Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
17(1), 3344
Aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite) and iron oxide (hematite) are the main components of
natural ores and industrial products. They are the basic raw materials for the production
of aluminum and steel. Thermodynamic methods were used to study the modification
of iron(III) oxide and aluminum hydroxide surfaces at different rates and conditions of
dissolution. Instrumentation utilized for this study were X-ray diffraction, field emission
scanning electron microscope and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area
analysis. Data from modified samples were evaluated using these methods for source
variation with encouraging results. Experimental results indicated that after dissolving in
acid, iron oxide had cracks and grooves on its surface but aluminum hydroxides surface
had no traces. The surface-modified phenomenon was recorded in the process of making
adsorbent from red mud generated from alumina production by Bayer process at Tan
Binh and Tan Rai Chemical Plants. BET analysis showed that the specific surface area of
red mud at Tan Binh and Tan Rai Chemical Plants dissolved in acid at a dissolution rate
of 10% which increased by 50% and 90%, respectively.
Key words: Aluminum hydroxide; iron oxide; dissolution; separation; solid phase
surface; adsorbent; red mud
Received: November 2014; Accepted: May 2015
Red mud is an insoluble residue produced
when refining of bauxite to finally obtain pure
aluminum. In Vietnam, red mud is a waste from
the production of alumina by Bayer process,
causing an alarming threat to the environment due
to its large quantity, high alkalinity and toxicity.
Many research and development activities are
going on throughout the world to study the
dissolution mechanism of red mud [1,2]. The
major composition of Tan Binh bauxites residue
is: Fe2O3, 47.74% and Al2O3, 18.19%. Therefore,
as an effective utilization of bauxite residue,
red mud is widely used to recover metallic
components and make adsorbents [1, 2].
Adsorbent can be made by mixing red mud in
acid to remove residual sodium and increase the
Instrumentation
(1)
(2)
1200
1100
1000
900
Lin Cps)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20
30
40
2-Theta-Scale
50
60
70
Hematite sample
Fe 10%
Fe 20%
Fe3+ 30%
Fe3+ 40%
Fe3+ 50%
9.64
19.42
29.34
39.32
49.40
3+
3+
Wi = K[H]m[Fe(II)](1+) z+[Fe(III)](1+) z+
nn == qq (Kred)n[A]n
ii == qq (Kox)i[A]i
(3)
Figure 3. A: SEM images of untreated hematite sample; (B), (C), (D), (E), (F): SEM images of hematite at
dissolution rate of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively.
Hematite sample
Sample expected
dissolution rate
Untreated Fe2O3
3.8813
4.3718
4.9394
4.1314
3.8623
3.6892
Figure 4. SEM image of hematite dissolved in 20% sulphuric acid at 10 000x magnification.
Lin (Cps)
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20
30
40
2-Theta-Scale
50
60
70
Al atoms
OH lower layer
OH upper layer
a
Figure 6. Structure of Gibbsite [4, 5].
Aluminium
Al 10%
Al 20%
Al3+ 30%
Al3+ 40%
Al3+ 50%
9.83
19.70
29.10
39.72
49.70
3+
3+
Figure 7. A: SEM image of untreated gibbsite sample; (B), (C), (D), (E), (F): SEM images of gibbsite at
dissolution rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively.
Lin (Cps)
10
20
30
40
2-Theta-Scale
Figure 8. X-ray diffraction of Tan Binh red mud [11].
50
Table 4. Dissolution efficiency and solid phase composition of Tan Binh red mud in.
Dissolution efficiency
Sample expected
dissolution rate
Fe (%)
Al (%)
Fe2O3 (%)
Al2O3 (%)
47.73
18.19
0.35
21.24
42.68
27.2
1.9
31.88
39.58
24.93
13.07
79.6
19.13
12.08
3+
3+
Red mud 0%
105.4
54.68
154.7
100.91
150.8
95.59
142.5
91.56
137.1
85.50
Figure 9. SEM images of red mud images at dissolution rate of (A) 10%, (B) 20%, and (C) 30%.
Table 6. Ion adsorption capacity of adsorbents made from red mud [13].
Ion
Ni
2+
As (III, V)
19.2
35.8
0.79
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