Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OVERVIEW
WHY PROJECTS
Projects are a means to accomplish
Individual or family objectives
Organizational objectives
National or global objectives
Project Identification begins in response to
the specific need or the objectives
PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS
COMPLEX:
Many inter-related activities,
WHAT IS A PROJECT?
What is a program?
A group of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain
benefits not available to managing them individually
Long Term for: a collection of projects
Same Techniques Work for Projects, Products, & Programs!
Use them where they work!
PERSONAL PROJECTS
VARIETY OF PROJECTS
A school function
Cleanliness drive
Construction of clubs
Tree plantation exercise
Establishment of a park
Welcoming a dignitary to the colony
NATIONAL PROJECTS
ORGANISATIONAL PROJECTS
GLOBAL PROJECTS
Organizing peace missions (UN)
Space exploration
Conducting World Trade
Environment protection
Project Lifecycle
Definition
/Concept
Project Phases
Planning
Execution
/Development /Implementation
Delivery
/Close-out
Level
of
Effort
Concept/
Definition
Development/
Planning
Implementation
/ Execution
Close-Out/
Delivery
Planning
Management
Plan
Project Plan
Work Package
Completed
Work
Financial
Preliminary
Cost Estimate
Budgetary Cost
Estimate
Lessons
Learned
Reporting /
Decomposition
3-level WBS
6+ level WBS
Performance
Reports
Customer
Acceptance
Deliverables
1. Goals
1. Schedules
2.Specifications 2. Budgets
3.Tasks
3. Resources
4.Responsibilities 4. Risks
5. Staffing
1. Status reports
2. Changes
3. Quality
4. Forecasts
1. Train Customer
2. Transfer Documents
3. Release Resources
4. Reassign Staff
5. Lessons Learned
Project Implementation
Project Completion and Audit
Project Stakeholders
Projectized:
Q
Quantity
to be
Made
1
Projects
/ COMPETENCY
BASELINE
IDEA GENERATION
Screening
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION,
SCREENING AND SELECTION
Project Appraisal
Project Selection
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
OBJECTIVES
STRENGTHS
THREATS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
ALTERNATIVE
PROJECT POSSIBILITIES
SWOT ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES
To increase profits
To minimize threats of losses
To become more competitive
To provide help after a disaster
To train people in a new area
To reduce pollution in Raipur
To become a successful entrepreneur
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
Emerging technologies
New products with new markets
New processes with better features
Special financing schemes
Government and other incentives
Objectives
Experience
Resources
Environment pressures
Keeping these factors in mind an analysis of
strengths, weaknesses , opportunities and
threats is made to identify and select suitable
projects.
THREATS
Competitors
Poor state of the economy
Outdated technology
Unprofessional management skills
New products and services
SCREENING OF IDEAS
No. of
Ideas
BRAINSTORMING
A good means to generate new project ideas
Focus on uninhibited participation by a group
Listing of ideas without suppressing creativity
at source
List of ideas subjected to screening and
evaluation subsequently
Investment
Rate of return
Risk
Likely profit
Payback
Similarity to existing
business
Expected life
Flexibility
Environment impact
Competition
Feasible Idea
SCALE OF EVALUATION
SCREENING OF IDEAS
Criteria chosen for screening:
Effectiveness to achieve objective
Cost of the proposal
Ease of implementation
Time needed
This is an illustrative list. Other criteria could
be added, if needed.
2 5 4 4
15
4 3 3 3
13
2 3 2 2
3 2 3 3
11
1 Restrict registration
of new vehicles
2 Enforce strict
emission regulations on
vehicles
3 Ban diesel run
vehicles on the road
4 Introduce MRTS for
the city
3 1 1 2
4 5 4 5
18
3 1 1 2
4 0 1 0
RESULTS OF SCREENING
Project No.2: Enforce strict emission
regulations on vehicles (18 points)
Project No. 5: Encourage use of car pools
(15 points)
Project No. 6: Grow more trees/green belts in
the city
(13 points)
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Objectives
Internal
SWOT
Brainstorming
External
Project possibilities
Criteria
Screening
Candidate project proposals
PROJECT APPRAISAL
Market appraisal
Technical appraisal
Socio economic appraisal
Ecological appraisal
Financial appraisal
MARKET APPRAISAL
(ISSUES)
MARKET APPRAISAL
What would be the aggregate
demand of the proposed product
or service?
