Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.2 Understanding Base Quantities and Derived Quantities [……/35 x100 =………..]
explain what base quantities and derived quantities are
list base quantities and their units
list some derived quantities and their units.
express quantities using prefixes.
express quantities using scientific notation
express derived quantities as well as their units in terms of base quantities and base units.
solve problems involving conversion of units
Unit is similar to the penjodoh bilangan in the Bahasa Melayu. For person, we say “seorang” or “dua
orang”; but for a pet like hamsters, we say “seekor” or “dua ekor”.
The unit ampere and kelvin are the names of scientists we use to remind us of their contributions to the
respective fields. However, when we write the unit fully, we write all in small letters, example: 1.2 ampere,
5.0 kelvin; when we write shortly, we write the first alphabet of the name in capital letter, example: 1.2 A,
5.0 K
4. Derived quantities as well as their units are expressed in terms of base quantities and S.I. units
as follows:
2
Momentum p = mv Unit p = kg x ms −1
(p) m = mass = kg m s −1
v = velocity =Ns
(read as newton second)
Pressure F N
P= Unit P =
(P) A m2
F = force = N m −2
A = area = Pa
(read as pascal)
Specific heat Q J
c= Unit c = kg oC
capacity mθ
(c) Q = heat energy = J kg −1 0
C −1
m = mass J
θ = change in temperature = kgK
= J kg −1 K −1
(read as joule per kilogram per kelvin)
Frequency 1 1
f= Unit f =
(f) T s
T = period of swing; unit: = s −1
second (s) = Hz
(read as hertz)
Resistance V V
R= Unit R =
(R) I A
V = voltage; unit: volt (V) = V A −1
I = electric current = Ω
(read as ohm)
Table 1.1.2
5. Prefixes are used to express some physical quantities that are either very big or very small.
deci d 10 −1
centi c 10 −2
mili m 10 −3
micro µ 10 −6
nano n 10 −9
pico p 10 −12
Table 1.1.3
−5
Mass of hydrogen (33) 0. 000 021 kg 2.1×10 kg
atom
Time of a day 86 400 s 8.64 ×10 4
s
Table 1.1.4
1. Scalar quantities are quantities that have (1) magnitude but no (2) direction.
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both (3) magnitude and (4) direction.
*Notes: In the SPM Physics syllabus, there are only six vector quantities, the rest are all scalar
quantities. Therefore, the pupils will just have to memorize these six.
3.
Distance(s) Displacement(s)
• Total length of the path • Distance between two
traveled points measured along a
specific direction
• Scalar quantity • Vector quantity
Table 1.3.2
Speed Velocity
• Rate of change of • Rate of change of
distance displacement
distance displaceme nt
• Speed = • Velocity =
time time
• Scalar quantity • Vector quantity
Table 1.3.3
Problem Solving:
Annie the ant is traveling down the road to buy an umbrella for these rainy days. She walks from her
nest, A to B, B to C in 10 minutes’ time as shown in the picture below:
(11) What is the distance she traveled? (12) What is her displacement from A?
(13) What is her speed? (14) What is her velocity?
(15) What is her average speed?
6
4m
C
B 3m
Solution:
total distance 7
(15) Average speed = = = 0.012 m s −1 (with unit)
total time taken 10 × 60
Table 1.4.1
Figure 1.4.1
5. Error is (9) uncertainty caused by measuring instrument or the observer or the physical factors of the
surroundings.
6. Two main types of errors: systematic error and random error.
Parallax errors
Definition:
A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument because the observer’s eyes and pointer are not
(10) in line / perpendicular to the plane of the scale.
(a) position of eyes must be in line/ perpendicular / 90owith the scale of the reading to be
taken.
(b) When taking reading from an ammeter, we must make sure that the eyes are exactly in
front of the pointer, so that the reflection of the pointer in the mirror is right behind the
pointer. In other words, the reflection of the pointer on the mirror could not be seen by the
observer, then it is free from parallax error.
Measuring Instruments:
9
Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument
Length Metre-rule, vernier caliper, micrometer screw gauge
Current Ammeter
Mass Triple-beam-balance
Temperature Thermometer
Time Mechanical stopwatch, digital stopwatch
Voltage Voltmeter
wire
Table 1.4.4
0 1 2 3 4
Ruler B
5
Diagram 1.4.5
2. Vernier Calipers
The same wire is measured by a vernier caliper. The reading is as follows:
4 5 Sensitivity 0.01 cm
Accuracy 0.01 cm
Length of wire 4.78cm
0 5 10 Table 1.4.5
Diagram 1.4.6
0 5 25
Sensitivity 0.01 mm
Accuracy 0.01 mm
20 Diameter of wire 6.5 +0.22
= 6.72 mm
Vernier Calipers
1) How to read from a vernier calipers?
Diagram 1.4.10
Negative zero error = - ( 0.1 – 0.08 ) cm
= - 0.02 cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting - 0.08 cm, which
is adding 0.08 cm to the readings
Diagram 1.4. 9
Positive zero error = + 0.08 cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting 0.08 cm from the
readings.
