Chapter03 - Lab Tests

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests
Chapter 3 : Significance of lab tests in petroleum refining
Laboratory Standard Test Procedures (ASTM).

Significance of Laboratory Tests.
Product Specifications (ASTM).
Product Quality Upgrading (through operations) - Chapter 7
Table 3.1: The 30 most important ASTM tests in petroleum refining.

ASTM Standard
No.
Test
Fraction
Test Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Atm Distillation
Vac Distillation
API & specific gravity
BS&W
Octane Number (Motor/Research)
Molecular Weight
RVP
Lamp Sulfur
Doctor test
Flash point
Freezing point
Smoke point
Viscosity (Saybolt universal)
Viscosity (Kinematic)
Pour point
Cloud Point
Color (clear liquids)
PNA/PINA/ PONA/PIONA
Refractive Index (RI)
Aniline point
Cetane Index
Cetane number
Conradson carbon
Ramsbottom carbon
H/C ratio
Heating value (net/gross)
Flammability Limits (upper/lower)
Salt, PTB
Crude oil and lighter

Atm resid and heavier
All
Crude Oil Feed
Gasoline
All
Light fractions
All
All
Naphtha & gasoline
Kerosene
kerosene (ATK)
Heavy fractions
Heavy fractions
Diesel and heavier
Diesel and lighter
Diesel and lighter
Naphtha and kerosene
All
All
Diesel
Diesel
Heavy fractions
Heavy fractions
All
All
All
Crude oil
Page
No.
D 86
D 1160
D287-92
D 96-88
D 357/D 908
D2503
D323-94
D1266
D325
D56-97A
D2386
D1322
D88
D445
D97-96a
D2500
D1209-93
D544393
D1218-92
D611
D976
D613
D189-97
D524
D5291
D240/D4809
E681
D3230/D6470
KOEHLER INSTRUMENTS
http://www.koehlerinstrument.com/index.html
FXG
http://fxg-ent.com/
GECIL
http://www.gecil.com/index.php?pageID=74
Copyrights 2001 2015, Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chem. Eng. Dept., Kuwait University
API (specific) gravity

Sample: all
Standard Test Number: ASTM D287-92
Principle: Buoyancy
Objective:
To determine the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally
handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure of 26 psi or less and at constant
temperature of 60 F.
Procedure
The temperature of the sample is adjusted according to the type of sample.
The sample is then transferred into the clean hydrometer cylinder (volatile samples
are transferred by siphoning)
The hydrometer is lowered gently into the sample and when it has settled, depressed
about two scales divisions into the liquid and released.
When the hydrometer has come to the rest, floating freely and the temperature of the
sample is constant to 0.2 F the hydrometer reading is recorded.
Related Standards
D70
Specific gravity of bituminous materials, Pycnometer Method
D287
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum & Petroleum Products (Hydrometer
D1070
Specific gravity of gaseous fuels
D1298
Density, Specific Gravity or API, Hydrometer Method
D1657
Density of LPG, hydrometer method
D4052
Oscillating frequency, Digital Density Meter
Density Meter - DMA 38

Density Meter - DMA 5000
Figure 3.1: Electronic Density Meters
SG API
141.5
131.5
ASTM distillation
Sample: Crude oil & Light to medium fractions
Standard Test Number: ASTM D86-96, D1160
Principle: physical separation (vaporization)
Scope
This test method covers the distillation of natural gasoline, motor gasoline, aviation
gasoline, aviation turbine fuels, special boiling point spirits, naphtha, white spirit
kerosene, gas oils, distillate fuel oils and similar petroleum products, utilizing either
manual or automated equipment.
Figure 3.2: Apparatus for ADTM D86 distillation

Procedure
A 100 ml sample, placed in a flask, is heated in a regulated rate (so that a uniform
average rate of condensation in ml/min is maintained). This rate varied from zero to
5V% recovered, from 5 to 10 V% recovered and so on.
When the first drop appears at the lower end of the condenser tube, the thermometer
reading (vapor temperature) is recorded as the initial boiling point (IBP).
Temperature readings are recorded at several V% distilled (Table 1) up to the final
boiling point (FBP) and heating is discontinued.
After the flask has cooled the volume of remaining liquid is measured and recorded as
the recovery.
For heavy fractions, heating is discontinued when decomposition point is observed
(the vapor reaches a maximum temperature then starts declining before the end point).
Table 3.2: Data recording for ASTM D86 test

Vol%
IBP
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
FBP
Recovery
T (F)
100
106
112
122
130
139
148
157
166
185
194
202
205
98 %
This is usually plotted as follows
ASTM D86 Atmospheric Distillation

Apparatus
ASTM D1160 Vacuum Distillation Apparatus
Related standards:
Table 3.3: Standard test methods for distillation of petroleum products
ASTM test
Application
#
1. D86-96
Light petroleum fractions (naphtha, kerosene, diesel)
2. D1160
Heavy petroleum fractions (VGO, atm residue, vac residue)
3. D2887
Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of petroleum frac. other than gasoline
4. D3710
Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of gasoline
5. D5307
Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of crude oil.
6. D6352-98
Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of distillates (BP range 174 to 700C)
7. D2892
15/5 distillation; 15theoretical plate column (simulated TBP)
8. D5236
Distillation of heavy HC mixtures (Vacuum Potstill Method)
Notes:
1. Tests 1 & 2 may be combined together for wide boiling range materials.
2. Test 2 is used for fractions heavier than diesel.
3. Test 3 can replace test 1 for white products (namely gasoline, Naphtha, and kerosene).
Figure. D2892: 15/5 distillation
Simulated Distillation (SimDist) by Gas Chromatography (GC) Analyzers
Figure 3.3: Major components of a Gas Chromatograph
Figure 3.4: Output peaks of a gas chromatograph.
Figure 3.5: Actual output from a gas chromatograph
BS&W (Bottom sediments and water)

Sample: Crude oil
Standard Test Number: ASTM D96-88
Principle: centrifuge
D96-88: Standard Test method for Water & Sediment in Crude Oil by Centrifuge
Method
Objective
This test method covers the centrifuge method for determining sediment & water in
crude oil.
It is not the most accurate, but the most practical method for field determination.
Procedure
Two 50 ml samples are placed in two 100 ml cone-shaped centrifuge tubes.
50 ml solvent is added to each tube to facilitate mixing and demulsifying chemical to
facilitate separation then plugged with a stopper.
The tubes are heated to 60 C and inverted a minimum of 10 times to ensure uniform
mixing of oil and solvent.
The tubes are then placed in the centrifuge and spin for 5 min.
Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest the combined volume of sediment &
water at the bottom of each tube is recorded
BS&W usually ranges between 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 for Kuwait Export Crude feed in
the refinery (after settling in crude charge tanks).
Both tubes are reheated to 60 C, returned without agitation to the centrifuge and spin
for 5 min at the same rate.
This is repeated until two consecutive consistent readings are obtained on each tube.
.
Centrifuge
Tube
Related Standards
D95 (water in petroleum products and bituminous products by azeotropic distillation)
D473 (Sediment in crude oil and fuel oil by extraction)
D1744 (water by Karl Fischer Method electrometric, after addition of KF reagent)
D1796 (water and sediment in fuel oils, mix with toluene and centrifuge)
D2709 (Water and Sediment in Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge)
Octane Number
Sample: gasoline
Standard Test Number: ASTM D357 (Motor)
D908 (Research)
Principle: Combustion in a variable compression ratio motor.
Is a measure of the degree of knocking of (gasoline).