What would be the market share
of the project under appraisal?
MARKET APPRAISAL
(ISSUES contd.)
Consumer behaviour
motivations, attitudes,
preferences,requirements
Distribution channels
marketing policies
Administrative, technical and legal constraints
TECHNICAL APPRAISAL
Whether prerequisites for the
success of project considered?
Good choices with regard to
location, size, process, machines
etc.
TECHNICAL APPRAISAL
(ISSUES)
Preliminary tests and studies
Availability of raw materials, power and other
inputs
Optimal scale of operations
Choice of suitable production process
Choice of appropriate machines and
equipment
SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPRAISAL
Social cost -benefit analysis
Direct economic benefits and costs in terms of
shadow prices
Impact of project on distribution of income in
society
Impact on level of savings and investments in
society
ECOLOGICAL APPRAISAL
Impact of project on quality of
Air
Water
Noise
Vegetation
Human life
TECHNICAL APPRAISAL
(ISSUES Cont.)
SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPRAISAL
(Continued)
Impact on fulfillment of national goals
Self sufficiency
Employment
Social order
10
FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
(Continued)
FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
Whether the project is financially
viable ?
Servicing debt
Meeting return expectations
FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
(Continued)
Investment worthwhile?
Net present value
Internal rate of return
Payback period
Level of risk
SUMMARY
Project selection involves consideration of
multiple, often conflicting criteria among
alternatives.
Project appraisal leads to evaluations which
may be tangible, incommensurate or
intangible.
Intangibles are evaluated on a numerical
subjective scale.
Why planning?
11
Project Planning
Describe scope and activities, output and
specifications
Estimate time, costs and other resources
Schedule project activities
Identify critical activities
Determine personnel needs and recruit project staff
Organize the project team and assign
works/responsibilities/ authorities
Plan for project monitoring and control
Write (and get approved) project document.
Negotiate and sign contracts
Deliverable output: List and schedule of activities
with description and estimates, organization
structure and responsibility assignment
IMPERCEPTION
DIFFERENT
PERSONS
PERCEIVE
DIFFERENTLY
THOUGH
THEY MAY
SEE THE
SAME
THING
Input:
The activity list (or WBS)
Activity duration estimate
Activity precedence relationship
12
System II
Subsystem
Subsystem
Task
Subtask
System N
Subsystem
Task
Subtask
Work package
Subtask
Work package
13
Guidance
control sys
Ballistic
shell
Missile
Rocket
Launching
platform
Propulsion
Re entry
engine
vehicle
Housing project
Residential
Buildings
Modules
Warhead
Res. Bld
Foundation
High
School
Res. Bld
Super
Structure
Filtered
Water
Supply sys
Police
station
I Stage
Solid fuel
Educational
Buildings
Primary
School
K.G
Public
Buildings
Nursery
Party
Office
Sewerage
system
Social
Centre
Open theater
Shopping
complex
Rail/Air Ticket
Booking
Counter
Post
office
Gas supply
system
Service
buildings
Temple/
Mosque /
Church etc.
Swimming
pool
Air raid
shelter
Youth
centre
Road/
Pavements
etc
Electrical
System
II Stage
External
Services
Res bldg
Finishes
Unfiltered
Water
Supply Sys
Health
centre
WBS Terminology:
Tools:
Activity precedence diagram (PERT or CPM diagram)
CPM algorithm or scheduling software
Output
Gantt chart of activities with slacks, critical activities
and milestones
Other schedule-related plans (resource loading
charts, personnel assignments, control schedule, etc.)
Float: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project finish date.
Total Float: The amount of time that a pathway may be delayed from it's early start without delaying
the project finish date.
Critical Path: The longest time period from start to completion of a project; also the shortest total length
of the project.
