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Submitted By:
Manvi Valecha
401/MBA/08
MBA 4th Semester
1
I, Manvi Valecha, Roll No. 401/MBA/08, MBA 4th Sem. of P.D.M. College of
Challenges of Working Women in MNCs” is an original work and same has not
been submitted to any other institute for the award of any other Degree. The
interim report was presented to the Supervisor on __________ and the pre-
Countersigned
Forwarded by
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There is always a sense of gratitude which one express to other for the helpful and
service they render during all work at life. I grate fully acknowledge the
inspiration, encouragement, guidance, help and valuable suggestions received
form all my well-wishers.
I am highly grateful to Dr. Nandita Rathi, Head of the Deptt. P.D.M. College
of Engineering, Bahadurgarh for their constant support during my report. I
would also like to thank Dr. Nidhi Mishra, Asst. Professor, Deptt. of Mgt.
Studies for her kind attitude towards me and for their co-operation remained as a
constant source of inspiration during my report also for having spared her precious
time in spite of her busy and tight schedule.
I would also like to thanks all other persons, respondents and my friends for their
learned advice and guidance always kindled inspiration in the face of difficulties
encountered in the course of this work and create this report.
And the last but not the least I would like to thanks the Almighty God and my
beloved parents for all the blessings during the project.
MANVI VALECHA
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KEY CHALLENGES OF WORKING WOMEN
The financial demands on the Indian families are becoming fiercer day by day.
The sky rocketing cost of living, increasing expenses on education of children,
increasing cost of housing properties in India force every family in India to look
for ways and means of increasing the household income. As a result, women in
India who were mostly known as homemakers are forced to go for jobs and take
up even careers that were considered only suitable for men such as working in
night shifts in call centers or BPOs. They are left with no option but to fend for
their families in all possible ways.
Working women in India are faced with lot more challenges than their
counterparts in the other parts of the world. In India men do not share on most of
the household chores, it is women who have to cook, clean the house, do the
dishes, wash clothes, get their children ready for school etc. Men just took care of
few chores that are to be dealt outside the house. So the major burden of running
the family is on the shoulders of women. It was alright for women to handle all
the chores as long as they were homemakers. Now with their increasing need for
getting some income for the family, they have to work all the more harder. They
have to take up a 9 to 5 job plus handle all the household chores that they handled
as a homemaker. Men’s role has not changed much. Women have started
sleeping lesser than before because only when they wake up early they can cook
for the family, get themselves ready for the job, get their children ready for the
schools, so on an average, women lost 2 hours of sleep per day and up to 14 hours
sleep per week.
If they happened to work in a highly pressurized environment, then they will bring
home their work and that cuts few more hours of sleep. It is not just about the
reduced sleep, but such a lifestyle builds stress. This stress is passed on to the
family and frustration level builds up in the family. This leads to relationship
problems. They have to handle harassments at their workplace, sometimes just to
overlook things to ensure that their job is not jeopardized in anyway. Many Indian
families are still living as joint families along with the parents and in-laws. This
adds to their stress further because they have to please all the family members of
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her husband.. Overall, majority of women in India look towards or live in the hope
that things will change. Some of us have given up that hope and learnt to accept
that nothing can be done about it. India has a long way to go before our women
will be able to live their lives to the full. They have to handle harassment's at their
work place, sometimes just over look
Women in India have come a long way! From just a skilled homemaker women
today have acquired skills and capabilities of not just being a homemaker but
being at par with their male counterparts. This is the new generation of women,
who wants to pursue their dream career. But this life is not a bed of roses for all.
“The most glaring dilemma is the time factor. More conflict arises with the
working mother. One has to fulfill the demand at work followed by various
demands at home. In today’s scenario the husband and wife both work towards
creating a balance with their work life as well as at home with their children. But
it is still difficult for women as she has to play multiple roles of a cook, a family
maid, a tutor, a nurse as well as cater to the demands of office work. This can
leave a working woman stressed and anxious; more so if the family is not
supportive. “With equal pay come equal responsibilities
“There are a lot of dilemmas that a working woman has to go through. Glass
ceiling effect- asking personal questions during an interview about family and
marriage, biases for promotions, sexual harassment, lack of flexible working
hours, lack of women mentors and bosses in organizations are just to name a few.
And even at home a woman has to look after the child no matter how supportive
her family or husband is. It is the woman who is blamed if the child does not
perform well in school. A working mother is also always eager to get back home
as soon as possible- so there are problems of late sittings in office. There is always
a guilt factor as it is tough for women to pursue their career dreams. Sometimes
women do take the advantage of being the fairer sex and want equal pay; don’t
want late sittings because of family problems but then they should also not crib
about not getting promoted fast enough. You need to compromise somewhere.
Amongst all this it is also extremely important for the woman to take care of her
health as she is more susceptible to illness due to stress and age factors. It is not a
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rosy picture but it is not that bad a scenario. Despite all the dilemmas and
challenges women still find a way to pursue their dreams and dual working
couples enjoy their chosen lifestyle.
Out of the total 397 million workers in India, 123.9 million are women. Of these,
roughly 106 million women work in rural areas and the remaining 18 million
work in urban areas. Ninety six per cent of the women workers are in the
unorganized sector. Overall, the female work participation rate has increased from
19.7 per cent in 1981 to 25.7 per cent in 2001. In the rural areas, it has increased
from 23.1 per cent to 31 per cent and in the urban areas from 8.3 per cent to 11.6
per cent. Although more women seek work, a vast majority of them get only
poorly paid jobs in the informal sector, without any job security or social security.
This is because of the increasing unemployment and under employment among
the male members of the family and the increasing cost of living as a result of the
neo liberal economic policies.
• The hazards, which working women face along with their male colleagues,
i.e. those common to all the workers, in the era of globalization
• The hazards, which working women face as women, at the work place
• The hazards, which working women face in their families and in the
society
In addition, women who actively participate in trade union activities also have to
encounter many other problems, which their male counterparts do not face.
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COMMON HAZARDS
The most serious hazard faced by the working class in the era of globalization is
the increasing threat to job security. The informal sector is fast expanding, while
the organized sector is shrinking. Contract, casual, temporary, part-time, piece-
rated jobs and home based work etc are increasingly replacing permanent jobs. To
circumvent resistance to amendments to labour laws and to give the employers the
freedom to ‘hire and fire’ workers, the governments of the day are resorting to
various back door measures. The NDA government had introduced ‘fixed term’
employment through an administrative order, which continues under the present
UPA regime. Special Economic Zones, which are areas deemed to be outside our
territory, are being opened in large numbers throughout the country. While there is
no explicit provision that labour laws would not be applied in these zones, in
practice, even labour commissioners are not allowed inside these zones and the
workers are practically at the mercy of the employers. Neither the central nor the
state governments intervene to protect the interests of the workers. Even in the
public sector, the number of contractor workers is increasing.
On the pretext of abolishing ‘Inspector Raj’ attempts are being made to give a free
hand to the employers to flout all labour laws with impunity. The UPA
government has introduced bills giving exemption to small and medium
enterprises from maintaining several records and registers, which mostly relate to
the workers. It has also changed the definition of small enterprises by increasing
the number of workers. Due to the strong opposition from the Left parties and
trade unions, the government has agreed to remove the labour related clauses from
the bills, though the bills in the new form have not yet been introduced in the
parliament. All these have adverse impact not only on the working conditions of
the workers, but also on their health.