It compares the degree of combustion of gasoline to that of a mixture of n-heptane
(zero octane) and iso-octane (100 octane) expressed as V% iso-octane (2,2,4trimethylpentane) .
Octane number depends on the structure (branching) of the compound
MON = - 17 (n-octane)
MON = 100 (iso-octane) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Types of octane number

(Both use same test engine but operate under different conditions. MON at high engine
speed and RON at low engine speed)
(a) Motor method (MON)
Represent performance on the highway or heavy load conditions (high speed).
(b) Research method (RON)
Represent performance during city driving (low speed and acceleration is
relatively frequent)
(c) Posted octane number (PON)
PON RON MON

2
Sensitivity of the fuel

Sensitivity = (RON MON)
The sensitivity of the performance of the fuel to the two types of driving conditions (Low
Sensitivity fuels are better; equal performance is all conditions is desirable).
The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation
(engine knocking) in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. High-performance engines
typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they
require higher octane fuel. A lower-performance engine will not generally perform better
with high-octane fuel, since the compression ratio is fixed by the engine design.
The octane number of a fuel is measured in a test engine, and is defined by comparison with
the mixture of iso-octane and normal heptane, which would have the same anti-knocking
quality as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of iso-octane in that mixture is the
octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a
mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% n-heptane would have an octane rating of 90. Because
some fuels are more knock-resistant than iso-octane, the definition has been extended to
allow for octane numbers higher than 100.
10
Compression Ratio
The ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the cylinder of an internal-combustion
engine.
Figure. Stroke cycles in internal combustion engines
TDC = Top dead center

BDC = Bottom dead center
Volume at BDC = 10 in3
Volume at TDC = 1 in3
Compression ratio = 10 to 1
Figure. Compression ratio of internal combustion engines
Video. Compression Ratio
11
Definition of octane rating

The octane rating of a spark ignition engine fuel is the detonation resistance (anti-knock
rating) compared to a mixture of iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane) and
n-heptane. By definition, iso-octane is assigned an octane rating of 100 and heptane is
assigned an octane rating of zero. An 87-octane gasoline, for example, possesses the same
anti-knock rating of a mixture of 87% (by volume) iso-octane and 13% (by volume) nheptane. This does not mean, however, that the gasoline actually contains these hydrocarbons
in these proportions. It simply means that it has the same detonation resistance as the
described mixture.
n-heptane
Iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane)
Octane rating does not relate to the energy content of the fuel (that is the heating value). It is
only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn rather than explode.
Octane rating does not mean better power output or fuel economy or cleaner burning. It is
only a measure of the fuels combustion quality. Since switching to a higher octane fuel does
not add any more hydrocarbon content or oxygen, the engine cannot produce more power.
120
pure
isooctane
100
Octane Number
80
60
pure
n-heptane
40
20
0
-20
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
V% isooctane in (isooctane & n-heptane mixture)

Measurement methods
The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number (RON).
RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a variable compression ratio
12
under controlled conditions, and comparing the results with those for mixtures of iso-octane
and n-heptane.
There is another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number (MON) or the aviation
lean octane rating, which is a better measure of how the fuel behaves when under load. MON
testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel
mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock
resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be
about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Normally fuel specifications require both a
minimum RON and a minimum MON.
Regional variations
Generally, octane ratings are higher in Europe than they are in North America and most other
parts of the world. This is especially true when comparing the lowest available octane level in
each country.
Country
Octane number
Many parts of Europe
95 RON (90-91 AKI) and 97/98
United Kingdom
95 RON, 97 RON, 99 RON, 102 RON
Germany
100 RON
Australia
91 RON, 95 RON, 98 RON, 100 RON
Malaysia
92 RON, 97 RON, 99 RON
In other countries
85 RON, 95 RON, 98 RON
Russia and CIS countries
76 MON, 80 RON
In most countries (including all of Europe and Australia) the "headline" octane rating, shown
on the pump, is the RON, but in the United States, Canada and some other countries the
headline number is the average of the RON and the MON, sometimes called the Anti-Knock
Index (AKI), Road Octane Number (RdON), posted octane number, Pump Octane Number
(PON), or (R+M)/2. Because of the 8 to 10 point difference noted above, the octane shown in
the United States is 4 to 5 points lower than the same fuel elsewhere: 87 octane fuel, the
"regular" gasoline in the US and Canada, is 91-92 in Europe. However most European pumps
deliver 95 (RON) as "regular", equivalent to 90-91 US (R+M)/2, and some even deliver 98
(RON) or 100 (RON).
13
It is possible for a fuel to have a RON greater than 100, because iso-octane is not the most
knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, AvGas, LPG, and alcohol fuels such as
methanol or ethanol can have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher - ethanol's RON is
129 (MON 102, AKI 116).
Typical "octane booster" gasoline additives include tetra-ethyl lead, MTBE and toluene.
Tetra-ethyl lead (the additive used in leaded gasoline) is easily decomposed to its component
radicals, which react with the radicals from the fuel and oxygen that start the combustion,
thereby delaying ignition, leading to an increased octane number.
Examples of octane ratings
For some other hydrocarbons, the following table gives the 'AKI' ratings.
Compound
ON
Compound
ON
Compound
hexadecane
< -30
1-pentene
84
methanol
n-octane
-10
n-butanol
87
toluene
n-heptane
0
E10 gasoline
8790
ethanol
diesel fuel
1525 n-butane
91
xylene
2-methylheptane
23
t-butanol
97
E85 gasoline
n-hexane
25
cyclohexane
97
methane
2-methylhexane
44
iso-octane
100
ethane
1-heptene
60
benzene
101
n-pentane
62
propane
103
ON
113
114
116
117
105
107
108
Effects of octane rating

Higher octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies. Activation energy is the amount
of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction. Since higher octane fuels have higher
activation energies, it is less likely that a given compression will cause detonation.
It might seem odd that fuels with higher octane ratings explode less easily and can therefore
be used in more powerful engines. However, an explosion is not desired in an internal
combustion engine. An explosion will cause the pressure in the cylinder to rise far beyond the
cylinder's design limits, before the force of the expanding gases can be absorbed by the piston
traveling downward. This actually reduces power output, because much of the energy of
combustion is absorbed as strain and heat in parts of the engine, rather than being converted
to torque at the crankshaft.
However, burning fuel with a lower octane rating than required by the engine often reduces
power output and efficiency one way or another. If the engine begins to detonate (knock),
that reduces power and efficiency. Many modern car engines feature a knock sensor a small
piezoelectric microphone which detects knock and then sends a signal to the engine control
unit to retard the ignition timing. Retarding the ignition timing reduces the tendency to
detonate, but also reduces power output and fuel efficiency.
14
Figure 6.1: ASTM Octane Number Standard Engine
Figure. Digital control panel
15
Other relevant standards

D909 (knock characteristics for Aviation fuels)
D2699 (knock characteristics of motor fuels by research method)
D2700 (knock characteristics of motor and aviation fuels by motor method)
D2623 (knock characteristics of LPG by the motor (LP) method)
D2885 (Research and Motor Method Octane Ratings Using Online Analyzers)
Figure. Portable octane number analyzer
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)

Sample: Naphtha, Gasoline and others
Standard Test Number: D323-94
Principel: Pressure in a sample bob held at 100 F
D323-94: Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
(Reid Method)
Objective
This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure (in absolute units) at 100 F
(37.8 C) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point (IBP) above
32F (0C).
Procedure
The sample is placed in a liquid chamber (cylinder) which is filled to the tip then
coupled to a vapor chamber as quickly as possible. (this is done in such a way that
vaporization losses are avoided)
The sample is drained from the liquid to the vapor chamber and the whole assembly is
immersed in constant temperature bath (100F) for 5 minutes.
The reading is observed after taping the pressure gage lightly.
16
The apparatus is withdrawn from the bath and the procedure is repeated as needed.
The (uncorrected) RVP reading is recorded when the difference between two readings
is 0.05psi.
Other standards related

D1267 (vapor pressure of LPG - Bomb Method)
D2551 (Vapor pressure by micromethod)
D5191: Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
Figure. RVP Bath and cylinder

