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Sixth Edition
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS,
COMPACTION, AND STABILIZATION
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
4c
By
Dr. Ibrahim Assakkaf
ENCE 420 Construction Equipment and Methods
Spring 2003
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
COMPACTION CONTROL
COMPACTION CONTROL
COMPACTION CONTROL
COMPACTION CONTROL
COMPACTION CONTROL
Disadvantages of using
sandcone and balloon methods:
1) time-consuming to conduct
sufficient tests for statistical
analysis.
2) problems with oversized
particles.
3) the determination of water
content takes time
NUCLEAR COMPACTION
TEST
NUCLEAR COMPACTION
TEST
NUCLEAR COMPACTION
TEST
NUCLEAR COMPACTION
TEST
NUCLEAR COMPACTION
TEST
GEOGAUGE
A Geogauge device is a
nondestructive devise that does not
require the removal of soil samples
from the site of the tests.
This device is very new to the field.
The Minnesota Department of
transportation tested the first
prototype models in 1994.
GEOGAUGE
LABORATORY VERSUS
FIELD
LABORATORY VERSUS
FIELD
LABORATORY VERSUS
FIELD
Figure 7
Comparison Curves for Eight
Soils Compacted according to
AASHTO T99
(Highway Research Board)
SOIL PROCESSING
COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
Typically
specifications
give an
acceptable range
of water content,
OMC 2% for
example.
COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
The specification
also sets a
minimum
density, 95% of
max. dry density
for a specific
test.
SOIL PROCESSING
123.5
10
11
SOIL PROCESSING
SOIL PROCESSING
12
Earthwork
The horizontal
dimensions of
a project are
in stations.
One station
equals 100 ft.
0+00
00
ft
1+00
SOIL PROCESSING
Amount of Water Required
100
compacted volume of soil (cf)
(37a)
13
WATER REQUIREMENT
100
Vol. emb(cf)
8.33
(37b)
SOIL PROCESSING
Water Application Rate
d emb (pcf)
(38)
100
9 sf / sy
8.34 lb /gal
14
Example 6
Example 6 (contd)
8.34 lb/gal
100
= 2,015 gallons per station
15
Example 7
COMPACTION OF
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS
16
COMPACTION OF
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS
COMPACTION OF
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS
17
COMPACTION OF
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS
COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
18
FIELD COMPACTION
Densification is accomplished
by:
9Static weight (pressure)
9Kneading (manipulation)
9Impact (sharp blow)
9Vibration (shaking)
FIELD COMPACTION
19
SMOOTH-WHEEL
ROLLERS
SMOOTH-WHEEL
ROLLERS
20
COMPACTION
Roller Capabilities
21
PNEUMATIC
22
PNEUMATIC
PNEUMATIC
All-wheel oscillation.
23
PNEUMATIC COMPACTOR
Pneumatic-tired (rubber-tired)
rollers are suitable for
compacting most granular soils.
They are not effective in
compacting fine-grained clays.
SHEEPSFOOT ROLLERS
24
SHEEPSFOOT ROLLERS
SHEEPS FOOT
ROLLER
25
Leveling blade
PAD CONFIGURATION
Tamping foot
Pad foot
26
27
Working in tandem
28
VIBRATORY ROLLERS
VIBRATORY ROLLERS
The vibration is
Produced by
rotating
off-center weights
29
VIBRATORY SOIL
COMPACTOR
Smooth-drum
30
Padded drum
31
DUAL-DRUM VIBRATORY
COMPACTOR
DUAL-DRUM VIBRATORY
COMPACTOR
32
DUAL-DRUM VIBRATORY
COMPACTOR
ROLLERS PRODUCTION
ESTIMATING
W S L 16.3
P
(39)
33
Example 8
Example 8 (contd)
W S L 16.3 7(1.5)(5)16.3)
=
= 214 cy yd /hr
P
4
214
= 258 bcy/hr
0.83
510
Number of rollers needed =
= 1.98 2 rollers
258
Volume in bcy =
34
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Dynamic compaction is a
technique that has gained
popularity in the U.S. for the
densification of granular soil
deposits.
The method can produce
densification to depth greater
than 35 ft
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
35
DYNAMIC
COMPACTION
This is a
20 ton weight
from 42 feet
DYNAMIC
COMPACTION
Usually only make
contact with about
50% of the actual
ground surface
being compacted.
36
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
37
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
D = n WH
(40a)
where
D = depth of improvement or significant depth (m)
n = an empirical coefficient (0.5)
W = dropping weight (metric ton)
H = height of drop (m)
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
D = 0.61 WH
(40b)
where
D = depth of improvement or significant depth (ft)
W = dropping weight (kip)
H = height of drop (ft)
38
Example 9
VIBRATORY PLATE
COMPACTOR
For
granular
soils and
asphalt.
39
RAMMER
Also known as
a backfill
tamper. Selfcontained hand
operated for
use in confined
spaces.
TRENCH ROLLER
40
WHEEL
ATTACHMENT
COMPACTORS
SOIL STABILIZATION
41
SOIL STABILIZATION
42