The workers in the informal sector, a large number of who are women, have no
job security. Work is often unskilled or low skilled and low paid. Availability of
work is irregular; when work is available, they have to work for long hours. Not
just in the unorganized sector or in the small enterprises, but also in the modern
sectors like the IT, automobile industry etc, workers are forced to work for 12
hours while the concerned governments choose to ignore this open flouting of the
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labour laws. The uncertainties in getting work and the dire need to keep it in the
midst of intense competition and the necessity to evolve strategies for this, cause
mental tension, strained social relationships, psychological problems and chronic
fatigue, all of which are difficult to prove as work-related.
Piece rated work contributes significantly to the level of fatigue felt by the
workers. The wages of piece rated workers depend on the speed with which they
work. Some studies indicate that out of the workers who suffer from ‘neurosis’, 71
per cent are piece rated workers as against 26.5 per cent who receive daily or
monthly wages.
Several traditional industries where women work in large numbers like coir,
handloom, food processing etc have undergone changes in the forms of production
with the introduction of machines, power looms etc, which result in the loss of
employment for large number of women. With the introduction of machines,
women in manufacturing are replaced by men.
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the increased workload due to domestic responsibilities, lead to fatigue among
women. Worry, responsibility, strong emotions, concentrated attention or
precision required by some jobs like embroidery, assembly of electronic or
electric appliances, gems, jewellery etc, and exhaustion caused by intellectual or
mental activities also produce fatigue. A large number of women workers
complain of symptoms such as irritability, mood swings, and depression, sadness
and concentration problems. The exhausting conditions make it difficult to
recognize these states as ‘abnormal’. Fatigue is generally not considered an
illness, but if it is neglected, it can lead to a variety of illnesses.
Certain types of work, where the worker is subordinated to machines, which are
boring and do not require any personal initiative, also cause fatigue. The attitudes
of the employers or supervisors that tend to create feelings of inferiority,
uselessness or inability also result in mental fatigue. Various studies show that
fatigue and stress related illnesses are common in the sectors that employ mostly
women. A study on data entry operators indicated high levels of fatigue and stress
due to the intense pressure of their work, the high degree of job dissatisfaction and
the lack of initiative and creativity required by the position.
Majority of women working in the organized sector have been employed in the
public sector. But with restructuring and downsizing of workforce in the public
sector and government departments, as a part of the neo-liberal policies, women
are the first to be retrenched, because of the general perception that women’s
income is supplementary. Women have been forced to go on VRS in some banks,
under threat to transfer to far-off places; Coal India has formulated a special VRS
package for women.
9
Women working in the informal sector do not have any child-care facilities. Even
in the organized sector, crèches are not provided in most of the establishments.
Even where they do exist, they are either ill-equipped or are not maintained
properly, as a result of which women are reluctant to keep their children in such
crèches. Most often women workers, particularly in the informal sector, are forced
to leave their children at home, under the care of their elder children, or old people
or neighbours. This causes great anxiety and emotional strain. Some studies
indicate that this is a major problem for working women in the EPZs.
The government has decided to amend the Factories Act allowing women workers
to work in the night shift. Women have been working in hospitals, in the telecom
department and in the fish processing industry in the night shift. But in the era of
globalization, the export oriented units in EPZs and call centres etc are employing
women in large numbers in the night shift, without providing proper protection or
transport facilities to them. The case of Pratibha working in the multinational
company HP in Bangalore, who was brutally raped and murdered, is only an
example of the serious hazard that women working in the night shifts face.
Besides, women who work in the night shift generally are not in a position to take
proper rest during the day because of their domestic responsibilities, impacting
their health.
Though more and more women are coming out in search of paid employment and
their families also need their income, the attitude towards women and their role in
the family has not undergone much change. Women continue to be perceived as
weak, inferior, and second-class citizens. In capitalist society, this feudal attitude
is utilized by the capitalist classes to further exploit women and increase their
profits. For working women, this discrimination is extended to the workplace also.
Even today, looking after the family and children is generally perceived to be the
primary responsibility of women. With the State retreating from its minimum
responsibilities of providing welfare measures and privatization of basic services
like health, education etc, and women are forced to spend more time and energies
on these responsibilities towards their children and other family members. The
unpaid labour of women in providing these services to the family increases their
burden while at the same time helping the employers in keeping the wages low.
Because of this perception, which is prevalent even among most of the working
women, women have to shoulder the entire burden of domestic chores, which they
try to complete before leaving for work, with little help from the other,
particularly the male members of the family. Many women have reported not to
have a proper meal before leaving to work. Improper and insufficient dietary
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intakes along with the heavy workload result in nutritional disorders. In addition,
this perception that they alone are responsible for the domestic work, leads to a
feeling of guilt when they are not able to look after the children or the family due
to their official work, often resulting in emotional disorders.
Working women face double burden due to their domestic and official
responsibilities. That is one of the important reasons for women not coming
forward to take more responsibilities in the trade unions. It is very rare to find
family support for women who play an active role in trade union activities.
Besides the physical burden, women trade union activists often become victims of
character assassination. There have been many instances where women trade
union leaders had to face physical and mental violence, including attempts to
murder and murder, from family members because of their trade union activities.
It is an open truth that working women have to face problems just by virtue of
their being women. Working women here are referred to those who are in paid
employment. Social attitude to the role of women lags much behind the law.
This attitude which considers women fit for certain jobs and not others colors
those who recruit employees. Thus women find employment easily as nurses,
doctors, teachers the caring and nurturing sectors, secretaries or in assembling
jobs-the routine submissive sectors. But even if well qualified women engineers
or managers or geologists are available, preference will be given to a male of
equal qualification. A gender bias creates an obstacle at the recruitment stage
itself. When it comes to remuneration the law proclaims equality but it is seldom
put into practice. The inbuilt conviction that women are capable of less work
than men or less efficient than men governs this injustice of unequal salaries and
wages for the same job. The age old belief of male superiority over women
creates several hurdles for women at their place of work. Women on the way up
the corporate ladder discover that they must be much better than their male
colleagues to reach the top. Once at the top male colleagues and subordinates
often expect much greater expertise and efficiency from a woman boss than
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from a male boss. Conditioned by social and psychological tradition women
colleagues too don’t lend support to their own sex.Working in such conditions
inevitably put much greater strain on women than what men experience. These
problems tend to make women less eager to progress in their careers. Indeed
many of them choose less demanding jobs for which they may even be over-
qualified. A woman’s work is not merely confined to paid employment.
She has to almost always shoulder the burden of household chores as well. A
woman could still bear up with these problems if she had control over the
money she earns. But in most families even now her salary is handed over to
father, husband or in-laws. So the basic motive for seeking employment of
getting independence is nullified in many women’s case. Problems of gender
bias beset women in the industrial sector.
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an additional dizzying array of tasks and duties to be performed on a daily basis
over and above those of mothers who don't work outside the home.
Working mothers not only have the challenge of getting themselves and their
children up and dressed and out the door, every aspect of their working lives is
impacted by their parecting esponsibilities. If a child is sick, working mothers
must arrange for emergency care and/or schedule a doctor appointment for the
child.
