity building vital), and measure
the amount of volume lungs that can accommodate respiration normal air for
1 minutes (total volume).

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1. Matter
The tools that used is this practical class are aquarium, large glass
measure, large glass and paper label, lapse, and stopwacth.
Materials used in practicum is water and human beings as practicant.
2.2 Method
How to use in practicum respiration human beings are as follows:
2.2.1. Calculate Tidal Volume (TV)
1. Pull your breath normally, then quickly exhale into the breaker through
the end of the hose.
2. Immediately disconnect the hose from your mouth. The loose end of
hose should be located higher than the breaker.
3. Look at the breaker scale, sign the volume of air that arise as your
exhale, the volume of air shows tidal volume respiration.
4. Perform the experiment also in practicant with different gender, then
compare the results
5. Perform experiment also after running activity.
6. Measured the volume of air that formed
2.2.2. Vital Capacity (CV)
1. Inhale deeply as hard, then quickly exhale into the breaker through the end
of the hose with a vengeance.
2. Immediately disconnect the hose from your mouth.
3. Sign the scale in beaker glass which indicates the volume of air in the
blow. Volume is a vital capacity of your lungs.
4. Perform the experiment also in practicant with different gender, then
compare the results
5. Measured the volume of air that formed
2.2.3. Total Volume (VT)
1.

To determine the total volume of your lungs do way as an experiment to

set the tidal volume

2. Do the calculation of how many times the amount of your breathing
during several minutes.

3. Perform the experiment during the normal respiration and after running
activities.
4. Multiply the results of tidal volume and breath for one minutes.

III.
3.1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Result

Table 1 . Observation Data of Human Respiration

Tidal Volume (ml)

Total Volume (ml)

(ml)

Group

Vital Capacity

Norma

l
200

107
500

Run
286
101
410

7200

1600

>2000

1400

Normal

Run

1800

5720

3317
10026

4545
26500

4
5

3.2.

557

500
138

1315

590
325

5
205
320

335
385
385

325
375
340

1785
1550

>2000

>2000

>2000
1375

11000

20090

27615

55400

10030
5850

90675
13760

5695
4620
12320

14950
15375
14950

Discussion
Normal conditions volume human lungs reached 4,500 cc, which is

referred to as total capacity air breathing man. In a normal condition, the event
that inspiration and expiration in respiration only using 500 cc volumes of air
respiration or called tidal capacity. From 500 cc air that is used to alveoli was only
350 cc, amount only to fill the respiratory tract. Even so, the capacity vital air
which is used in the process to breath reached 3500 cc, the 1000 cc is the rest that
the air cannot be used but always fills the lungs as suspended solids or air
remains. Capacity Building vital is the number of air maximum that can be issued
man after to fill his lungs in maximum (Cameron, 1999).

Based on the test results volume tidal group men and women of 500 ml
and 557 ml, first group 200 ml and 107 ml, group 3 normal 1315 ml and 590 ml,
group 4 normal 325 ml and 335 ml, group 5 of 385 ml and 385 ml in normal
condition . After running obtained tidal volume in the male and female group
1 of 286 ml and 101 ml, 2nd group of 500 ml and 410 ml, group 3 is 1385 ml
and 205 ml, group 4 is 320 ml and 325 ml, group 5 of 375 ml and 340 ml.
According to Pearce (2009), volume air to everyone is different , depending on the
size lung, the power to breath, and more long way to breath. The long activities,
detected frequency breathing more increasethat caused by the body movement
that strong, using many oxygen in muscles that can provide energy for activities,
will generate increase the number of carbon dioxide in the blood and consequently
enlargement pulmonary ventilatory apparatus to stimulate impulses center
respiratory tract.
Vital capacity in male and female group 1 is 7200 ml, and 1600ml, 2nd
group is >2000 ml and 1400 ml, group 3 is 1785 ml and >2000 ml, group is 1550
ml and >2000 ml, group 5 is >2000 ml and 1375 ml. in normally the vital capacity
of women is 3100 and man 4800. According to Guyton (1996), Volume and lung
capacity all about the women 20 to 25 percent less than men, and clearly higher
than in athletes and the people that have big body than the small body. This is
caused by differences muscle power men and women. The vital capacity lung also
is very influenced by physical characteristics, such as age, height and weight loss.
Main factors that affect vital capacity is the form anatomy, the position during the
measurement,muscle power when respiration and development to the chest. Other
factors that can affect vital capacity is temperature, density, the wight of body,
gender, the muscles power breathing, develop lung and order that is called the
compliance lungs.
Total Volume in the male and female normal had been found in from group
1 is 1800 ml and 3317 ml, 2nd group 10026 ml and 11000 ml, group 3 of 27615
ml and 10030 ml, group 4 5850 ml and 5695 ml, group 5 of 4620 ml and 12320
ml. After running total volume in the male and female group 1 increased to 5720
ml and 4545 ml, 2nd group of 26500 ml and 20090 ml, group 3 is 55400 ml
and 90675 ml, group 4 of 13760 ml and 14950 ml, group 5 of 15375