14
ALTERNATIVE PROJECT
REPRESENTATIONS
Start-to-Start (SS)
B cannot start till A starts
A: Pour foundation; B: Level concrete
Finish-to-Finish (FF)
Activity on Arc
(A-O-A)
Arrow diagrams
Event oriented
networks
Activity on Node
(A-O-N)
Precedence networks
Activity oriented
networks
Start-to-Finish (SF)
B cannot finish till A starts (rare)
Network Diagrams
AOA consists of
Circles representing Events
Such as start or end of a given task
AON
Tasks on Nodes
Nodes can be circles or rectangles (usually latter)
Task information written on node
TIME ESTIMATES
Deterministic times
A single time estimate is used for each activity.
This is taken from experts who have prior
knowledge and experience of the activity.
Probabilistic times
Three time estimates (optimistic, most likely and
pessimistic) are commonly used for each activity
based on the consensus of the group.
activity, a
ACTIVITY DURATIONS
Deterministic (as in CPM)
when previous experience yields fairly accurate
estimates of activity duration, eg construction
activity, market surveys.
Critical Path
The specific set of sequential tasks upon
which the project completion date depends
or the longest full path
-(The longest time period from start to completion of
a project; also the shortest total length of the
project.)
15
CPM
ABC Hospital
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
ABC Hospital
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing, support staff, maintenance,
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop an information system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
AON Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Responsibility
ABC Hospital
Responsibility
Activity
AON
Ramesh
Rohit
Ashish
Rohit
Nikhil
Ramesh
A
B
C
D
E
F
Ashish
Rohit
Ram
Ashish
Ramesh
G
H
I
J
K
ABC Hospital
Activity
Description
Network
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing, support staff, maintenance,
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop an information system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop an information system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
16
ABC Hospital
Activity
AON Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Select equipment.
A
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
ABC Hospital
Activity
AON Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Select equipment.
A
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Select equipment.
A
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Select equipment.
A
A
F
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Select equipment.
A
A
F
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
AON Network
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Activity
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Select equipment.
A
A
F
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
H
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
17
ABC Hospital
Activity
AON Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
A
F
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
H
Develop an information
system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Description
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
AON Network
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
A
F
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
H
J A
Develop an information
system.
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Activity
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
F
K A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
H
J A
Develop an information
system.
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AON Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
F
K A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, C
Finish
G
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
D
B
H
J A
Develop an information
system.
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
E
Figure 1
ABC Hospital
Activity
AOA Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing, support staff, maintenance,
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop an information system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AOA Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Select equipment.
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
and security.
1
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop an information system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
18
ABC Hospital
Activity
AOA Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
Select equipment.
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
and security.
1
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AOA Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Select equipment. C
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the
B
3 site.
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
and security.
1
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
5
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
D
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
AOA Network
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
I
Select equipment. C
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the
B
3 site.
7
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, G
and security.
1
H of equipment.
Purchase and take delivery
C
5
6
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
E
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
D
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AOA Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
I
Select equipment. C
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the
B
3 site.
7
J in
Interview applicants and fill positions
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, G
and security.
1
H of equipment.
Purchase and take delivery
C
5
6
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
E
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
D
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
AOA Network
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Activity
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Activity
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
I Dummy
Select equipment. C
A
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the
site.
B
3
7
J in
Interview applicants and fill positions
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, G
and security.
1
H of equipment.
Purchase and take delivery
C
5
6
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
E
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
D
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
AOA Network
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
I Dummy
Select equipment. C
KA
Prepare final
B
A construction plans and layout.
Bring utilities to the
B
3 site.
7
J in
Interview applicants and fill positions
A
nursing,
maintenance,
Startsupport staff, G
Finish
and security.
1
H of equipment.
Purchase and take delivery
C9
5
6
Construct the hospital.
D
Develop anBinformation system.
A
E
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
D
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
4
Figure 2
19
ABC Hospital
Activity
Description
Completion Time
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
I
15
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
Description
Completion Time
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
I
15
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Activity
Description
Completion Time
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
I
15
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
E
24
I
15
E
24
ABC Hospital
Description
Completion Time
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
ABC Hospital
E
24
Activity
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
E
24
ABC Hospital
Description
Completion Time
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
E
24
Activity
I
15
Responsibility
Activity
Description
Completion Time
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
A
B
C
D
E
F
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
I
15
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
E
24
20
ABC Hospital
Path
ABC Hospital
Immediate
Activity
Description I
Predecessor(s)
Completion Time
A-F-K
28
15
A
Select administrative
and medical staff.