Working mothers also have to call out from work or negotiate with the child's
father to switch off at mid-day so neither parent misses a full day of work. Some
employers don't allow paid time off to care for children, so working mothers face
the potential loss of pay when a child is ill or needs to have a regular medical
checkup.
Working mothers begin their second job when they leave the workplace every
day. Dinner must be prepared, laundry done, children bathed, homework
completed, dishes washed and children put to bed before mom's evening activities
begin!
Most people already know without even looking at statistics that women earn less
money than men, and that women have fewer employment and advancement
opportunities (despite the fact more women hold higher degrees than men), but
here are some other areas where women are disadvantaged:
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• During a recession men's median salaries stagnant but women's salaries
have already dropped 3%.
• For every dollar a man earns working full-time, female workers only earn
77 cents for the same jobs.
• Women are also less likely to be eligible for employee benefits and
employment-based retirement plans such as a 401(k).
• Lower wages and higher expenses mean women also have fewer savings
and assets than men.
Men and woman pay the same high prices for food, gas, but women often bear
expenses that men, with higher incomes, do not.
Because of loopholes, changes in child support laws, and fewer affordable legal
resources for women, an increasing number of men are defaulting on child
support. This means more women are now paying all, or disproportionate
amounts, to provide for the needs of their children.
Women often pay higher insurance premiums and more out-of-pocket health care
costs than men, who do not have to pay for birth control or maternity benefits, and
because more women pay for health insurance for their children than do men.
Women's credit scores are generally equal to or better than men's, but with lower
incomes and smaller assets, to purchase a home women need to go with a
"subprime" mortgage 30-40% more often than men, which means lower down
payment, but higher monthly payments.
15
According to Erin Parrish in the Minnesota Press, " Women often fall victim to
risky lending practices, not only because they are more likely to lack financial
literacy skills, but also because they are offered subprime mortgages at a higher
rate than men. Insecure lending programs are often what push women over the
edge, forcing them to choose between feeding their families or paying off debt."
Glass ceiling
However, this glass ceiling tends to cripple working women the most this barrier
prevents large numbers of women, ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities from
obtaining and securing the most powerful, prestigious, and highest-grossing jobs
in the workforce. This barrier makes many women feel as they are not worthy
enough to have these high-ranking positions, but also they feel as if their bosses
do not take them seriously or actually see them as potential candidates
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Types of Glass Ceiling Barriers
This gap is the difference in both the wages and earnings between males and
females who have equivalent job titles, training experience, education, and
professions. In most circumstances, women are paid less than men when all of
these factors are comparable.
It was found that customers prefer white men employees, which is why such
workers may continue to earn 25 percent more than equally-well performing
women and minorities. It was also found that customers who viewed videos
featuring a black male, a white female, or a white male actor playing the role of an
employee helping a customer were 19% more satisfied with the white male
employee's performance and also were more satisfied with the store's cleanliness
and appearance. This despite that all three actors performed identically, read the
same script, and were in the exact same location with identical camera angles and
lighting. Moreover, 45 percent of the customers were women and 41 percent were
non-white, indicating that even women and minority customers prefer white men.
In a second study, they found that white male doctors were rated as more
approachable and competent than equally-well performing women or minority
doctors. They interpret their findings to suggest that employers are willing to pay
more for white male employees because employers are customer driven and
customers are happier with white male employees.
17
Men tend to be highly concentrated in the top professions, such as supervisors,
managers, executives, and production operators. On the other hand, women tend
to be over-represented in the lowest-ranking and lowest paid professions in the
workforce, such as secretaries, sales associates, teachers, nurses, and child care
providers. As a result, occupations become “sex typed” as either being specifically
male or female jobs. The stereotypically male-characterized occupations, in which
at least 60-75% of the workers are males, are more highly paid than occupations
in which 60-75% of the jobholders are women. This segregation of women into
less-prestigious and lower-ranked jobs also decreases a woman’s chance of being
promoted, as well as the chance of having any type of power over others.
Moreover, occupational segregation reduces women’s access to insurance,
benefits, and pensions.
Males not only have superior statuses than women between jobs, but also within
the jobs themselves] Women are concentrated into the lower-ranked and lower-
paid occupations within a given profession. If women are in management
positions, they are more likely to be in personnel than in marketing professions;
the averages salaries of each are $48,048 and $56,940 per year, respectively.
Another example occurs within the medical field. Female doctors are much more
likely to be heavily constricted in the family practice or pediatric specialties,
which average about $130,000 and $126,000 per year, respectively. However,
men are more likely to become surgeons and highly specialized medical
practitioners, who tend to average $240,000 or more per year.
This gender wage gap is present within all realms of the workforce – blue collar,
managerial, and professional occupations. Only 16% of the top executive
positions in America’s largest corporations and enterprises are held by women.
Additionally, the median weekly income of full-time working women is only
70.5% of full-time working men. This statistic tends to hold true across all fields
of work. Gender Equality is often embedded within the social hierarchy and this
affects how women and men are perceived in leadership roles. Different traits are
ascribed to females when compared to males that often color the selection process
with unfounded bias. If a female does have other traits aside from the gendered
traits that she is believed to possess, then she is viewed negatively For example, in
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a study conducted by Thomas-Hunt and Phillips (2004) they found that when
women possessed expertise they were actually viewed as less influential by others.
However, expertise was positive for males. Also, female led groups were less
productive than male led groups even though the women held expertise in the area
just like males. Therefore, possessing expertise is not viewed as positively as it is
for males. This also suggests that lack of skills is not the only reason why women
are not deemed worthy of leadership roles. One consequence of sex stereotypes is
that women's achievements tend to be devalued or attributed to luck or effort
rather than ability or skill, and therefore this stereotype has the potential to reduce
the organizational awards that they receive.
It was also found that in a study conducted with 448 upper-level employees that
women were less likely to be promoted than males, and if they were promoted
they had stronger performance ratings than males. However, performance ratings
were more strongly connected to promotions for women than men. This suggests
that women had to be highly impressive to be considered eligible for leadership
roles, whereas this was not the case for men.
Women are more likely to choose jobs based on factors other than pay, for
instance: health care and scheduling that can be managed with the duties of
primary care of children for which women are still overwhelmingly responsible,
and thus they may be less likely to take jobs that require travel or relocation or
jobs that are hazardous. On average, women take more time off and work fewer
hours, often due to the unequal distribution of childcare labor, domestic labor,
medical needs specific to women, and other family issues that tend to fall to a
woman's responsibility per the gender roles assigned by society. The ending result
of women’s extensive obligation to attend to responsibilities of the home and
children is that their wages plummet. Family demands have a downward pull on
women’s earnings as they proceed throughout their life course. The earnings gap
tends to widen considerably when men and women are in their early to mid-
thirties; the gap reaches the widest point when men and women are in their fifties
Another perspective on the gender wage gap comes from a 2008 research study by
Judge and Livingston. They investigated the relationship(s) between gender,
gender role orientation, and labor marker earnings. The study did not specifically
19
look at the gender wage gap, but focused more on the impact that the interaction
between gender role orientation (people’s beliefs about what occupations are
considered suitable and appropriate for males and females) and gender has on
earnings. The researchers suggested that the gender wage gap cannot fully be
explained through economic factors, offering that underlying psychological
components and attitudes account for some of the difference. They found that
while traditional gender roles were positively connected to earnings, that gender
significantly predicted the amount and direction of this relationship. For instance,
traditional gender role orientation was positively related with earnings for males,
providing them with strong earnings. Meanwhile, traditional gender role
orientation was slightly negatively associated with earnings for females, providing
them weaker earnings. This suggests that men who have traditional male-female
attitudes about working are rewarded in the workplace for seeking to maintain the
social order, while women were neither rewarded nor punished. In general, the
study indicated that even though gender role beliefs are beginning to become less
traditional for men and women, traditional gender role orientation continues to
intensify the gender wage gap.