Sulfur
Sample: all
Standard Test Number: ASTM D1266 (Lamp Sulfur)
Principle: Combustion in lamp and analysis
Sulfur Content (wt%)
Ranges from 0.1 to 5 % or more.
Undesirable pollutant and corrosive.
Crude with S content greater than 0.5 W% requires more extensive processing than
those with lower sulfur content.
Almost half of the units in the refinery such as the ARDS, HTU, Merox, sulfur
recovery, tail gas treating (TGT), and the Amine all are added because of the high S
content of crude.
Costs more to get rid of (100 %).
Sour crude
- Previously, refer to crude containing dissolved H2S independent of total sulfur.
- Now, refer to any crude oil with S content > 0.5 wt % thus requiring special
processing.
17
Related Standards:
D129 (Bomb Method; for heavy petroleum fractions; oxidation in pressurized bomb
and gravimetric analysis)
D325 (Doctor Test, detection of H2S and mercaptans Sodium plumnite test,
coloration of interface)
D1552 (combustion in high temperature, induction furnace, and analysis)
D1072 (Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases)
D2622 (X-ray Spectrographic)
D2784 (sulfur in LPG; combustion in lamp and analysis of sulfur oxides formed)
D2785 (combustion in Wickbold burner and analysis)
D3120 (Trace quantities of Sulfur in Light petroleum hydrocarbons by Oxidative
Microcoulometry)
D3227 (Mercaptan Sulfur in Destillate Fuels, Potentiometric method?-silver nitrate
analysis?)
D4294 (Non-dispersive X-ray fluorescence)
ASTM D703915 (Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by
Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry)
Flash point
Sample: gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, and others
Standard Test Number: ASTM D56-97a (Tag closed tester)
Definition:
Flash point is the lowest temperature, corrected to a pressure of 101.3 kpa (760
mmHg), at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of
the sample to ignite.
The specimen is deemed to have flashed when a flame appears and instantaneously
propagates itself over the entire surface of the fluid.
Significance
It is affected by the amount of light materials present the fraction. This is very important
for the safe handling of petroleum products (transfer and storage) and ease of ignition of
fuel.
High flash point means higher temperature is required for the fuel to flash.
The fuel therefore does not ignite easily and is safe.
18
There are two basic types of flash point measurement of a substance or fuel: open cup and
closed cup, which differ according to the characteristics of the liquid under study. Standard
ASTM (2002) closed-cup test methods include Tag (D56-01), small scale (D3828-98),
Setaflash (D3828), Pensky-Martens (D93-00), and the equilibrium method (D3941-90).
Standard ASTM (2002) open-cup test methods include Cleveland (D92-01) and Tag (D1310).
Generally closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup
(typically 510 C or 918 F lower).
Other relevant standards

D92 (Flash and Fire points by Cleveland Open Cup).
D93 (Pensky-Martines Closed Tester).
D3828 (Setaflash closed tester).
19
Tag
closed cup
flash tester
Pensky-Martens closedcup
flash tester
Cleveland
open-cup
flash tester
Setaflash Closed Cup
Rapid Flash
Closed-Cup
flash tester
Tag
Open-Cup
Flash Tester
Setaflash Open Cup

Figure 6.2: Flash Point
20
Fully Automatic
Setaflash
Freezing point Temperature, C (F)

Sample: aviation fuels (kerosene, ATK)
Standard Test Number: ASTM D2386
Principle: Temperature of disappearance of crystals on reheating.
Scope:
This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid
hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline.
Significance
In aircraft, the temperature of the fuel tank normally falls during flight depending on
aircraft speed, altitude and flight duration. So, the freezing point of the fuel must always be
lower than the minimum operational tank temperature.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of jacketed sample tube, unsilvered vessel, sample tube,
collers, stirrer, vacuum flask and thermometer.
Procedure:
A 25 ml of the fuel is transferred to the dry, jacketed tube. The tube is closed
tightly with cork holding the stirrer, thermometer and moisture proof color.
The thermometer is adjusted in the tube and its bulb not touching the walls.
The jacketed sample tube and its set are clamped in the vacuum flask containing
the coolant as for as possible.
Solid carbon dioxide is added to maintain the coolant level in the vacuum flask.
The fuel sample is stirred continuously at rate 1.5 cycles/s.
The temperature at which crystals of hydrocarbon appear is recorded.
The jacketed sample tube is removed from the coolant, warmed then stirred.
The temperature at which the crystals completely disappear is recorded.
Figure. Freezing point of kerosene
21
Figure. Apparatus for the Freezing point of kerosene
Cloud Point Temperature, C (F)

Sample: diesel
Test Principle:
Observation during cooling under prescribed conditions
Definition:
The temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest observable duster of wax
crystals first appears upon cooling under prescribed condition.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A sample is filtered at a temperature at least 14C above the expected cloud point
until oil is perfectly clear.
The sample is then poured into the test jar to the level mark.
The test jar is tightly closed by the cork carrying the test thermometer then placed
in a jacket into a cooling medium maintained at about 0 C.
At every thermometer reading increment of 1C the test jar is removed from the
jacket and inspected for cloud and replaced in the jacket (in not more than 3 sec).
The oil is transferred to a lower temperature bath if it does not show a cloud at the
lowest temperature as shown in Table 1.
22
Pour Point Temperature, C (F)

Sample: Diesel and heavier fractions.
Standard Test Number: ASTM D97-96 a (petroleum products)
ASTM D5853-95 (for crude oil)
Test Principle: Observation during gradual cooling
Definition
The pour point is the lowest temperature of the test sample when it becomes a solid. It is
related to the amount of wax content present in the fraction.
It is a rough indicator of the relative paraffinicity and aromacity of the crude.
Lower pour points indicate low paraffin and high aromatic content.
Lower pour points are usually preferred.
Procedure
The specimen is poured to the level mark into a test jar having a cork holding a
thermometer.
The specimen is heated without stirring to 9C above the expected pour point (or 45C
whichever is higher) in a bath maintained at 12 C above the expected pour point (or
48C whichever is higher).
The test jar is transferred to a water bath maintained at a lower temperature to cool the
sample and is observed for pour point.
Care is taken as not to disturb the specimen as paraffin wax crystals are formed after
cooling the specimen.
The jar is then tilted to check for movement of the specimen.
If the specimen still flows when its temperature reaches 27C the jar is transferred
from one bath to another with a lower temperature until the specimen in the test jar
does not flow when tilted.
The jar is then held in a horizontal position for 5 seconds. If the specimen shows any
movement, the test jar is replaced in the jacket and the test is repeated for flow at the
next temperature 3C lower.
This is continued until the specimen in the jar does not move and temperature is
reported as the pour point.
Cloud and Pour point apparatus
23
Smoke point (mm)