A-I-K
33
B
Select site and
A-C-G-J-K
67Ado site survey.
F
KA
C
Select equipment.
12
10
6
B-D-H-J-K
D
Prepare final69
construction plans and layout.
B
B-E-J-K
E
Bring utilities43
to the site.
B
F
G
H
I
J
K
Path
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Activity
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
G
H
I
J
K
E
24
Description
Completion Time
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
KA
6
B
B
A
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Finish
C
D
J
4A
E,G,H
F,I,J
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
E
24
FORWARD PASS
ABC Hospital
Activity
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
Description
I
Completion Time
A-F-K
28
15
A
Select administrative
and medical staff.
A-I-K
33
B
Select site and
A-C-G-J-K
67Ado site survey.
F
C
Select equipment.
B-D-H-J-K
12
10
D
Prepare final69
construction
plans and layout.
B-E-J-K
E
Bring utilities43
to the site.
Finish
C
JD
4A
E,G,H
F,I,J
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
I
15
A
F
KA
Select equipment.
12
10
6
Prepare final construction plans and layout.
B
Bring utilities to the site.
B
Interview applicants and fill positions in
A
C
G
nursing,
Startsupport staff, maintenance,
Finish
10
35
and security.
Purchase and take delivery of equipment.
C
Construct the hospital.
B
D
H
JD
Develop an information
system.
9
10
40
4A
Install the equipment.
E,G,H
Train nurses and support staff.
F,I,J
Responsibility
Johnson
Taylor
Adams
Taylor
Burton
Johnson
Adams
Taylor
Simmons
Adams
Johnson
E
24
Figure 3
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
I
15
12
10
10
35
Start
B
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
10
40
E
24
Finish
I
15
12
10
10
35
Start
B
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
Finish
10
40
E
24
21
ABC Hospital
Earliest start time
0
ABC Hospital
I
15
A 12
12
10
10
35
Start
B
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
Finish
10
40
A 12
12
10
E
24
B 9
12
A 12
12
10
B 9
10
35
Finish
D 19
10
40
12
12
Start
B 9
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
24
12
A 12
12
9 E 33
ABC Hospital
A 12
12
12
12
Start
B 9
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
12
F 22
K
6
C 22
10
35
9 E 33
24
I 27
F 22
10
C 22
10
35
Finish
D 19
10
40
I 27
15
10
D 19
24
ABC Hospital
I 27
10
H
40
9 E 33
15
D
10
15
Start
Finish
15
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
G
35
24
ABC Hospital
C
10
Start
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
ABC Hospital
I
15
19
Finish
H 59
40
A 12
12
12
12
Start
F 22
10
C 22
22
10
B 9
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
D 19
10
G 57
Finish
35
19
H 59
40
9 E 33
24
22
ABC Hospital
12
ABC Hospital
I 27
12
15
A 12
12
12
12
Start
F 22
10
C 22
22
10
B 9
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
D 19
G 57
19
H 59
59
40
A 12
12
12
Start
Critical
path
J 63
B 9
9
Earliest Start
and
Earliest Finish Times
9 E 33
24
BACKWARD PASS
A 12
12
12
Start
63 K 69
63
69
22
10
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
D 19
10
9 E 33
24
Finish
19
H 59
59
40
J 63
4
I 27
A 12
12
12
Start
F 22
63 K 69
10
12
C 22
22
10
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
D 19
G 57
Finish
35
19
H 59
59
40
10
J 63
4
9 E 33
24
I 27
15
F 22
C 22
D 19
G 57
35
15
12
10
12
22
24
15
C 22
9 E 33
ABC Hospital
I 27
63 K 69
10
ABC Hospital
F 22
10
12
12
10
12
Finish
35
10
ABC Hospital
I 27
15
G 57
Finish
35
19
H 59
40
Latest
finish
time
59