Promotions were defined as involving two or more of the following criteria that
may occur within or between organizations: significant increases in salary;
significant increases in scope of responsibility; changes in job level or rank; or
becoming eligible for bonuses, incentives, and stock plans. Given this definition,
respondents were asked how many promotions they had received over the past 10
years. Respondents also reported their current annual compensation, which
included salary, bonuses, commissions, stock options, and profit sharing. The
findings showed that those who feared more negative consequences to disclosure
reported less job satisfaction, organizational commitment, satisfaction with
opportunities for promotion, career commitment, and organization-based self-
esteem and greater turnover intentions than those who feared less negative
consequences.
20
Although there is a glass ceiling, many women recently have surpassed that
hurdle. When at the top management, many women feel isolated like outsiders
Most of the time they are the only female at that level and are surrounded by
males. Many women have faced sexual harassment, wage inequality, blocked
movement and gender stereotyped roles Women are said to have different styles
of leadership and management once they break the barrier. They are generalized
to be more nurturing and caring in nature than men are stereotypically, more
“tough” and shrewd in business, which is sometimes seen as positive traits.
Women’s traditional role is in the home, taking care of children, and keeping
house. The stereotype of maternal leadership stems from that. Some men in senior
management that do not want to see women climb the corporate ladder believe
that they do not have the qualities to lead a company. Many believe that making
assumptions about the way women act in a leadership position perpetuates the
stereotypes that cause the glass ceiling there are many reasons why women have
been able to break the barrier. Some believe that having women on an executive
board is a positive thing been more But, the perception of a woman’s role is
changing with the younger generation. All mothers share in the common task of parenting
their children and the inherent responsibilities of nurturing, teaching, guiding and loving them.
. Working mothers face an additional dizzying array of tasks and duties to be performed on a
daily basis over and above those of mothers who don't work outside the home.
Working mothers not only have the challenge of getting themselves and their
children up and dressed and out the door, every aspect of their working lives is
impacted by their parenting responsibilities. If a child is sick, working mothers
must arrange for emergency care and/or schedule a doctor appointment for the
child.
Working mothers also have to call out from work or negotiate with the child's
father to switch off at mid-day so neither parent misses a full day of work. Some
employers don't allow paid time off to care for children, so working mothers face
the potential loss of pay when a child is ill or needs to have a regular medical
checkup.
Working mothers begin their second job when they leave the workplace every
day. Dinner must be prepared, laundry done, children bathed, homework
21
completed, dishes washed and children put to bed before mom's evening activities
begin!
Most people already know without even looking at statistics that women earn less
money than men, and that women have fewer employment and advancement
opportunities (despite the fact more women hold higher degrees than men), but
here are some other areas where women are disadvantaged that you might now
know about:
Men and woman pay the same high prices for food, gas, but women often bear
expenses that men, with higher incomes, do not.
22
dads fail to pay child support, many women have to pick up the tab by taking on
additional, low-wage jobs to try and make ends meet.
Because of loopholes, changes in child support laws, and fewer affordable legal
resources for women, an increasing number of men are defaulting on child
support. This means more women are now paying all, or disproportionate
amounts, to provide for the needs of their children.
Women often pay higher insurance premiums and more out-of-pocket health care
costs than men, who do not have to pay for birth control or maternity benefits, and
because more women pay for health insurance for their children than do men.
Women's credit scores are generally equal to or better than men's, but with lower
incomes and smaller assets, to purchase home women need to go with a
"subprime" mortgage 30-40% more often than men, which means lower down
payment, but higher monthly payments.
According to Erin Parrish in the Minnesota Press, “Women often fall victim to
risky lending practices, not only because they are more likely to lack financial
literacy skills, but also because they are offered subprime mortgages at a higher
rate than men. Insecure lending programs are often what push women over the
edge, forcing them to choose between feeding their families or paying off debt."
Telecommuting
Technology
The roots of telecommuting lay in early 1970s technology, linking satellite offices
to downtown mainframes by dumb terminals using telephone lines as a network
bridge. The massive ongoing decrease in cost and increase in performance and
usability of personal computers forged the way to decentralize even further,
moving the office to the home. By the early 1980s, these branch offices and home
workers were able to connect to the company mainframe using personal
computers and terminal emulation. Long distance telework is facilitated by such
tools as groupware, virtual private networks, conference calling,
videoconferencing and Voice over IP (VOIP). It can be efficient and useful for
companies as it allows staff and workers to communicate over a large distance,
saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. As broadband Internet
connections become more commonplace, more and more workers have enough
bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home office to their corporate
intranet and internal phone networks.
Potential Benefits
For communities, telecommuting can offer fuller employment (by increasing the
employ-ability of proximal or circumstantially marginalized groups, such as Work
at home parents and caregivers, the disabled, retirees, and people living in remote
areas), reduces traffic congestion and traffic accidents, relieves the strain on
transportation infrastructures, reduces greenhouse gases, saves fuel, reduces
energy use, improves disaster preparedness, and reduces terrorism targets.
For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of
illness, reduces costs, increases productivity, reduces turnover and absenteeism,
24
and improves employee morale, offers a continuity of operations strategy,
improve their ability to handle business across multiple time zones, and hasten
their cultural adaptability. Full-time telework can save companies approximately
$20,000 per employee.
Environmental Benefits
Employee Satisfaction
Current Trends
Telework centers allow people to reduce their commute yet still work in a
traditional office setting. Some Telework Centers are set up by individual
companies while others are established by independent organizations for use by
25
many organizations. Telework centers are attractive to people who do not have the
space or inclination to work from home. They offer employers the ability to
maintain a more formal structure for their workforce.
These work arrangements are likely to become more popular with current trends
towards greater customization of services and virtual organizing. Distributed work
offers great potential for firms to reduce costs, enhance competitive advantage and
agility, access a greater variety of scarce talents, and improve employee
flexibility, effectiveness and productivity.
Women have come a long way and today they are no less than “super women”
juggling well their family and professional lives. But still women folks all over
suffer from certain limitations unlike their male counterparts. In earlier days,
women used to be quiet and passive in their attitude at their workplace since very
few women actually stepped out of their home to do jobs. On the other hand,
women today, are believed to have well utilized the optimum use of their
intelligence and education to scale the heights of success unlike their predecessors
who didn't have access to such wide resources of education and proper awareness.
Statistics reveal that almost 40% of business school graduates are women, 38% of
all businesses in America are owned and operated by women. Also 25% of
doctors and lawyers are female while 43% of all students in any medical or law
school are females. Famous social psychologists believe that in order to manage
well both family and home they need to possess dual personality as its commonly
believed that assuming a flirtatious and bubbly character at work results in wider
acceptance among male workers whereas at home they are expected to be more
reserved.