Sample: kerosene (both Illuminating and ATK)
Principle: Maximum height of smokeless flame.
Scope:
This test method covers the determination of the smoke point, which is the maximum
height, in millimeters of a smokeless flame of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel burned in a
wick-fed lamp of specified design. Higher smoke point is better.
Significance
The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of fuel
Generally, the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame.
Gives an indication of the smoke and sooting tendency of burning fuel (kerosene)
Apparatus
Smoke point lamp: (Chimney, Graduated scale and Candle)
Wick of woven solid circular cotton and Pipettes or Burettes.
Procedure:
- A 125 long dried wick is soaked in the sample and placed in the wick tube of the
candle.
- A 10-20 ml of the prepared sample is introduced at room temperature into the dry
candle.
- The wick tube is placed in the candle firmly. A new, clean, sharp razor is used to cut
the wick at the face of the holder and remove wisps and frayed ends.
- The candle is lighted and the wick adjusted so that the flame is approximately 10 mm
high within 5 min.
- After burning, the candle is raised until a smoky tail appears, then the candle is
lowered slowly through several stages of flame appear once.
- The maximum height of flame that can be achieved without smoking is determined to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
- The candle is removed from the lamp arise with heptanes and purged with air to make
ready for re-use.
Related Standards
IP57 (for fuel oil)
D187 (burning quality of kerosene)
24
Viscosity
Sample: All
Standard Test Number: D445
ASTM D445: Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque
Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Principle: Measurement of time required to flow between 2 marks in a tube
Objective
To determine the kinematic viscosity, , of both transparent and opaque petroleum
products.
To calculate the dynamic viscosity using kinematic viscosity.
Definition
The dynamic viscosity is a ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of shear
of the liquid.
The Kinematic viscosity is the resistance of fluid flowing under gravity.
Kinematic viscosity is determined by measuring the time of a fixed volume of fluid
takes to flow under gravity through a capillary viscometer.
The kinematic viscosity is directly proportional to the dynamic viscosity as described
by the following equation
= /
where:
=C.t
C= Viscometer constant
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a viscometer, viscometer holder, temperature control bath,
temperature controller, temperature measuring device and timing device.
Apparatus for the determination of kinematic viscosity
25
Procedure
For transparent products; a viscometer bath is maintained at a required test
temperature.
The viscometer is charged and placed in the bath where it is maintained until its
temperature reaches the test temperature.
Once it reaches the test temperature the level of the sample in the viscometer is
marked.
The head level is adjusted to a position 7 mm above the first mark. The time taken by
the fluid to reach the new position is measured.
For Opaque Products; the test sample is first heated and stirred until it becomes
sufficiently fluid then introduced in the viscometer which is placed in the viscometer
bath.
Usually measured at a certain temperature depending on sample (commonly 122 or
210 F)
Types;
1. Kinematic Viscosity, Centistokes (cSt). [= mm2/s]
2. Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS).
3. Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS)
Related standards:
D88 (Saybolt Viscosity)
D341-93 (viscosity temperature chart)
D2270 (Viscosity index, calculation based on kinematic viscosity)
D2983 (Viscosity Brookfield, rotation of a bob in a sample)
ASTM D446-07 (Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary
Kinematic Viscometers)
D2161 (Conversion of Kinematic viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol
Viscosity)
Color
Sample: Clear liquids, mostly diesel.
D1209-93: Standard test method for color of clear liquids (Platinum-cobalt scale)
Significance
The presence of color in material gives an indication
of the degree of refinement of solution or the
cleanliness of the of the storage container that is
handled. It applies to materials in which the color
producing bodies have light absorption
characteristics close to those of the platinum cobalt
color standards used.
Procedure
A 100 ml of sample is introduced in to a Nessler tube (after filtration if there is visible
turbidity).
26
The tube is tightly closed and placed in the comparator.

The comparator reading are observed and compared with a standard.
PFX995-PFX950-PFX880 Automatic Colorimeters
Lovibond PFX195 Automatic Colorimeters
Lovibond 3000 Comparator Series
Lovibond Comparator 2000 System

Related Standards:
D156 (Saybolt color, Height of liquid column for equality with colored glass)
D1500 (comparison with colored glass standard reference)
27

Sample: Transparent and light colored fractions
ASTM D1218-92: Standard Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of
Hydrocarbon Liquids
Objective:
To measure the refractive index and refractive dispersion of transparent and light-colored
hydrocarbon liquids that has refractive indexes in the range from 1.33 to 1.5, and at
temperature from 20 to 30 C.
Definition:
Refractive index is the ratio of the velocity of light in air, to its velocity in the
substance under examination (or it is the sine of the angle of incidence divided by
the sine of the angle of refraction) as light passes from air into the substance.
Refractive dispersion is the difference between the refractive indexes of a
substance for light of two different wavelengths, both indexes being measured at
the same temperature.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a refractometer, thermostat and circulating Pump,
thermometer, light sources, and light filters.
Procedure:
The sample is applied to the faces of two prisms after cleaning them.
A light source is applied and the reading is taken from the scale directly.
Other standards:
ASTM D1747 - 09(2014) Standard Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Materials
Photo of a traditional handheld refractometer
Photo of a water-resistant digital handheld

refractometer
28
An illustration of the main types of laboratory refractometers in operation today

Aniline point Temperature
Sample: all
D611-82 Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon
Solvents
Principle: Phase separation temperature of a HC/aniline mixture
Objective
The purpose of this test is to determine the aniline and mixed aniline point of petroleum
products (and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline point below the temperature at which
aniline will crystallize).
29
Definition:
Aniline point is defined as the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for equal
volume of aniline sample.
The mixed aniline point is the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for a
mixture of two volumes of aniline.
Method A (for clear sample)
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of test tube, jacket tube, stirrer and thermometer.
Procedure
Equal amount of aniline and the dried sample is introduced in a test tube, placed in the
center of a jacket tube.
The mixture is stirred rapidly until it becomes homogeneous.
If the mixture is not miscible at room temperature heat is applied to the jacket tube.
The temperature is raised with a continuous stirring until the dried sample becomes
miscible.
Then the stirrer is stopped and the mixture is cooled.
The point at which the mixture becomes cloudy is the aniline point.
Method B (for light, intermediate and vary dark samples)
Method C (for clear sample with low IBP)
K10200 Automatic Aniline Point Apparatus
K10190 Thin Film Aniline Point Apparatus
30
Cetane number
Sample: Diesel
ASTM D613-01 Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.
Scope:
This test method determines the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of
Cetane numbers using standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio,
and indirect injected diesel engine.
Significance:
The cetane number provides a measure of ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in
compression ignition engines.
Diesel Ignition quality
Very similar to the octane number.
Compares the degree of combustion of diesel fuel to that of a mixture of cetane
(C16H34, high-ignition quality) and alpha-methyl-naphthalene (C11 H10, low ignition
quality) expressed as V% cetane.
The fuel is used to operate a standard diesel test engine.
Related standards
ASTM D6890 13: Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived
Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
Cetane number or CN is a measure of the combustion quality of diesel fuel via the
compression ignition process. Cetane number is a significant expression of diesel fuel quality.
Cetane number of a fuel is defined as the percentage by volume of normal cetane in a mixture
of normal cetane and alpha-methyl napthalene which has the same ignition characteristics
(ignition delay) as the test fuel when combustion is carried out in a standard engine under
specified operating conditions.
Cetane (Hexadecane) C16H34

(Cetane number = 100)
alpha-methyl naphthalene C11H10

(Cetane number = 0)
isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane)
Cetane number is actually a measure of a fuel's ignition delay; the time-period between the
start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of the fuel. In a particular diesel engine,
higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels. Cetane
numbers are only used for the relatively light distillate diesel oils. For heavy (residual) fuel
oil two other scales are used CCAI and CII.
Generally, diesel engines run well with a CN from 40 to 55. Fuels with higher cetane number
which have shorter ignition delays provide more time for the fuel combustion process to be
completed. Hence, higher speed diesels operate more effectively with higher cetane number
fuels. There is no performance or emission advantage when the CN is raised past
31
approximately 55; after this point, the fuel's performance hits a plateau. In North America,
diesel at the pump can be found in two CN ranges: 40-46 for regular diesel, and 45-50 for
premium. Premium diesel may have additives to improve CN and lubricity, detergents to
clean the fuel injectors and minimize carbon deposits, water dispersants, and other additives
depending on geographical and seasonal needs. In Europe, diesel Cetane numbers was set at a
minimum of 51 in 2000.
Chemical relevance
Cetane is an alkane molecule that ignites very easily under compression, so it was assigned a
Cetane number of 100. All other hydrocarbons in diesel fuel are indexed to Cetane as to how
well they ignite under compression. The Cetane number therefore measures how quickly the
fuel starts to burn (auto-ignites) under diesel engine conditions. Since there are hundreds of
components in diesel fuel, with each having a different Cetane quality, the overall Cetane
number of the diesel is the average Cetane quality of all the components. There is very little
actual Cetane in diesel fuel.
Measuring Cetane number
To measure Cetane number properly is rather difficult, as it requires burning the fuel in a
special, hard-to-find, diesel engine called a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, under
standard test conditions. The operator of the CFR engine uses a hand-wheel to increase the
pressure within the cylinder of the engine until the time between fuel injection and ignition is
2.407ms. The resulting Cetane number is then calculated by determining which mixture of
Cetane (hexadecane) and alpha-methyl napthalene will result in the same ignition delay.
Cetane Index
Sample: Distillate fuels
ASTM D976: Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
Sometimes Cetane Index is erroneously referred to as Diesel Index
Another method that fuel-users control quality is by using the Cetane index (CI), which is a
calculated number based on the density and distillation range of the fuel. There are various
versions of this, depending on whether you use metric or imperial units, and how many
distillation points are used. These days most oil companies use the '4-point method'.
A mathematical expression is developed to estimate the cetane number in the many