J 63
4
A 12
12
12
Start
F 22
10
12
C 22
Latest
start
time
22
10
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
D 19
10
63 K 69
63
69
G 57
Finish
35
19
H 59
40
Latest
finish
time
59
J 63
4
9 E 33
24
23
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
12
27
48 15 63
A 12
12
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
12
Start
C 22
B 9
D 19
10
22
G 57
19
H 59
40
59
59
24
ABC Hospital
A 12
12
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
9
19
9 10 19
9 E 33
35 24 59
0
12
2 12 14
19
59
19 40 59
Start
Finish
Critical
path
59
63
59 4 63
0
0
ABC Hospital
Gantt
Charts
Figure 4 (a)
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
22
57
24 35 59
19
19
H 59
40 59
Finish
59
59
J 63
4 63
12
27
48 15 63
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
22
57
24 35 59
63 K 69
63
69
63 K 69
63
69
9 E 33
35 24 59
D 19
10
12
22
53 10 63
12
22
14 10 24
Start
ABC Hospital
12
27
48 15 63
B 9
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
9 E 33
C 22
10
J 63
4 63
12
22
53 10 63
12
Start
Finish
35
A 12
12
10
9
Latest Start
and
Latest Finish Times
12
27
48 15 63
12
22
14 10 24
9
19
9 10 19
22
57
24 35 59
19
59
19 40 59
Finish
59
63
59 4 63
9 E 33
35 24 59
ABC Hospital
Gantt
Charts
Figure 4(b)
24
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
12
27
48 15 63
Activity
Slack
0
12
2 12 14
12
22
14 10 24
Start
0
0
B 9
9 9
Activity Slack
Analysis
ABC Hospital
A
ABC Hospital
0
0
B 9
9 9
Activity Slack
Analysis
9
19
9 10 19
or
63 K 69
63
69
or
SlackK = 69 69
12
53
19
59
19 40 59
Activity Slack
Analysis
B 9
9 9
59
59
J 63
4 63
12
22
14 10 24
0
0
B 9
9 9
Activity Slack
Analysis
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
9
19
9 10 19
22
57
24 35 59
19
59
19 40 59
Finish
59
63
59 4 63
9 E 33
35 24 59
ABC Hospital
Activity Slack
10 63
9
19
9 10 19
9 E 33
35 24 59
or
63 K 69
63
69
SlackK = 0
0
12
2 12 14
H 59
40 59
12
53
F 22
Finish
59
59
12
22
14 10 24
Start
J 63
0
0
4 63
Activity Slack
Analysis
B 9
9 9
63 K 69
63
69
10 63
22
57
24 35 59
19
19
12
27
48 15 63
SlackK = 0
F 22
0
0
14
Start
59
63
59 4 63
12
22
14 10 24
Start
H 59
40 59
Finish
12
27
48 15 63
0
12
2 12 14
A 12
22
57
24 35 59
Activity Slack
SlackK = 63 63
0
2
Slack = LF EF 12
9 E 33
35 24 59
ABC Hospital
19
19
Finish
12
27
48 15 63
Slack = LS ES
12
22
53 10 63
12
22
14 10 24
Start
22
57
24 35 59
Activity Slack
I
12
27
48 15 63
0
12
2 12 14
9
19
9 10 19
9 E 33
35 24 59
Figure 5
Activity Slack
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
9
19
9 10 19
22
57
24 35 59
19
19
H 59
40 59
Finish
59
59
J 63
4 63
9 E 33
35 24 59
25
ABC Hospital
Node Duration ES
0
12
2 12 14
0
0
B 9
9 9
Activity Slack
Analysis
Node Duration ES
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
9
19
9 10 19
0
12
2 12 14
19
19
H 59
40 59
0
12
9
9
12
22
19
12
59
Start
63
0
14
9
35
53
24
19
48
59
63
0
2
59
59
J 63
0
0
4 63
Node Duration ES
0
0
B 9
9 9
Activity Slack
Analysis
I 27
12
48 15 63
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
14 10 24
9
19
9 10 19
22
57
24 35 59
19
59
19 40 59
Finish
B 9
9
19
9 10 19
9 9
LS
19
19
H 59
40 59
Finish
59
59
J 63
4 63
Slack
ABC0 Hospital
2
2
12
9
10
10
24
10
35
40
15
4
6
22
57
24 35 59
9 E 33
35 24 59
0
12
9
9
12
22
19
12
59
63
0
14
9
35
53
24
19
48
59
63
59
63
59 4 63
12
27
48 15 63
0
2
0
26
41
2
0
36
0
0
0
0
9 E 33
35 24 59
ABC Hospital
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
12
22
14 10 24
Start
Activity Slack
Analysis
12
22
53 10 63