The jobs in India for women have gone up and new career development programs
are being initiated by organizations which serves as boost to job positions for
women. Women have made their foray into retail jobs, finance, executive jobs and
even top managerial jobs. But still women face some obstacles at their workplace
which can be related to:
26
• The hazards, which working women face along with their male colleagues,
i.e. those risks which are common to all the workers.
• The risks, which working women face in their families and in the society.
Its important to note that absence of clearly defined work schedule increases the
stress and impacts their health. A large number of women workers is said to
complain of frequent headaches, back pain, fatigue and high blood pressure. Also
factors such as-- Poor nutritional status, anemia, tension, concentrated attention
required by some jobs in industries related to embroidery, electric appliances,
gems, jewelry etc, which demands intellectual or mental activities increases
fatigue. A large number of women workers complain of symptoms such as
irritability, mood swings, and depression, sadness and concentration
problems.
With the passage of time numerous laws have been implemented in favor of
working women. Some of them are:
27
• Maternity Benefits Act: According to this Act a woman is entitled to
payment during her maternity leave at the rate at which she was working
prior to the leave period.
• The Factory Act of 1948, Mines Act of 1952, Plantation Labour Act of
1951 in India were passed to protect and regulate the wages of women
from time to time without any discrimination.
As a working mother, you probably have stress coming at you from every
direction. These tips can help you handle the difficult things life throws at you.
Stress is part of every person's life, but working mothers have more than their fair
share of it. If you are a working mother, you probably feel like you are juggling in
order to keep both your career and your family running smoothly. Even more
difficult can be to find harmony between the two. When your boss wants you to
stay late, but day care will penalize you for late pickup, it may seem like the
different parts of your life just do not fit together. Whatever your individual
challenges, these eight stress-reduction tips can help you reduce tension and find
balance in your life.
Figure out the things that cause the most stress in your life. The easiest way to
identify your stressors is to sit down and make a list of all of the things you worry
about or dread doing; they will be different for everyone, so really think about
what your individual triggers are. Consider not only the events that stress you, but
other factors like time of day or circumstances such as being hungry. For example,
are you chronically late for work because it is hard to get your toddler ready in the
morning? Or, maybe you are a morning person and by nighttime you cannot deal
with helping the kids with their homework. Or maybe you get upset easily when
you are overtired or hungry. Whatever the issues are, identifying them is the first
step toward dealing with the stress in your everyday life.
2. Prioritize
28
Once you have a list of all the things that cause stress for you – and the list may be
really long – you are ready to prioritize the items on your list. First, group them by
how stressful they are to you. Which things are minor stressors and which ones
really cause you angst? It is impossible to remove stress from your life entirely –
and some stress is good for you – but you can identify the areas where you may be
able to remove worry
It sounds easy, doesn't it? It can be. Look at your list and identify a couple of the
things that cause you the most stress and that you are not the only one who can
handle it. Are there things you can get rid of entirely? If not, look for items you
can at least partially delegate. Be creative. Can you buy pre-made cupcakes for
your turn to bring preschool treats? If your mornings are too hectic, maybe you
can hire a college student to help get your kids ready for school. If you ordered
lunch in, would it be easier to get out of the office on time every night? If you
cannot get rid of things that are already on your plate, think about how to say no to
future commitments. Saying "no" when someone asks for your time can make a
big difference in how you spend your time.
4. Eliminate things that make stress worse and fend off stress with good
health
Skipping meals or not getting enough sleep may not actually be the cause of your
stress, but they can certainly exacerbate it. Make sure you take care of yourself,
physically, emotionally and spiritually. Eat healthy nutritious foods and avoid
junk food. W While junk food may give you a short-term energy boost, over the
long-term whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables and lean proteins will keep
you ready for action. Often, how you deal with stress is more important than the
stress itself actually is.
5. Exercise
Another great way to alleviate the negative impact of stress in your life is to get
physical exercise. You do not have to run marathons or become a body builder to
29
see health benefits; taking walks, swimming, doing toning exercises, biking and
other performing moderate activities regularly can dramatically improve your
physical condition, Not only does exercise improve your physical health, it
improves energy levels and contributes to a sense of emotional well-being.
While you may not be able to remove all the stress from your life, you can often
lighten the load just by talking about it. Whether you confide in trusted friends,
family members or a mental health professional, discussing the difficulties you
encounter
It often seems impossible to carve out some time for your own interests. Some of
us are so busy we cannot even remember what our own interests might be. But, it
is critical to step away from the obligations of your work and family occasionally
to do something just for you. Whether you spend your time pursuing a hobby or
just take some quiet time with a book and a bubble bath, any time you spend on
yourself will make you a happier, healthier and better mother, wife and employee.
Haven't taken any time in a while? Plan an overnight getaway to supercharge
yourself.
You know you need to get enough sleep every night, but you may need to get
some more intensive relaxation. Try yoga, deep breathing or meditation to help
you stay calm and control your reactions to stressful situations. If those methods
are too esoteric for you, treat yourself to a massage. The relaxation in your
muscles will quickly impact the rest of you.
30
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The challenges of working women can vary, depending upon a large number of
factors. It depends on the nature of the organization where they are working.
• This study makes us aware about the efficiency and effectiveness of
working women
• It makes us aware about the challenges faced by working women
• This Research gives knowledge about perception of employees towards
working women.
• This report is helpful in getting knowledge about dilemmas of working
women.
• This study provides an effective tool to motivate the women employees
with the help of some stress reducing tips.
31
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1
Jennifer L. Schultz, Metropolitan State University & Jeanne L. Higbee,
University of Minnesota
2
Halpern, 2005
3
Zedeck & Mosier, 1990
32
corporate culture, using work and family concerns as levers for change1
Developing a theoretical framework for understanding the role of support
networks for working mothers is critical to future endeavors in creating viable
networks and assessing their effectiveness for both participants and employers.
1
Wentling, 1998
2
Meryl Aldridge
33
3. Challenges to Working Women1
1
Julia Krane , McGill University, Montreal, Canada & Linda Davies , McGill
University, Montreal, Canada
2
H.L. Kaila, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai
34
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
35
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Research Design
• Sample Design
• Data Collection
• Research instrument
The design in such studies must focus attention on the following or process in
descriptive research design is as follows:-
36
SAMPLING DESIGN:
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample form a given population.
It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting
items for the sample. Sample design may as well lay down the number of item to
be included in the sample i.e., the size of the sample.
PRIMARY DATA:
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time and
thus happen to be original in character.
SECONDARY DATA:
The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else
and which have already been passed through statistical problem.
The methods of collecting primary and secondary data differ since primary data
are to be originally collected while in case of secondary data the nature of data
collection work is merely that of compilation.
SAMPLING PLAN:
DATA COLLECTION:
Data Sources:
Contact Method
Personal Interaction
38
INDUSTRY PROFILE
BANKING INDUSTRY
The growth in the Indian Banking Industry has been more qualitative than
quantitative and it is expected to remain the same in the coming years. Based on
the projections made in the "India Vision 2020" prepared by the Planning
Commission and the Draft 10th Plan, the report forecasts that the pace of
expansion in the balance-sheets of banks is likely to decelerate. The total assets of
all scheduled commercial banks by end-March 2010 is estimated at Rs 40,90,000
crores. That will comprise about 65 per cent of GDP at current market prices as
compared to 67 per cent in 2002-03. Bank assets are expected to grow at an
annual composite rate of 13.4 per cent during the rest of the decade as against the
growth rate of 16.7 per cent that existed between 1994-95 and 2002-03. It is
expected that there will be large additions to the capital base and reserves on the
liability side.
