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160oE 120oE
160oW
Alaska
Siberia
80oE
120oW
Canada
40oE
80o N
Greenland Scandinavia
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40oW 0oE
mean ice thickness (m)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
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ERS-2
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0
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Mean Sub Thickness (m)

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Number of Months with Measurements

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Counts
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ERS1 RA no. months with sea ice thickness measurements

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Mean Ice Thickness Mean Ice Thickness

May 95 May 95
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW
Alaska Alaska
Siberia Siberia
80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW
Canada Canada
40oE 40oE
80o N 80o N
Greenland Scandinavia Greenland Scandinavia
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N
40oW 0oE 40oW 0oE

mean ice thickness (m) mean ice thickness (m)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
ERS1 RA Mean sea ice thickness measurexments ERS1 RA Mean sea ice thickness measurexments

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Mean Ice Thickness Difference Mean Ice Thickness Difference

November 95 November 96
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
o o
160 W 160 W
Alaska Alaska
Siberia o Siberia
80 E 80oE
120oW 120oW
Canada Canada
40oE 40oE
80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N
40oW 0oE 40oW 0oE

difference in mean ice thickness (m) difference in mean ice thickness (m)
-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Simulation: Hncep Simulation: Hncep

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Mean Ice Thickness Difference

November 97
160oE 120oE
160oW
Alaska
Siberia
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120oW
Canada
40oE
80o N
80oW 70o N
40oW 0oE
difference in mean ice thickness (m)
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Simulation: Hncep

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1.0
0.8
residual 10-3 m/s

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 40 80 120 160 200
number of corrector steps

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8.0
6.0
residual /10-6 m/s
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 40 80 120 160 200

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-0.8
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0
40 45 50 55 60 65
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Sensitivity
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Thermodynamic
source of h
Predictor Step:
explicit h equation
Thermodynamic
source of A
A equation
Wind, ocean current,

sea surface topography
n++
momentum equation
p equation
Find velocity flux from p
p correction steps
n < 20 n = 20
calculate h
flux = velocity flux / h

time steps
Output: h, A, U etc
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0.06
residual m/s

0.04
0.02
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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gh_7]riã\kiEg|ZknH]tb¬Kb_:ik`[:]rY\ik5;f\[`l'l 7bh_:iEk[tacgl'l!q]rb[`f\l'n\_o[c]rY\g]«g¡l'b|EnM]ribfw[²iEl©]rlbh_
]Y\[§acbac[`f]rn\a [ÕBng]ribf\vxz[`f\k[ygf«g_©]riã\kìg|Ðlobn_ok`[^bQiEk[ïlzfb]pif]r_'bd\nk`[`dcuî]Yj]Y\[
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kb_o_'[`k]ribf~l7][`\lZf\[[`d\[dc]bp[`flon\_'[îk`[[`|bBkì ]egf\dy]Y\iEk5;f\[loliEl+bn\f\dy]bpgf~gkk`[`M]rg{\|[
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3.0
2.0
residual 10-3 N