Finish
Slack
0
2
0
26
A 12
41
14
12
2
0
36
0
0
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
22
57
24 35 59
9 E 33
35 24 59
LS
63 K 69
63
69
ABC0 Hospital
2
2
12
9
10
10
24
10
35
40
15
4
6
Slack
12
27
48 15 63
12
22
53 10 63
12
22
14 10 24
Start
LS
ABC Hospital
12
27
48 15 63
63 K 69
63
69
12
22
53 10 63
12
22
14 10 24
B 9
22
57
24 35 59
9
19
9 10 19
9 9
19
59
19 40 59
Finish
59
63
59 4 63
9 E 33
35 24 59
Critical Path
ABC Hospital
12
27
48 15 63
Start
0
0
B 9
9 9
12
53
F 22
63 K 69
63
69
10 63
C 22
12
G 57
22
14 10 24
24 35 59
9
19
9 10 19
0
12
2 12 14
19
19
H 59
40 59
Finish
59
59
J 63
9 E 33
35 24 59
4000
3000
4 63
Critical Path
7000
|
6
(Crash time)
Figure 6
|
7
|
9
|
10
|
11
(Normal time)
Time (weeks)
26
ABC Hospital
TABLE 1
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
Activity
Normal
Time
(NT)
Normal
Cost
(NC)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
12
9
10
10
24
10
35
40
15
4
6
$ 12,000
50,000
4,000
16,000
120,000
10,000
500,000
1,200,000
40,000
10,000
30,000
Totals
$1,992,000
Crash
Time
(CT)
11
7
5
8
14
6
25
35
10
1
5
Crash
Cost
(CC)
Maximum
Time
Reduction
(wk)
$ 13,000
64,000
7,000
20,000
200,000
16,000
530,000
1,260,000
52,500
13,000
34,000
Cost of
Crashing per
Week
1
2
5
2
10
4
10
5
5
3
1
$ 1,000
7,000
600
2,000
8,000
1,500
3,000
12,000
2,500
1,000
4,000
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
69 weeks
43 weeks
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
$2,209,000
ABC Hospital
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
A
12
B-D-H-J-K:
F
B-E-J-K:
10
69 weeks
K
43 weeks
6
I
15
40
9 69 weeks
10
1
Critical Path B-D-H-J-K:
Crash Activity J by 3 weeks @ $1,000/week
E
24
3($28,000) 3($1,000) = $81,000
$2,624,000 $81,000 = $2,543,000
27
ABC Hospital
Minimum Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
A
12
ABC Hospital
I
15
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
F
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
K
43 weeks
10
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
40
9 69 weeks
10
1
Critical Path B-D-H-J-K:
Crash Activity J by 3 weeks @ $1,000/week
E
24
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
67 weeks 12
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
ABC Hospital
I
15
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
F
B-E-J-K:
10
69 weeks
43Kweeks
6
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
40
9
8
1
Critical Path B-D-H-J-K:
64 weeks
Crash Activity D by 2 weeks @ $2,000/week
E
24
$28,000 + $8,000 2($2,000)
= $32,000
$2,543,000 $32,000 = $2,511,000
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
67 weeks 12
I
15
B-D-H-J-K:
F
B-E-J-K:
10
69 weeks
43Kweeks
6
40
9
8
1
Critical Path B-D-H-J-K:
64 weeks
Crash Activity D by 2 weeks @ $2,000/week
E
24
$28,000 + $8,000 2($2,000)
= $32,000
$2,543,000 $32,000 = $2,511,000
28
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
Minimum-Cost Schedule
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
Minimum-Cost Schedule
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
12
67 weeks
I
15
B-D-H-J-K:
FB-E-J-K:
10
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
12
67 weeks
H
40
E
24
ABC Hospital
I
15
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
FB-E-J-K:
10
69 weeks
43K weeks
5
9
8
1
Critical Paths B-D-H-J-K
and
A-C-G-J-K: 63
weeks
Crash Activity K by 1 week @ $4,000/week
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
69 weeks
43K weeks