The Indian Banking Industry can be categorized into non-scheduled banks and
scheduled banks. Scheduled banks constitute of commercial banks and co-
operative banks. There are about 67,000 branches of Scheduled banks spread
across India. As far as the present scenario is concerned the Banking Industry in
India is going through a transitional phase.
The Public Sector Banks (PSBs), which are the base of the Banking sector in India
account for more than 78 per cent of the total banking industry assets.
Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non Performing assets (NPAs),
massive manpower and lack of modern technology. On the other hand the Private
Sector Banks are making tremendous progress. They are leaders in Internet
banking, mobile banking, phone banking, ATMs. As far as foreign banks are
concerned they are likely to succeed in the Indian Banking Industry.
39
In the Indian Banking Industry some of the Private Sector Banks operating are
IDBI Bank1, ING Vassal Bank2, SBI3 Commercial and International Bank Ltd,
Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. and banks from the Public Sector include Punjab National
bank, Vijay Bank, UCO Bank, Oriental Bank, Allahabad-bank4 among others.
Grind lays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Express Bank Ltd, Citibank are
some of the foreign banks operating in the Indian Banking Industry.
The Indian banks are hopeful of becoming a global brand as they are the major
source of financial sector revenue and profit growth. The financial services
penetration in India continues to be healthy, thus the banking industry is also not
far behind. As a result of this, the profit for the Indian banking industry will surely
surge ahead. The profit pool of the Indian banking industry is probable to augment
from US$ 4.8 billion in 2005 to US$ 20 billion in 2010 and further to US$ 40
billion by 2015. This growth and expansion pace would be driven by the chunk of
middle class population. The increase in the number of private banks, the
domestic credit market of India is estimated to grow from US$ 0.4 trillion in 2004
to US$ 23 trillion by 2050. Third largest banking hub of the globe by 2040 - is
that vision too far away.
The banking scenario in India has already gained all the momentum, with the
domestic and international banks gathering pace. The focus of all banks in India
has shifted their approach to 'cost', determined by revenue minus profit. This
means that all the resources should be used efficiently to better the productivity
and ensure a win-win situation. To survive in the long run, it is essential to focus
on cost saving. Previously, banks focused on the 'revenue' model which is equal to
cost plus profit. Post the banking reforms, banks shifted their approach to the
'profit' model, which meant that banks aimed at higher profit maximization.
1
http://business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/idbi-bank-ltd.html
2
http://business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/ing-vysya-bank-ltd.html
3
http://business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/State-bank-of-india
4
http://business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/allahabad
40
The banking industry is slated for growth in future with a more qualitative rather
than quantitative approach. The total assets of all scheduled commercial banks by
end-March 2010 is projected to touch Rs 40,90,000 crore. This is going to
comprise around 65% of GDP at current market prices as compared to 67% in
2002-03. The bank's assets are estimated to grow at an annual composite rate of
growth of 13.4% during the rest of the decade as against 16.7% between 1994-95
and 2002-03.
Barring the asset side, on the liability perspective, there will be huge additions to
the capital base and reserves. People will rely more on borrowed funds, pace of
deposit growth slowing down side by side. However, advances and investments
would not see a healthy growth rate.
India would see a large number of global banks controlling huge stakes of the
banking entities in the country. The overseas banking units would bring along
with it capital, technology, and management skills. This would lead to higher
competition in the banking frontier and ensure greater efficiency. The FDI norms
in the banking sector would give more leverage to the Indian banks.
The Indian banks are hopeful of becoming a global brand as they are the major
source of financial sector revenue and profit growth. The financial services
penetration in India continues to be healthy, thus the banking industry is also not
far behind. As a result of this, the profit for the Indian banking industry will surely
surge ahead. The profit pool of the Indian banking industry is probable to augment
from US$ 4.8 billion in 2005 to US$ 20 billion in 2010 and further to US$ 40
41
billion by 2015. This growth and expansion pace would be driven by the chunk of
middle class population. The increase in the number of private banks, the
domestic credit market of India is estimated to grow from US$ 0.4 trillion in 2004
to US$ 23 trillion by 2050. Third largest banking hub of the globe by 2040 - is
that vision too far away.
The Banking Industry was once a simple and reliable business that took deposits
from investors at a lower interest rate and loaned it out to borrowers at a higher
rate.
However deregulation and technology led to a revolution in the Banking Industry
that saw it transformed. Banks have become global industrial powerhouses that
have created ever more complex products that use risk and securitization Through
technology development, banking services have become available 24 hours a day,
365 days a week, through ATMs, at online banking, and in electronically enabled
exchanges where everything from stocks to currency contracts can be traded.
The Banking Industry at its core provides access to credit. In the lenders case, this
includes access to their own savings and investments, and interest payments on
those amounts. In the case of borrowers, it includes access to loans for the
creditworthy, at a competitive interest rate.
Mortgage banking
Mortgage banking has been encompassing for the publicity or promotion of the
various mortgage loans to investors as well as individuals in the mortgage
business.
42
43
Online Banking
Online banking services have developed the banking practices easier worldwide.
Banking in the small business sector plays an important role for various banking
services available for small businesses
Citibank has retail banking operations in more than 100 countries and territories
around the world.
Early history
Founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, ownership and management of
the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor, a protégé of John Jacob Astor and one
of the giants of the business world in the 19th century. During Taylor's
44
ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for
Taylor's own extensive business empire
In 1863, the bank joined the U.S.'s new national banking system and became
The National City Bank of New York. By 1868, it was considered one of the
largest banks in the United States, and in 1897, it became the first major U.S bank
to establish a foreign department. In 1896, it was the first contributor to
the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
National City became the first U.S. national bank to open an overseas banking
office when its branch in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was opened in 1914. Many of
Citi's present international offices are older; offices
in London, Shanghai, Calcutta, and elsewhere were opened in 1901 and 1902 by
the International Banking Corporation (IBC), a company chartered to conduct
banking business outside the U.S., at that time an activity forbidden to U.S.
national banks. In 1918, IBC became a wholly owned subsidiary and was
subsequently merged into the bank. By 1919, the bank had become the first U.S.
bank to have US$1 billion in assets.
In 1952, James Stillman Rockefeller1 was elected president and then chairman in
1959, serving until 1967.
Citibank Following its merger with the First National Bank2, the bank changed its
name to The First National City Bank of New York in 1955, and then shortened it
to First National City.
Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which allowed customers to
perform all transactions without a passbook. Branches also had terminals with
simple one line displays that allowed customers to get basic account information
without a bank teller. When automatic teller machines were later introduced,
customers could use their existing Citicard.
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James-Stillman-Rocketeller
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-National-Bank
45
Credit card business
In the 1960s the bank entered into the credit card business. By 1968, the company
created its own credit car. Citibank become the largest bank in the United States,
the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its
global reach to over 90 countries.
There has been a marked increase in women's employment in the financial sector
since the 1950s, in both public sector companies and private foreign-controlled
banks. The increase has been most marked in metropolitan cities. By the mid-
1960s the number of women entering the banks increased significantly,
intensifying in the 1970s end early 1980s.