ml and 14960 ml. in normally the total capacity is 6000 ml and to women 4200
ml. The increase was to various factors, one of them was because the opening
some lung capillaries that had not actively affecting as well as large surface blood
and oxygen can diffuses (Guyton, 1996).
Breathing is double

process,

is

the

occurrence of gas exchange in the network or

breathing in and happens in the lungs named
breathing out. Air is drawn into the lungs and when
attractive time, driven to out the lung at the time
exhaling. When inhale air (inspiration) the chest
wall is actively interested in out by chest wall
contraction , and midriff chest (diaphragm) are
drawn

to

below.

Reduced

pressure in

the

lungs causes air flows to the lungs. Blowing

out (expiration) caused by lung shrinkage and was
followed

by chest

cavity diminished

(Aiello,

2008).
Shrinking lung volume also followed by
developers and shrinking chest cavity. Tension
between lung and chest wall called pressure
intrapleural or intrathoacic. Air pressure in the
lungs is inversely proportional to the pressure
outside of the lung. Pressure changes lung
influenced

by

changes

volume

lung,

the

relationship between changes volume and pressure

lung almost linear and restricted by the elasticity
organs of lungs ( A. Rifa'i et al, 2013).
Lung volume is volume movement that the
air in and out of the lung. Lungs volume can be
measured by using spirometer are closed. Volume
was divided into four types, namely:

1. Tidal

volume, is volumes

of

air inspired

and

expiration

in every

breathing normally and the number approximately 500ml.

2. Reserve Inspiration Volume, is additional air volume that can be inspired
above normal tidal volume and the total about about 3000ml.
3. Reserves Expiration Volume, total of air that are still able to out with
expiration strong after expiration normal tidal about 1100 ml.
4. Residual volume is volumes of air is left in the lungs after most expiration
strong. The total about 1200 ml (Setiadi, 2007).
A combination of lung capacity some volume lungs and then divided
into four parts, namely:
1. Inspiration capacity, the same as the volume tidal + volume reserves
inspiration, the amount 3500 cc.
2. Residual Functional capacity, the same as the volume reserves inspiration +
residual volume, the amount 2300 cc.
3. Vital capacity, the same as the volume reserves inspiration + volume
tidal+volume reserves expiration, the amount 4600 cc.
4. Lung total capacity, the same as the Total vital capacity + residual volume,
the amount 5,800 c (Astrand,1970).
There are several factors that affect the speed frequency respiratory
system that is age. Children under five years have frequency breathing faster than
younger siblings, the more age, the intensity breathing will be more decreased.
Gender, the man's frequency breathing faster than women. The body temperature,
more than the temperature of the body (fever) so, frequency will be even faster
respiration. Body position, frequency respiration increased when walk or run
compare with quite position, the frequency respiration standing position more
rapidly than sitting position, supin sleeping position respiratory frequency even
more rapidly than prone position. Activities, the more activities, so frequency will
be faster (Irianto, 2004).

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the test results and discussion, it can be obtained conclusion that
as follows:
1. Volume inspiration and expiration of normal respiration or volume tidal
obtained from group 2 of 500 ml for men , 557 ml for women in a normal
condition for women. 410 for men and 500 ml to women after run activity.
2. Vital capacity that can be accessed respiration of air to >2000 ml for men and
1400 ml for women.
3. The total of lung volume that can accommodate respiration normal for 1
minutes 11000 ml for men and 10026 ml for women in a normal condition.
20090 for men and 26500 for women after run activity.
4. Volume respiration influenced by several of factors that affect the speed
frequency breathing that age, gender, body temperature, body position, and
activity.

REFERENCE
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