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
40
9
8
1
Critical Paths B-D-H-J-K
and
A-C-G-J-K:
63
weeks
Crash Activity K by 1 week @ $4,000/week
E
24
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
29
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
67 weeks12
B-D-H-J-K:
B-E-J-K:
69 weeks
43 weeks
ABC Hospital
I
15
Minimum-Cost Schedule
B-D-H-J-K:
F
B-E-J-K:
10
69 weeks
43Kweeks
5
33 weeks
28 weeks
67 weeks
ABC Hospital
Minimum-Cost Schedule
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
33 weeks
28 weeks A
67 weeks12
B-D-H-J-K:
69 weeks
43Kweeks
F
B-E-J-K:
10
40
9
8
1
Critical Paths B-D-H-J-K
and
A-C-G-J-K:
61
weeks
Crash Activities B and C by 2 weeks
E
@ $7,000/week and $600/week
24
I
15
40
7
8
1
Critical Paths B-D-H-J-K
and
A-C-G-J-K:
61
weeks
Crash Activities B and C by 2 weeks
E
@ $7,000/week and $600/week
24
Probability
A-I-K:
A-F-K:
A-C-G-J-K:
Minimum-Cost Schedule
3s
m
Mean
3s
Time
b
30
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Probabilistic
Time Estimates
Probabilistic
Time Estimates
Mean
Start
a + 4m + b
6
te =
Variance
s2 =
Finish
Activity B
Most
Optimistic Likely Pessimistic
(a)
(m)
(b)
7
8
15
Finish
ABC Hospital
Time Estimates (wk)
Activity B
Most
Optimistic Likely Pessimistic
(a)
(m)
(b)
7
8
15
Start
7 + 4(8) + 15
= 9 weeks
6
Optimistic Likely
Activity
(a)
(m)
( 156- 7 ) = 1.78
ABC Hospital
Finish
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
11
7
5
8
14
6
25
35
10
1
5
12
8
10
9
25
9
36
40
13
2
6
Activity Statistics
Pessimistic Expected
(b)
Time (te )
13
15
15
16
30
18
41
45
28
15
7
12
9
10
10
24
10
35
40
15
4
6
Probabilities
Probabilities
Critical Path = B - D - H - J - K
T = 72 days
T = 72 days
TE = 69 days
s2 = (variances of activities)
Variance
(s2 )
0.11
1.78
2.78
1.78
7.11
4.00
7.11
2.78
9.00
5.44
0.11
ABC Hospital
Critical Path = B - D - H - J - K
T TE
z=
s2
z=
Probabilistic
Time Estimates
s2 =
Start
ba
6
ABC Hospital
te =
TE = 69 days
s2 = (variances of activities)
z=
T TE
s2
72 69
= 0.87
11.89
From Appendix
Pz = .8078 .81
31
ABC Hospital
ABC Hospital
Probabilities
Probabilities
Normal distribution:
Critical
Path
- K= 69 weeks;
Mean
Length
of = B - D - H - J
critical path
T = 72 days
s2 =
Probability of
meeting the of
(variances
schedule is
0.8078
s = 3.45 weeks
TE = 69 days
activities)
T TEof
z Probability
=
exceeding
s272
weeks is 0.1922
Path = A - C - G - J - K
72 69
From
69
72 Appendix 2
= 0.87
Pz = (weeks)
.8078 .81
11.89
Project duration
Figure
T = 72 days
TE = 67 days
s2 = (variances of activities)
z=
T TE
s2
72 67
= 1.27
15.55
From Appendix 2
Pz = .8980 .90
SUMMARY
Basic scheduling computations can be done on both
A-O-A or A-O-N networks.
A-O-N networks are simpler to draw, though they
lack intuitive work flow interpretation of A-O-A
networks.
There are no float anomalies in A-O-N networks.
A-O-N networks are becoming more popular, in
computer packages,
SUMMARY
Basic PERT analysis
Three time estimates for activities
Mean and variance computation
Forward and backward pass on the network
Critical path identification
Distribution of project completion time
Probability statements about project completion.
SUMMARY
An Evaluation of PERT
Leads to optimistic results
Basic PERT assumptions lead to errors at both
activity level as well as at their aggregation.
Alternatives approaches
Simulation etc.
32
Possible solutions
Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)
technique
Discrete event simulation
33