The banking and insurance sectors today offer more prospects for jobs
for women - both qualitatively and quantitatively. However there are some
common problems faced by women managers, officers and clerical groups in
banking and insurance, in the course of their careers. These include the burden of
the dual role, sexual harassment in the workplace, the refusal of men to
accept women as colleagues or seniors, the need to work twice as well as men to
gain recognition, and the lack of solidarity among women.
According to a study 50 per cent of women complained that extra work is always
shunted to women. They also complained about sexual harassment from
colleagues, managers, or customers. Women so felt dissatisfied that they were not
sent out for training. Some obstacles arise from women's specific difficulties in
demanding promotion - because promotions are linked with transfers; or they have
difficulties in working late; or because women shy away from responsibility,
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title-Narre-Warren-Caroline-Springs&action-edit&redlink-1
46
having a low opinion of their own abilities and a negative attitude to accept
recognition. Some women employees feel that these constraints are intensified by
being forced to adopt the behaviour of the 'successful manager or officer' which
has been established by men. They argue that women could find their own
strategies which would achieve the same result
One way of improving prospects for women could be to restructure the work, for
example with flexible working hours, part-time job assignments, split location
positions performed partly at home, and job-sharing).
47
hospitalization, leave for the purpose of child care, paternity leave for at
least ten days, and further leave also for those who have to look after an
infant in special circumstances.
• Discrimination exists in our laws with regard to women especially with
regard to taxation, which needs to be looked into.
The specific demands put forward by the Women's Wing include a uniform
transfer policy in all banks for women officers, and a cell to deal with women's
issues in every bank's personnel department. They are currently trying to
formulate demands relating to training programmer and time off for women to do
union work.
Similarly the All India Bank Employees Association (AIBEA) has initiated a
women's wing of the union to take up issues specially affecting women. The
Reserve Bank of India has a Women's Forum for the same purpose. The unions in
the LIC have begun to organize women-only meetings and workshops. The
Insurance Employees Association decided in 1991 to organize women employees
more effectively, as the number of women employees was increasing day by day,
with over 75 per cent of the new recruits being women. The association has
demanded crèche facilities, special leave and better working conditions
for women, and the removal of hidden discrimination.
The demands put forward by the Punjab National Bank Employees Union include:
The unions and the management have begun to acknowledge the separate needs
of women employees and the specificity of the issues they face. Yet
women employees’ concerns and aspirations have not been adequately addressed
48
by either. The training programmes organized by management do not include the
vast majority of women employees.
The last decade has seen a systematic rise in the employment of women in
the banking and finance sector. The result of a multiplicity of factors, including:
profound social changes taking place in India regarding women's education and
employment; the changing policies of management, especially after the
nationalization and reorganization of the LIC and of major banks; the policies of
the Indian government; international changes in banking and finance and, not
least, the technological changes being effected in the industry
These all have a specific impact on women employees, who are being recruited in
large numbers in the banking and finance sector, mainly in the clerical category.
Women employees are increasingly looking at their work in terms of career
prospects and are keen on learning new skills and advancing in their careers,
despite severe limitations. They are organizing themselves into unions and
separate women's caucuses within and outside unions.
49
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Below 25
25-30
30-35
Above 35
20.37%
19.44%
27.78% 32.41%
Interpretation:-
50
2. Are respondents married?
Interpretation:-
64 respondents said that they are married and 44 respondents said that they are not
married.
51
3. What is respondent’s gender?
Interpretation:-
62.96percent respondents are male and 37.04 percent respondents are female.
52
4. In which department do respondents work?
Interpretation:-
53
Most of the employees are from finance department (25.93%) and production
department (22.22%).
54
5. How long have respondents been working?
55
Interpretation:-
Most of employees have been working for 5-10 years. 25.93% of respondent are
new to organization
56
6.Do respondents feel facing challenges are inherent at the work station?
Interpretation:-
Most of the respondent said that they are facing challenges inherent at the work
station.
57
7. Do respondents feel working women in India are faced with lot more challenges
than their counterparts in the other parts of the world?
Interpretation:-
Quite a 35.19% respondents feel working women in India is faced with lot more
challenges than their counterparts in the other parts of the world and 11.11%
respondents don’t feel like so.
58
8. What do respondents feel whether personal questions during an interview about
family and marriage should be asked?
Interpretation:-
59
51.85% respondents don’t agree that personal questions should be asked during
the interview. Some respondents agree that personal questions should be asked
during the interview.
60
9. Whether there are biases for promotion, sexual harassment, lack of flexible
working hours, lack of women mentors and bosses in your organization?
Interpretation:-
61
Most of the respondents agree that there are biases in promotion etc. Some of the
respondents don’t agree about the biases in promotion etc.
10. Do respondents think the most glaring dilemma for working women is the
time factor?
Interpretation:-
Most of the respondents are in favour of the most glaring dilemma for working
women is the time factor.
62
11. Whether the compensation is proportional to the contribution each employee
makes irrespective of gender?
Interpretation:-
63
57.41% respondents are neutral. Some respondents strongly agree with the
statement stated above.
64
12. Whether both positive and negative aspects are considered before taking
actions?
Interpretation:-
65
Most of the respondent agrees that both positive and negative aspects are
considered before taking actions. 22.22% respondents don’t feel positive and
negative aspects are considered before taking actions.
13. Is there any law relating to the rights of women in respondent’s company?
66
Interpretation:-
46.30% of the respondents say that there is an equal remuneration act but, 24.07%
respondents are aware of laws protecting the rights of women.
67
14. Whether women employees felt comfortable with rules and regulations of the
company?
Interpretation:-
68
35.19% respondents are satisfied with the rules and regulations of the company
but on the other hand 44.44%are dissatisfied with the rules and regulations of the
company.
15. What type of relations they had with their superiors, peers and subordinate?
69
Interpretation:-
53.70% respondents have good relations with their superiors but 29.63% have
average kind of relationship with their superiors.
70
16. When it came to execution of your task, were you provided with adequate
resources and that too on timely basis?
Interpretation:-
71
42.59%respondents said that they are provided with adequate resources but
7.41%do not agree with the statement.
72
17. To perform to the optimum whether women employees were provided with
necessary facilities?
Interpretation:-
73
58.3% respondents feel that they are provided with necessary facilities whereas
16.67% didn’t give any opinion about this.
74
Interpretation:-
44.44% respondents said that they were given positive attitude by their colleagues
but on the other hand 35.19% said that no positive attitude was there by their
colleagues.
75
19. Were women employees allowed to share information, feelings, and thoughts?
Interpretation:-
76
44.44% respondents were in favour of this statement but 55.56% were against the
statement.
77
20. Was there free interaction among employees each respecting other’s feelings?
Interpretation:-
18.52% respondents said that they are free to share feeling and information in
their superiors but 48.15% do not agree with the statement.
78
21. Was there free discussion and communication between seniors and
subordinates?
Interpretation:-
79
22.22% respondents strongly agree with the statement whereas 29.63% don’t
agree with.
22. Do respondents feel free and frank communication at various levels helps in
solving problems?
Interpretation:-
53.70% of the respondents agree that feel free and frank communication at various
levels helps in solving problems.
80
81
23.In your opinion whether women employees felt shy from addressing their
problems?