refineries that do not have cetane test engine.
The number desired is called the cetane index & is calculated from the mid-boiling
point and specific gravity of the sample.
It is actually an expression of the hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio of the hydrocarbon
components in the sample.
The higher the H/C ratio, the better the burning characteristic. (i.e. higher the smoke
point and higher the cetane index).
32
Since cetane index is an indicator of the H/C ratio, it is also an indication of the
aromatic content of the diesel fuel. Therefore, frequently a minimum cetane index
specification is used as an alternative to max aromatic content.
This is not to be confused with the Watson (UOP) characterization factor or the US
Bureau of Mines Correlation index (CI)
Significance
The calculated Cetane index formula represents a means for directly estimating ASTM
Cetane number of distillate fuels from API gravity and mid-boiling point.
Equations for calculated Cetane Index
In British units
CI = 420.34 + 0.016G2 + 0.192G log M + 65.01(log M)2 0.0001809 M2
In SI units
CI = 454.74 1641.416 D + 774.74 D2 0.554 B + 97.803(log B)2
Where:
G = API gravity.
M = MiDboiling temperature, F.
D = Density at 15 C, g/ml.
B = MiDboiling temperature, C
Limitations:
1. Cannot be applied for fuels containing additives for raising Cetane number.
2. Cannot be applied for pure hydrocarbons such as products derived from shale oils and
tar sands.
3. Substantial inaccurate in correlation may occur if used for crude oil, residuals or
products having volatility of below 500 F end point. However,
Related Standards:
D4737 (Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation)
Carbon Residue (wt %)

Relates to the asphalt content of crude oil & to the quantity of the lubricating oil
fraction that can be recovered.
Determined by distillation to a coke residue in the absence of air.
In most cases (unless want to make lube oil) the lower the carbon residue, (less
Carbon) the more valuable the crude.
Expressed by
Ramsbottom (RCR) ASTM designation D524.
Conradson (CCR) ASTM designation D189.
Related Standards
ASTM D189-06 Standard Test Method for Conradson carbon residue of Petroleum
Products
ASTM D524-04 Standard Test Method for Ramsbottom carbon residue of Petroleum
Products
33
ASTM D4530-06e1 Standard Test Method for determination of carbon residue (Micro
Method) - The test results are equivalent to the Conradson Carbon Residue test (see
Test Method D 189)
Conradson carbon
Sample: crude oil and heavier fractions.
D18997: Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Objective
To determination the amount of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of
oil.
It is applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products (heavy) which partially
decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
Conradson Carbon Residue Apparatus;

Includes: burner, tripod, nickel-chrome
triangle, refractory block, porcelain crucible,
monel crucible and cover; Skidmore
crucible and cover-monel and a monel hood
and bridge
Procedure
A sample is heated to about 50 C and shaken for 30 min. then filtered through a mesh
screen.
A 10 g sample is weighed (free of moisture & suspended matter) into a tarred
porcelain or silica crucible containing 2 glass beads 2.5 mm in diameter.
The crucible is placed in the center of skidmore crucible which is set at the center of
the iron crucible and covers are applied to both of skidmore & iron crucible.
A strong flame is applied from meker-type gas burner to have high heat for a period
of 10 min.
When smoke appears form the chimney the burner is moved or tilted to ignite the
vapor then removed temporarily.
When the vapors cease to burn the heat is reapplied until the bottom of the sheet iron
crucible is cherry red.
The burner is removed and the apparatus is cooled until no smoke appears then the
cover of skidmore crucible is removed (about 15 min)
The porcelain or silica crucible is removed and placed in the desiccators, cooled and
weighed and the % of carbon residue is calculated based on the original sample.
34
Calculation
Carbon residue = A 100 / W
Where
A = Mass of carbon residue in g
W = Mass of sample in g
Ramsbottom carbon
Sample: crude oil and heavier fractions.
Test Number: ASTM D524
ASTM D524: Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Objective
The objective of this test is to determine the amount of residue resulting from
evaporation and pyrolysis of oil.
Significance
Provides an indication of oil tendency toward coke formation.
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a glass-coking bulb, control bulb, sample charging syringe,
metal control furnace and temperature measuring device.
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue Apparatus

& Data Acquisition Software
Procedure
A new glass-coking bulb is placed in the coking furnace that operates at 550 F for
about 20 min to remove any water, foreign or organic matters then dried in a closed
dissector.
The sample is weighed, heated if necessary to reduce it viscosity then introduced in
the coking bulb by means of hypodermic syringe.
The coking bulb is weighed before placing it in the metal coking furnace.
The sample is kept in the furnace at 550 F for about 20 min to vaporize the volatile
materials and allow the heavier residue to undergo cracking and coke formation.
The bulb is then taken out, cooled in the dissector and weighed.
The carbon residue is calculated by the same equation used in conradson carbon test.
35
C/H ratio
Sample:
Standard Test Number:
D5291-96: Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D5373: Carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen determination
D1018 11: Standard Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D7171 05: Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution
Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Salt Content, PTB

Sample: Crude oil
D6470-99
Salt in crude by Potentiometric Method
D3230-99
Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)
Principle:
Auto Ignition Temperature
Sample: all
Principle:
Figure 6.3: Auto-ignition Apparatus
Hydrocarbon type
Sample:
Principle:
Related Standards
D1319 (HC groups, Chromatography on silica gel, Fluorescence indicator Absorption)
D2007 (Hydrocarbon families, Chromatography on clay and silica gel)
Aromatics Content
Sample: kerosene and gasoline
Related Standards
D2267 (Aromatics in light naphthas, and aviation gasolines by GC)
36
D2600 (Aromatics traces in light saturated hydrocarbons by GC)