1.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Ice Thickness Difference

After 1 year
E 120˚
150˚ E
90
0˚
18
˚E
W
60˚E
150˚
120˚
30˚E
W
90
0˚
˚W
60˚W
30˚W
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
thickness difference (m)
IG H=J.KMLON-.}.~h ÞÙxuvÚÚxhy.uàzuÙxÞvum&uvÛ -uvuÙªÛ $þcðMþ¡xu£¢_àÝxÙtÚs@ÜÛ9uvàþ@ÙxuZ$us$àþ$ÜyÙÛ9u6$às$Û1Yþ@ÙMì
àÝxÙ9 ¤yÛ7cÛ9àzsq Û¥´þ$Ùxs¢XÞþ@àzàuvÞÛ1Yþ@Ù2ÚÛu3ÿxÚ¶ð}yÙÝxÚ¶Û7tuÀàzÝxÙ9 ¤yÛ7(Þ3þ@àzàzuÞÛ¥´þ$Ù2ÚzÛ9uÿxÚz¦
§¨©>ªV«&¬§®I¯¬°&±4²_³>ª¨´Vªªµ>¶&ª²_°²¡³>ª¬¨¶&³¡²9³>«©>µD·°&¸>©>µ>«¬1º¹;»m³>ª¼°&§½¸q²_¨°&©D¯°&¸>©3µj¾j¨¿²_³ R ´V°&¬ÁÀ
¬ªV´Â²_¨°&©¼1²¡ªVÃ>¼e¨¼9¼³>°z¾j©Ä°zÅª¬§«&¨½µÄ°&©/²¡³>ªd¼°§½¸Æ²¡¨½°©¯°&¸>©>µ/¾j¨¿²_³D²_³3ª²_¬«&µ>¨¿²_¨°&©>«&§@´V°&¬¬ªV´Â²_¨°&©
«§½¶&°¬¨¿²_³>±-ÇXÈ>¶&¹XÉ&¹Ê&¹}Ë°²_¨´Vª²_³>«²S²_³3ª¼°&§½¸q²_¨°&©D°&·Æ²¡«&¨©>ªVµe¾j¨®²¡³Ì²_³>ª©>ª£¾«§½¶&°¬¨¿²_³>±Í·ªV³>«zÅ>ªV¼
´°&©>¼¨½µ>ª¬«&·3§®·<ªÂ²²¡ªV¬S²¡³>«&©-²_³>ªÌ°&¬¨¶&¨©>«&§¼°&§¸Æ²¡¨½°&©3¹ÌÎ©$¼ªV´Â²_¨°&©$Ï&¹Ð&¹Ðj¾ª©>°²¡ªVµC²¡³>«²«/¯¸>§§®
´°&©¡Åª¬¶&ª©_²¼°&§¸Æ²¡¨½°&©I¯°&¬|²_³3¨½¼´V«&¼ªT¾«&¼©>°²Ì°&·Æ²¡«&¨©>ªVµI«&¯Ñ²_ª¬6²¡ªV©dª«&¬¼°&¯@¨©¡²_ª¶&¬«²¡¨½°©>Ç>²_³>¨¼
¨¼e«&§¼°²_¬¸>ª-¯°&¬;²_³>ª R ´V°¬¬ª´£²¡¨½°&©Ò±-ª£²¡³>°µ3¹^»m³3ªÓ¨±-Ã<°¬1²_«©_²ÓÃ°&¨©¡²j²¡°(©>°²_ª-¨¼}²_³>«²²¡³>ª R
´°&¬¬ªV´Â²_¨°&©C«§½¶&°¬¨¿²_³>±Ôª©>¼¸3¬ªV¼r¨½´ª²¡³>¨´Õ©3ªV¼¼;¨½©e²_³>ªT¬ª¶&¨°&©C°¯ °&ÃªV©¾9«²_ªV¬S¨¼rÖªV¬°j«&©>µÓ«&¬Á²_¨¿À
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Ù §®²¡³>°&¸>¶&³Ä²_³>¨¼Ó¨½¼C«&©QªÂÚ²¡¬ª±ÓªI´V«&¼ªVÇ¨¿²Iµ>°ª¼/µ>ª±-°&©>¼1²¡¬«²¡ª=«ÒÛ>«z¾[¨½©Ä²_³>ª^©×¸>±-ªV¬¨½´«&§
±-ªÂ²_³>°µ>°&§°&¶I´V¸3¬¬ª©¡²_§¿$¸>¼ªVµ²_°Ì¼°&§¿ÅªS²_³>ªrÅ<¨¼´°&¸>¼1ÜÃ>§½«¼1²_¨´¼ª«d¨½´ª±-°µ>ªV§¹mÎÝ²;¾°&¸>§µ·<ª°&¯
Å«&§¸>ªm²_°Cµ>ª£²¡ªV¬±-¨©>ª³>°z¾Þ¼¨½¶©>¨½È3´V«&©¡²-¨´Vªj¼1²¡¬ªV©3¶²_³ÆÜÅªV§°´V¨¿²{´V°¸>Ã>§¨½©>¶/¨½¼¨½©I¼¨±¸>§«²¡¨½°&©3¼9°&¯
Ù ¬´Â²_¨´¼ª«¨½´ªV¹-»m³>ªd¨´Vª±-°²¡¨½°&©¨©/²_³3ª Ù ¬´£²_¨´d¨¼rÅ«&¬¨«&·>§ª°&©µ>«¨½§¿I²¡¨½±-ª¼´V«&§ªV¼Ç²_³>°&¸3¶&³
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After 5 years
E 120˚
150˚ E
90
0˚
18
˚E
W
60˚E
150˚
120˚
30˚E
W
90
0˚
˚W
60˚W
30˚W
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
¤ù úûü3ýþÿ ì è ¡ê ä ð¥ð@h ä ç ä ê è£ä ä é ä ä ê é æ í æ¡ ä ¢3ç8ñhêhð|ô îbé1ä ç ä ä ôç8ðæ î õê é1ä ëç8ô é õæê
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ß:§Es ó<¢õæ é ð¤æ îø æê é¥ì ¢ øeä ôê ø æÅÀ ä ¢Ñò ¥ â-Æ¤ì ¿ è Ç ê ä ð¥ðÁ¿u ä ç ä ê èä
Mean Ice Thickness Difference Mean Ice Thickness Difference Mean Ice Thickness Difference
October 93 November 93 March 95
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW 160oW
Alaska Alaska Alaska
Siberia Siberia Siberia