Interpretation:-
7.41% respondents said that they don’t shy from addressing their problems
whereas 14.81% stated that they shy to some extent from addressing their
problems.
82
24. Whether moral support was offered to women employees?
Interpretation:-
83
44.44% respondents disagree with the statement but 12.96% completely agree
with the statement.
84
25. Do respondents feel the following tips can help working mothers combat
stress?
Interpretation:-
67.59% respondents said that emotional support can be useful tool to overcome
stress whereas 12.04% respondents said that eliminate things that make stress
worse.
26. Were women employees authorized to take independent action relating to their
job?
85
Particulars No. of Respondent % of Respondent
Yes 28 25.93
No 43 39.81
Can’t say 37 34.26
Total 108 100
Interpretation:-
86
27. Are women employees encouraged to take a fresh look at how things are
done?
87
Interpretation:-
51.85% respondents are not in favour whereas 9.26% are agree with the statement.
88
28. Are respondents satisfied with the job you are doing at the workplace?
Interpretation:-
44.44% respondents feel that they are satisfied with the job but 38.89% are not it
all satisfied.
89
29. Whether tele-commuting should be encouraged?
Interpretation:-
25% respondents said it should be encouraged and 39.81% said that it should not
be encouraged.
90
30. Whether women employees opinion and suggestions were given due
consideration by senior management?
Interpretation:-
42.59% respondents felt that women employee’s suggestions and opinion should
be given due consideration by the senior management but 34.26% don’t agree
with this statement.
91
31. Whether people who perform better grow faster?
Interpretation:-
92
Some of the respondents stated that employees who perform better grow faster
whereas mostly respondents don’t agree with the statement.
93
FINDINGS
94
RECOMMENDATION
It is suggested to increase the level of confidence and team work in the
women employees and other employees
Salary of the employee should be linked with the performance and
behavior of the employee.
The organization should lay emphasis towards respect and recognition of
their employees and also provide them with enough opportunity for
promotion. without any biases.
The organization should pay attention towards things which can reduce
stress of women employees to some extent
The organization should create conducive work environment for women
employees
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
However I have tried my best in collecting the relevant information yet there are
always some limitations under which researcher has to work. The limitations
under which I had to work to are shown below
1. Limited time:-
There was limited time in which this project had to be completed. Because of
shortage of time and so many other constraints it is possible that some aspects
might have been left untouched
2. Limited Area:-
The area covered in this project was only employees of banking industry
3. Sample size:-
The sample size was 108, which may not reflect a true picture of the consumers
mind. Because of these constraints, the analysis may not be accurate and may
vary, when test will take in different places and time.
4. Lack of Interest:-
Some respondents were not willing to respond. They were not showing any
interest in filing the Questionnaire.
Primary data has also been used in this study. There could be the marginal errors
due to the use of the data. In every research there are chances of errors and
constraints.
5. Biasness:-
96
CONCLUSION
Firstly, culture of bank is highly proactive in nature and the employees are open in
nature with in there teams and with there superiors.
Secondly, Research shows that satisfied and motivated employees will create
higher customer satisfaction and in turn will have positively influence on
organization’s performance. Convenient work location, working with young
people, opportunities for promotion and career prospects, fair salary, good
policies, job security and dynamic working environment without any biases are
few attributes which are critically important from the view point of most of the
employees.
There is clear and mounting evidence that high levels of employee satisfaction
keenly correlates to individual, group and corporate performance in areas such as
retention, turnover, and productivity. A holistic outlook towards building
employee (women) satisfaction includes understanding the employee with regard
to herself and her job and appreciating the same within the context of the
organization.. The key to achieve this lies in recognizing and respecting the
employee’s socio-cultural background and enabling her to blend in with the
organization.
97
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Articles:
• Halpern, 2005
• H.L. Kaila, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai
• Jennifer L. Schultz, Metropolitan State University and Jeanne L. Higbee,
University of Minnesota
• Julia Krane , McGill University, Montreal, Canada
• Linda Davies , McGill University, Montreal, Canada Meryl Aldridge
• Linda Davies , McGill University, Montreal, Canada
• Wentling, 1998
• Zedeck & Mosier, 1990
98
QUESTIONNAIRE
99
4. Do you feel working women in India are faced with lot more challenges
than their counterparts in the other parts of the world?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree
( )
e. Strongly agree ( )
5. What do you feel whether personal questions during an interview about
family and marriage should be asked?
a. Yes ( ) b. No (
)
c. Can’t say ( )
6. Whether there are biases for promotion, sexual harassment, lack of flexible
working hours, lack of women mentors and bosses in an organization?
a. Yes ( ) b. No (
)
c. Can’t say ( )
7. Do you think the most glaring dilemma for working women is the time
factor?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
8. Whether the compensation is proportional to the contribution each
employee makes irrespective of gender?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree
( )
e. Strongly agree ( )
9. Whether both positive and negative aspects are considered before taking
actions?
100
a. Yes ( ) b. No (
)
b. Can’t say ( )
. 10. Is there any law relating to the rights of women in your company?
a. Laws protecting the rights of women at workplace ( )
b. Equal remuneration act ( )
c. Maternity benefits act ( )
11. Do you feel comfortable with rules and policies of the organization?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree
( )
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
12. What type of relations are you having with your superior, peers and
subordinate?
a. Excellent ( ) b. Very good
( )
c. Good ( ) d. Satisfactory (
)
e. Poor ( )
13. When it comes to execution of your task, are provided with adequate
resources and that too on timely basis?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
14. To perform to the optimum whether women employees are provided with
adequate resources like computers, phone, work station etc.
a. Yes ( ) b. No
( )
c. Can’t say ( )
101
15. At the workplace whether fellow employees demonstrate a positive
attitude towards women employees?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree
( )
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree
( )
e. Strongly agree ( )
16. Are women employees are allowed to share information, feelings,
thoughts?
a. Yes ( ) b. No
( )
c. Can’t say ( )
17. Is there free interaction among employees each respecting other’s
feelings?
a. Yes ( ) b. No
( )
c. Can’t say ( )
18. Is there free discussion and communication between seniors and
subordinates?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
19. Do you feel free and frank communication at various levels helps in
solving problems?
a. Yes ( ) b. No (
)
c. Can’t say ( )
20. In your opinion whether women employees shy from addressing their
problems?
102
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
21. Whether moral support is offered to women employees?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
22. Do you feel the following tips can help working mothers combat stress?
a. Prioritize ( )
b. Eliminate things that make stress worse ( )
c. Exercise ( )
d. Find emotional support ( )
23. Are women employees authorized to take independent action relating to
your job?
a. Yes ( ) b. No (
)
c. Can’t say ( )
24. Are women employees encouraged to take a fresh look at how things are
done?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
25. Are you satisfied with the job you are doing at the workplace?
a. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
103
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
26. Whether tele-commuting should be encouraged?
a. Yes ( ) b. No
( )
c. Can’t say ( )
27. Whether women employees opinion and suggestions are given due
consideration by senior management?
a. It is highly valued ( )
b. It is given a fairly high ( )
c. It is given rather low value ( )
d. It is given very low value ( )
28. Whether people who perform better grow faster?
e. Strongly disagree ( ) b. Disagree (
)
c. Neutral ( ) d. Agree (
)
e. Strongly agree ( )
104