D2269 (Aromatic content, UV absorption method)
D4420 (Aromatics in Gasoline)
D3606 (Benzene and Toluene in Gasoline by GC)
Molecular Weight
Sample: All
Nitrogen Content
High Nitrogen Content is undesirable in crude oils.
Organic nitrogen compounds cause catalyst poisoning in refinery downstream
processing units.
Crude containing nitrogen more than 0.25 W% require special processing to remove
Nitrogen.
That is usually done in the hydrodesulfurization units where denitrification catalysts
are also added.
Metals content
These are Nickel / Vanadium / Copper.
Range from few to more than 1,000 ppmw.
Even low concentrations are undesirable
- They can cause catalyst deactivation/poisoning.
- Can affect selectivity producing poor product distribution.
- Can lead to corrosion problems;
1. More than 2ppm Vanadium in fuel oils causes sever corrosion to turbine
blades.
2. Deterioration of Furnace refractory linings and stacks.
Distillation concentrates the metallic constituents of crude in the residue, but some of
the organometallic compounds are actually volatilized and appear in the high-boiling
distillates (i.e. diesel and gasoil).
Desalting, in the oilfields and the refinery CDU, gets red of metals as a bonus along
with salt and water.
Metallic content can also be reduced by solvent extraction with propane or similar
solvents as the organometallic compounds are precipitated with the asphaltenes and
resins.
Heating Value
Sample: All
Related Standards
ASTM D240 14: Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
37
ASTM D4809 13: Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
ASTM D1826 - 94(2010): Standard Test Method for Calorific (Heating) Value of Gases in
Natural Gas Range by Continuous Recording Calorimeter
ASTM D2015: Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific. Value of Solid Fuel by the
Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter.
ASTM D3523 - 92(2012): Standard Test Method for Spontaneous Heating Values of Liquids
and Solids (Differential Mackey Test)
ASTM D4891 13: Standard Test Method for Heating Value of Gases in Natural Gas and
Flare Gases Range by Stoichiometric Combustion
ASTM D7314 10: Standard Practice for Determination of the Heating Value of Gaseous
Fuels using Calorimetry and On-line/At-line Sampling
ASTM E711-87(2004): Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived
Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn 2004)
DIN 51612, testing of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and calculation of net calorific value
DIN 51857, testing of gaseous fuel - calculation of calorific value, density , relative density
and wobbe index
Flammability Limits
Sample: All
Standard Test Number: E681
Related Standards
ASTM E681 - 09(2015): Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of
Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)
38
References
1. ASTM Manual on Hydrocarbon Analysis, 6th edition, A.W. Drews, editor , West
Conshohocken, PA 1998. (TP 691 M358 1998)
2. ASTM Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, 5th ed., George V.
Dryoff editor, Philadelphia, PA, 1989. (TP 691 M36 1989)
3. ASTM standards for testing (TA736 A736 1990)
4. Arthur, I. Vogel, Quantitative chemical Analysis (QD101.2 V63 1989)
Term Paper
Each student assigned an ASTM designation must:
1. Find the ASTM procedure from the library or the internet
2. Present a legible Xerox copy of the procedure.
3. Summarize the procedure in the same manner and format as above.
4. Present a typed copy of the summary both on paper and on floppy disk.
5. Computer/hand sketch to simplify difficult drawings or obtain simple drawings from
other references.
6. Staple each test alone with you name and test name and number on the cover sheet.
7. You may not require any assistance from the TA.
39
Table: The most important ASTM tests in Naphtha.

No.
Test
ASTM Standard
Test Number
1.
Atm Distillation
D 86
2.
API & specific gravity
D 1160
3.
Octane Number
D96-88
4.
RVP
D323
5.
PNA/ PONA/PIONA(PIANO)
D544393
6.
Sulfur, wt% - all
D908
7.
Flash point
D56-97
8.
D1218-92
9.
Conradson carbon
D189-97
10. Ramsbottom carbon
D524
11. C/H ratio
D5291
12. Heating value (net/gross)
D240/D4809
ASTM specifications for products is presented in chapter 4
40
Summary of petroleum related ASTM Standards

Method
ASTM C117
ASTM C136
ASTM C566
ASTM D56
ASTM D86
ASTM D87
ASTM D91
ASTM D92
ASTM D93
ASTM D94
ASTM D95
ASTM D96
ASTM D97
ASTM D127
ASTM D128
ASTM D129
ASTM D130
ASTM Description
Determination of Materials Finer
than 75um (no. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
Sieve Analysis of Course and Fine
Aggregates
Total Evaporable Moisture Content
of Aggregate by Drying
Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
Common Reference
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse

Aggregates
Moisture Content of Aggregate by
Drying
Tag Closed Cup Flash
Atmospheric Distillation of
Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Petroleum Products (Gasoline)
Atmospheric Pressure
(Fuel Oils)
Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
Melting Point of Wax
(Cooling Curve)
Precipitation Number of Lubricating Precipitation Number of
Oils
Lubricating Oils
Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Flash Point, COC / Fire Point.
Open Cup Tester
COC
Pensky-Marten Flash Point, Flash
Flash-Point by Pensky-Martens
Point PM / Pensky-Marten Fire
Closed Cup Tester
Point, Fire Point PM
Saponification Number of
Saponification Number of
Petroleum Products
Petroleum Products
Water in Petroleum Products and
Water by Distillation, Water
Bituminous Materials by
Content by Distillation
Distillation
Test Methods for Water and
Sediment in Crude Oil by
Percent Sediment, Brine,
Centrifuge Method (Field
Sediment and Water
Procedure)
Pour Point - Fuels / Pour Point Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Oils
Drop Melting Point of Petroleum
Drop Melting Point, Melting Point
Wax including Petrolatum
of Wax, Dropping Point
Analysis of Lubricating Grease
Analysis of Lubricating Grease
Sulfur in Petroleum Product
Sulfur in Petroleum Product
(General Bomb Method)
(General Bomb Method)
Detection of Copper Corrosion from
Petroleum Products by the Copper Copper Corrosion
Strip Tarnish Test
41
ASTM D156
ASTM D189
ASTM D217
ASTM D240
ASTM D287
ASTM D322
ASTM D323
ASTM D381
Saybolt Color of Petroleum

Products (Saybolt Chromometer
Method)
Conradson Carbon Residue of
Petroleum Products
Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Grease
Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
Calorimeter
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum
and Petroleum Products
(Hydrometer Method)
Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline
Engine Oils by Distillation
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum
Products (Reid Method)
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet
Evaporation
Color-Saybolt; Saybolt Color,

Color by Saybolt method
Conradson Carbon; Conradson
Carbon Residue
Full Scale Cone Penetration
Hydrocarbon Fuels
API Gravity, Specific Gravity,
Density
Fuel Dilution by Distillation
Reid Vapor Pressure
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet
Evaporation
ASTM D396
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils Fuel Oils Specification
ASTM D439
Specification for Automotive SparkAnti-Knock Index (R+M)/2

Ignition Engine Fuel [Replaced
Octane
ASTM D439 with ASTM D4814]
ASTM D445
ASTM D471
ASTM D473
ASTM D482
ASTM D483
ASTM D524
ASTM D525
ASTM D566
Kinematic Viscosity at Non

Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Standard Temperatures /
and Opaque Liquids (the
Kinematic Viscosity at 40C and
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Kinematic Viscosity at100C
Rubber Properties - Effects of
Effect of Liquids on Rubber
Liquids
Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
Oils by the Extraction Method
Oils by Extraction
Ash from Petroleum Products
Ash, Ash Content
Unsulfonated Residue of Petroleum Unsulfonated Residue of
Plant Spray Oils
Petroleum Plant Spray Oil
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue
Petroleum Products
Oxidation Stability of Gasoline
Oxidation Stability
(Induction Period Method)
Dropping Point of Lubricating
Dropping Point
Grease
42
ASTM D611
Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline

Point of Petroleum Products and
Hydrocarbon Solvents
Aniline Point, Aniline Point of

Petroleum Products
ASTM D613
Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
Cetane No.
ASTM D664
Acid Number of Petroleum Products

TAN, Total Acid No.
by Potentiometric Titration
ASTM D665
ASTM D721
ASTM D808
ASTM D854
ASTM D874
ASTM D892
ASTM D893
ASTM D924
ASTM D937
ASTM D938
ASTM D943
ASTM D971
ASTM D972
ASTM D974
ASTM D975
ASTM D976
Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the
Presence of Water
Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes
Rust Prevention Characteristics