80oE 80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW 120oW
Canada Canada Canada
o o
40 E 40 E 40oE
80o N 80o N 80o N
Greenland Scandinavia Greenland Scandinavia Greenland Scandinavia
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N
40oW 0oE 40oW 0oE 40oW 0oE

difference in mean ice thickness (m) difference in mean ice thickness (m) difference in mean ice thickness (m)
-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Simulation: Hncep Simulation: Hncep Simulation: Hncep
È ôÉÊ è£é ¤ÌËbË8Í ÈDÎ É ã æv¤ÌËbË8Í Èè É ø ôç ¤ËbË8X
April 95 May 95 June 95
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW 160oW

80oE 80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW 120oW
40oE 40oE 40oE

80o N 80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N

-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
â
È À¦É ç ¤ÌËbË8X Èä É ø ô ¤Ë8ËbX È î ÉÏVñhê^¤ÌËbË8X
October 95 November 95 December 95
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW 160oW

80oE 80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW 120oW
o o
40 E 40 E 40oE
80o N 80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N

-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
È ëÉÊ è£é ¤ÌËbË8X Èì É ã æv¤ÌËbË8X È ¿ÐÉ¦ äè ¤ËbË8X
ù¤úûü3ýþ^ÑÿJÒi¿ ä ç ä ê è ä Î ä£éÐÓ ä£ä ê í æê é1ìÔ ôv ä ç¥ôë ä ÀÕ!¿ ä Ô3öhä ô÷ è£ärø æÅÀ ä Ô ¿ è£äré1ì ¿ è Ç ê ä ð8ð@ôêÀ
Ö ¥ö wV¤ ¥â ¿ è£äxé¥ì ¿ èÇ ê ä ð¥vð
î æç ¤ÌËbË8ÍrôêÀ*¤ËbË8X×
ó Ô æ é ðæ îø æê é1ìÔTøeä ôê ø æÅÀ ä Ô ò
¥ â5Æ¤ì ¿ è Ç ê ä ð¥ðÁ¿u ä ç ä ê è£ä ßC§E
January 96 Febuary 96 March 96
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW 160oW

80oE 80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW 120oW
40oE 40oE 40oE

80o N 80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N

-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
È ôÉ¦ÏVôê¢¤ËbË8 ÈDÎ É¦¾ ä Î ¤ËbË8 Èè É ø ôç ¤ÌËbËb
Mean Ice Thickness Difference Mean Ice Thickness Difference

April 96 May 96
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW
Alaska Alaska
Siberia Siberia
80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW
Canada Canada
40oE 40oE
80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N
40oW 0oE 40oW 0oE

difference in mean ice thickness (m) difference in mean ice thickness (m)
-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Simulation: Hncep Simulation: Hncep
â N
È ÀÉ i ç ¤ÌËbËb Èä É ø ô ¤ËbË8
ù¤ú½ûÆü3ýzþÑÿJØ â ðhë:× â ×¤b

î æç ¤ËbË8×
ß:§E ó Ô æ é ð¤æ îø æê é¥ìÔøeä ôê ø æÅÀ ä Ô ò ¥ â-Æ¤ì ¿ è Ç ê ä ð¥ðÁ¿u ä ç ä ê èä
May 95 June 95 September 95
160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE 160oE 120oE
160oW 160oW 160oW

80oE 80oE 80oE
120oW 120oW 120oW
40oE 40oE 40oE

80o N 80o N 80o N
80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N 80oW 70o N

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On Modelling The Mass of Arctic Sea Ice JennyHutchingsPhD

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