Example
Eample (i) Diagram 1.4.12 (ii)
(i) Diagram 1.4.11 (ii)
Zero error = -(0.1 – 0.07) cm
Zero error = + 0.04 cm = - 0.03 cm
Vernier calipers reading = 0.4 + 0.01 Vernier calipers reading = 3.6 + 0.02
= 0.41 cm = 3.62 cm
Corrected reading Corrected reading
= vernier calipers reading – zero error = vernier calipers reading – zero error
= 0.41 – 0.04 = 3.62 – (-0.03)
= 0.37 cm = 3.62 + 0.03
= 3.65 cm
11
12 8.77 cm
13 2.28 cm
14 0.52 cm
15 The following diagram shows the scale of a pair of vernier callipers when + 0.02 cm
the jaws are closed. State the zero error.
0 1
0 5 10
16 The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier callipers as in 6.14 – (+ 0.02)
Question No. (15) above when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between = 6.12 cm
the jaws. Calculate the thickness of a piece of cardboard.
Thus, thickness of a
piece of paper
6.12
= = 0.153 cm
40
12
Diagram 1.4.13
Figure 13 shows the use of a micrometer screw gauge to measure the size of a spherical object.
Main scale reading = 5.5 mm
Thimble scale reading = 12 x 0.01
= 0.12 mm
Final reading = 5.5 + 0.12
= 5.62 mm
13
Diagram 1.4.15
Diagram 1.4.14
Positive zero error = + 0.04 mm Negative zero error = - 0.04 mm
All measurements taken with this micrometer All measurements taken with this micrometer
screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting -
0.04 mm from the readings 0.04 mm, which is adding 0.04 mm from the
readings
Example Example
Diagram 1.4.17
Diagram 1.4.16 Zero error = - 0.03 mm
Zero error = + 0.01 mm micrometer screw gauge reading
micrometer screw gauge reading = 6.0 + 0.08
= 2.5 + 0.35 = 6.08 mm
= 2.85 mm Corrected reading
Corrected reading = micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error
= micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error = 6.08 – (-0.03)
= 2.85 – 0.01 = 6.08 + 0.03
= 2.84 mm = 6.11 mm
14
Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(17) (18)
4
5 1
0 5 30 15 5
0
4
25 0
(19) (20)
0 10 0 5 35
5 30
0 0 5
0
45 0
0 5 0 5 20
0
15
Diagram 1.4.18
Diagram 1.4.19
Miliammeter (0 mA – 50 mA):
Sensitivity = 1
mA
Accuracy = 1
mA
Reading = 15
mA
Diagram 1.4.20
16
Diagram 1.4.21
Accuracy = 1
o
C
Mechanical Stopwatch
Accuracy = 0.2 s; Reading = 8.2 s
Digital Stopwatch
Accuracy = 0.01s
Reading = 3 minutes 55.62 s
Clone of SPM Trial Exam of the Perak State year 2003: Paper 3 / Section B/ Question 2
Keywords to
indicate C is mass
Keywords to indicate
Keywords to indicate RV is time of MV is length
making a complete swing
Two twin brothers, Micheal and Jackson, of the same size, are swinging happily on the swings at a
playground as shown in the figure above.
However, the ropes that is holding the swing where Micheal is sitting is longer than Jackson’s. And,
Micheal notices that his swing is swinging slower than his brother, Jackson.
Using this information;
(a) make a suitable inference, [1 mark]
(b) state one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated, [1 mark]
(c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a bob, strings and other
apparatus. experiment
In your description, state clearly the following: Pendulum
(i) aim of the experiment
hinting on the
apparatus and
(ii) variables in the experiment the must-use-
(iii) list of apparatus and materials Keywords to indicate
18
(iv) arrangement of the apparatus
(v) the procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the manipulated
variable and the method of measuring the responding variable.
(vi) the way you would tabulate the data
(vii) the way you would analyze the data [10 marks]
Answer:
(a) (1) Length of ropes influences time of making a complete swing
(b) (2) When the length of pendulum increases, the period of swing increases.
(c)
Marks
1st mark Aim:
1 To investigate the relationship between length of pendulum and period of swing.
/
Manipulated Variable (MV): length of pendulum, l
2nd mark
2
/ Responding Variable (RV): period of swing, T
3rd mark
3 Constant: mass of bob
/
List of apparatus & materials:
Measuring instruments: Metre rule & stopwatch,
4th mark Others: bob, string, retort stand and clamp, split cork,
4
/ (The measuring instruments carry marks. If all apparatus are listed except metre-rule and
stopwatch, pupils will lose the 4th mark.)
5th mark
5 Arrangement of apparatus:
/
19
Method to control MV
Method to control RV
8th mark
8
Repetition:
/ Repeat the experiment with l = 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm using the same bob.
9
/
10
9th mark : Tabulate data 10th mark / : Analyze data
l (cm) T (s) Plot graph T(s) against l (cm)
10.0 T (s)
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
l (cm)