Oil in Wax
Chlorine in New and Used

Chlorine in Lubricating Oils
Petroleum Products (Bomb Method)
Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
Specific Gravity of Soils
Water Pycnometer
Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
Sulfated Ash
and Additives
Foaming Characteristics of
Foam
Lubricating Oils
Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils Insolubles
Dissipation Factor (or Power
Factor) and Relative Permittivity
(Dielectric Constant) of Electrical
Insulating Liqui
Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
Congealing Point of Petroleum
Waxes, including Petrolatum
Oxidation Characteristics of
Inhibited Mineral Oils
Test Method for Interfacial Tension
of Oil against Water by Ring
Method
Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
Greases and Oils
Acid and Base Number by ColorIndicator Titration
Standard Specification for Diesel
Fuel Oils
Calculated Cetane Index of
Distillate Fuels - requires API
Gravity and D86 Distillation
43
Test Method for Dissipation

Factor (or Power Factor) of
Electrical Insulating Liquids.
Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
Congealing Point of Wax
Oxidation
Test Method for Interfacial
Tension of Oil against Water by
Ring Method
Greases and Oils
Neutralization Number
Neutralization No.; Acid and Base
No.
Standard Specification for Diesel
Fuel Oils
Calculated Cetane Index
ASTM D1067
Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
ASTM D1119
Percent Ash Content of Engine

Coolants and Antirusts
Ash Content of Engine Coolants
ASTM D1120
Boiling Point of Engine Coolants
ASTM D1121
Reserve Alkalinity of Engine

Coolants and Anti-rust
ASTM D1122
Density or Relative Density of

Engine Coolant Concentrates and
Engine Coolants By The
Hydrometer
ASTM D1123
ASTM D1133
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1177
ASTM D1217
ASTM D1218
ASTM D1275
ASTM D1287
ASTM D1293
ASTM D1298
Water in Engine Coolant

Concentrate by the Karl Fischer
Reagent Method
Hardness in Water
Kauri-Butanol Value of
Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Reduced Pressure
Boiling Point of Engine Coolants

(neat and 50/50 mixture) /
Equilibrium Reflux Boiling Point
at atmospheric pressure
Reserve Alkalinity of Antifreeze,
Determination of the Reserve
Alkalinity of Antifreeze
Specific Gravity of Engine
Coolant Concentrates and Engine
Coolants by The Hydrometer,
Specific Gravity of Coolants,
Specific Gravity of Antifreeze
Water %: by Karl Fischer Method
Hardness in Water
Kauri Butanol Value of
Vacuum Distillation of Petroleum
Products
Refractive Index and Refractive
Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon
Coolants
Liquids
Density and Relative Density
(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by
(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by
Bingham Pycnometer
Pycnometer
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
Liquids
Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical
Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical
Insulating Oils
Insulating Oils
The pH of Engine Coolants and
pH of Antifreeze
Antirusts
pH of Water
pH of Water
Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Density, Specific Gravity and API
Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum
Gravity by Hydrometer
Products by Hydrometer Method
44
ASTM D1319
ASTM D1321
ASTM D1384
ASTM D1401
ASTM D1403
ASTM D1480
ASTM D1481
ASTM D1500
ASTM D1662
ASTM D1747
ASTM D1796
ASTM D1832
ASTM D1835
ASTM D1837
ASTM D1881
Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid

Petroleum Products by Fluorescent
Indicator Adsorption
Needle Penetration of Petroleum
Waxes
Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants
in Glassware
Water Separability of Petroleum
Oils and Synthetic Fluid
Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Grease Using One-Quarter and OneHalf Scale Cone Equipment
(Specific Gravity) of Viscous
Materials by Bingham Pycnometer
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
Pycnometer
ASTM Color of Petroleum Products
(ASTM Color Scale)
Standard Test Method for Active
Sulfur in Cutting Oils
Refractive Index of Viscous
Materials
Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory
Procedure)
Hydrocarbon Types by
Fluorescent Indicator Absorption
Needle Penetration
Corrosion in Glassware
Demulsibility
Quarter Scale Cone Penetration
Materials by Pycnometer
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
Pycnometer
Color, ASTM
Active Sulfur in Cutting Oils
Refractive Index
Water and Sediment
Peroxide Number of Petroleum Wax Peroxide No. of Petroleum Wax

LPG Specifications,
Specifications for Liquid
Specifications for Liquid Petroleum
Petroleum Gas (LPG) / Analysis
(LP) Gases
of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
by Gas Chromatography
Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum
Volatility of LPG / LPG
(LP) Gases
Volatility
Foaming Tendencies of Engine
Foaming Tendencies of Antifreeze
Coolants in Glassware
ASTM D1882
Effect of Cooling System Chemical

Auto Finish Effect; Surface Finish
Solutions on Organic Finishes for
by Antifreeze
Automotive Vehicles
ASTM D1959
Iodine Value of Drying Oils and

Fatty Acids
45
Iodine Value
ASTM D2007
ASTM D2008
ASTM D2158
ASTM D2161
ASTM D2163
ASTM D2257
ASTM D2265
ASTM D2266
ASTM D2270
ASTM D2272
ASTM D2273
Hydrocarbon Type analysis by

Clay-Gel Absorption
Chromatography / Percent
Hydrocarbon / Hydrocarbon Type
with Asphalenes / Hydrocarbon
Type with Aromatics recovered
Ultraviolet Absorbance and
Ultraviolet Absorbance and
Absorptivity of Petroleum
Absorptivity of Petroleum Products Products, UV Absorbance and
Absorptivity
Residues in Liquified Petroleum
LPG Residue, Residues in
(LP) Gases
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Standard Practice for Conversion of
Conversion of Kinematic
Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt
Viscosity to Saybolt Universal of
Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt
Saybolt Furol
Furol Viscosity
LPG Composition, (LP) Gases
Analysis of Liquified Petroleum
and Propane Concentrates by Gas
(LP) Gases and Propene
Chromatography, Analysis of
Concentrates by Gas
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Chromatography
by Gas Chromatography
Extractable Matter in Textiles
Extractable Matter in Textiles
Grease over Wide Temperature
Grease over Wide Temperature
Range
Range
Wear Preventive Characteristics of
Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball
Four Ball Wear test for Greases
Method)
Standard Practice for Calculating
Calculating Viscosity Index From
Viscosity Index From Kinematic
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and
Viscosity at 40 and 100C
100C
Oxidation Stability of Steam
Oxidation Stability of Steam
Turbine Oils by Rotating Pressure
Turbine Oils by Rotating Bomb
Vessel
Characteristic Groups in Rubber
Extender and Processing Oils and
Other Petroleum - Derived Oils by
the Clay-Gel Absorption
Chromatographic Method
Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils Trace Sediment
ASTM D2386
Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oxidation Stability of Distillate

Oil (Accelerated Method)
Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Freeze Point
ASTM D2500
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
Cloud Point
ASTM D2501
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Calculation of Viscosity Gravity

Constant (VGC) of Petroleum
Oils
ASTM D2274
46
ASTM D2509
ASTM D2533
ASTM D2549
ASTM D2570
ASTM D2596
ASTM D2602
ASTM D2619
ASTM D2669
ASTM D2699
ASTM D2700
ASTM D2709
ASTM D2766
ASTM D2782
Estimation of Molecular Weight

(Relative Molecular Mass) of
Petroleum Oils From Viscosity
Measurements
Measurement of Load-Carrying
Capacity of Lubricating Grease
(Timken Method)
Vapor-Liquid Ratio of SparkIgnition Engine Fuels
Separation of Representative
Aromatics and Nonaromatics
Fractions of High-Boiling Oils by
Elution Chromatography
Simulated Service Corrosion
Testing of Engine Coolants
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
Properties of Lubricating Grease
(Four-Ball Method)
Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic
Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method)
[Discontinued 1993, Replaced by
D5293}
Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic
Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method)
Mol Weight from Viscosity

Load Caring Capacity of
Lubricating Greases (Timken
Method)
Vapor-Liquid Ratio, Vapor Liquid
Ratio for Gasoline
Aromatics, Aromatics and NonAromatics in High Boiling Oils
Simulated Service of Coolant
Four Ball EP Tesing for Greases
Hydrolytic Stability
(Discontinued)
Hydrolytic Stability
Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum

Waxes compounded with
additives (hot melt), ASTM
D2669
Research Octane Number;
Research Octane Number of Spark- Research Octane No., Knock
Ignition Engine Fuel
Characteristics of Motor Fuel by
Research Method
Motor Octane Number, Motor
Motor Octane Number of SparkOctane No., Knock Characteristics
Ignition Engine Fuel
of Motor and Aviation Fuels by
Motor Method
Water and Sediment in Middle
Water and Sediment in Middle
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Specific Heat of Liquids and
Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
Solids
Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes
Compounded with Additives (Hot
Melts)
Properties of Lubricating Fluids
(Timken Method)
47
Timken EP for Gear Oils
ASTM D2783
Properties of Lubricating Fluids
(Four-Ball Method)
Four Ball EP for Gear Oils
ASTM D2809
Cavitation Corrosion and ErosionCorrosion Characteristics of

Aluminum Pumps With Engine
Coolants
Cavitation, Pump Cavitation
ASTM D2879
ASTM D2880
ASTM D2882
ASTM D2887
ASTM D2889
ASTM D2896
ASTM D2982
ASTM D2983
ASTM D3120
ASTM D3147
ASTM D3228
Vapor Pressure-Temperature
Relationship and Initial
Decomposition Temperature of
Liquids by Isoteniscope
Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel
Oils
Indicating the Wear Characteristics
of Petroleum and Non-Petroleum
Hydraulic Fluids in Constant
Volume Vane Pump
Boiling Range Distribution of
Petroleum Fractions by Gas
Chromatography
Vapor Pressure-Temperature
Relationship and Initial
Decomposition Temperature of
Liquids by Isoteniscope,
Determination of Pressure by
Isoteniscope
Specification for Gas Turbine
Fuel Oils
Hydraulic Pump Test
Simulated Distillation (Fuels),
Volatility by D2887 (Oils,Crude
Oil)
Calculation of True Vapor Pressures

True Vapor Pressure
of Petroleum Distillate Fuels
Base Number of Petroleum Products
by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid
Titration
Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreeze in
Used Lubricating Oils
Method for Low-Temperature
Viscosity of Lubricants Measured
by Brookfield Viscometer / LowTemperature Viscosity of
Lubricants Measured by Brookfield
Viscometer
TBN; Total Base No., Total Base

Number
Glycol in Oil
Brookfield Viscosity
Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Sulfur, Sulfur Content by

Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Coulometric Titration / Sulfur
Oxidative Microcoulometry
Content by Dohrmann
Testing Stop-Leak Additives for
Coolant Stop Leak Test Machine
Engine Coolants
Total Nitrogen in Lubricating Oils
and Fuel Oils by Modified Kjeldahl Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Method
48
ASTM D3230
ASTM D3233
ASTM D3235
Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric

Method)
Salts in Crude Oil
Measurement of Extreme Pressure

Measurement of Extreme Pressure Properties of Fluid Lubricants
Properties of Fluid Lubricants
(Falex Pin and Vee Block
(Falex Pin and Vee Block Methods) Methods), Falex EP for
Lubricating Oil
Solvent Extractables in Petroleum
Solvent Extractibles from Wax
Waxes
ASTM D3306
Standard Specification for Glycol

Specification for Ethylene Glycol
Base Engine Coolant for
Base Engine Coolants
Automobile and Light-Duty Service
ASTM D3321
Use of the Refractometer for Field

Test Determination of the Freezing Refractive Index Freezing Point,
Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
ASTM D3427
ASTM D3524
ASTM D3525
ASTM D3606
ASTM D3634
Air Release Properties of Petroleum

Oils
Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel
Engine Oils by Gas
Chromatography
Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline
Engine Oils by Gas
Chromatography
Determination of Benzene and
Toluene in Finished Motor and
Aviation Gasoline by Gas
Chromatography
Trace Chloride Ion in Engine
Coolants
Gas Bubble Separation Time of

Petroleum Oils
Fuel Dilution (Diesel)
Fuel Dilution (Gasolline)
Benzene/Toluene
Chloride: titration, Trace Chloride
ASTM D3699
Standard Specification for Kerosine Kerosene Specification
ASTM D3828
Flash Point by Small Scale Closed

Tester
Flash Point by Small Scale Closed

Tester
ASTM D3829
Predicting the Borderline Pumping

Temperature of Engine Oil
MRV 20 hr, Mini Rotary

Viscosity by the 20hr cycle
ASTM D3944
ASTM D3945
ASTM D4006
Solidification Point of Petroleum

Solidification Point of Petroleum
Wax
Wax
Shear Stability of PolymerContaining Fluids Using a Diesel
Orbahn Shear
Injector Nozzle (Discontinued 1998
[replaced by ASTM D6278]
Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
49
Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
ASTM D4007
ASTM D4052
Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by

the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory
Procedure)
Density and Relative Density of
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Water and Sediment in Crude Oil

by the Centrifuge Method
(Laboratory Procedure)
Density
ASTM D4053
Benzene in Motor and Aviation

Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
Benzene in Motor and Aviation

Gasoline by Infrared
Spectroscopy, Benzene Content of
Crude Oil
ASTM D4055
Pentane Insolubles by Membrane

Filtration
Pentane Insolubles by Membrane

Filtration
ASTM D4172
Wear Preventive Characteristics of

Lubricating Fluid (Four Ball
Method)
Four Ball Wear Test, Four Ball

Wear for Gear Oils
ASTM D4291
Trace Ethylene Glycol in Used

Engine Oil
Glycol in Lube Oils / Foaming

Tendencies of Engine Coolants at
Room Temperature
ASTM D4294
ASTM D4310
ASTM D4327
ASTM D4340
ASTM D4377
Sulfur in Petroleum Products by

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Determination of the Sludging and
Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited
Mineral Oils
Anions in Water by Chemically
Suppressed Ion Chromatography
Corrosion of Cast Aluminum Alloys
in Engine Coolants under HeatRejecting Conditions
Water in Crude Oils by
Potentiometric Karl Fischer
Titration
Sulfur by X-Ray
Determination of the Sludging and
Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited
Mineral Oils
Anions in Water by Ion
Chromatography
Corrosion of Cast Al @ Hot
Surface
Water in Crude oil by Karl Fisher
ASTM D4485
Standard Specifications for

Performance of Engine Oils
Standard Specifications for

Performance of Engine Oils
ASTM D4530
Determination of Carbon Residue

(Micro Method)
Determination of Carbon Residue

(Micro Method)
ASTM D4539
Filterability of Diesel Fuels by the

Low Temperature Flow Test
(LTFT) Method
Low Temperature Flow Test,

Single Temp. or Full Range
Temperatures,, Low Temperature
Flow Test of Fuel Oil
50
ASTM D4629
Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum

Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet
Nitrogen by Chemiluminescence
Oxidative Combustion and
Chemiluminescence Detection
ASTM D4682
Miscibility with Gasoline and

Fluidity of Two-Stroke-Cycle
Gasoline Engine Lubricants
ASTM D4683
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear High Temp/High Shear, High

Rate and High Temperature by
Temperature/High Shear
Tapered Bearing Simulator
Viscosity
ASTM D4684
ASTM D4737
ASTM D4739
ASTM D4740
ASTM D4807
ASTM D4809
ASTM D4814
ASTM D4815
ASTM D4929
ASTM D4929
ASTM D4950
Determination of Yield Stress and

Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
at Low Temperature
Calculated Cetane Index by Four
Variable Equation
Base Number Determination by
Potentiometric Titration
Cleanliness and Compatibility of
Residual Fuels by Spot Test
Membrane Filtration
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Standard Specification for
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel
Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl
Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
Methods for Determination of
Organic Chloride Content in Crude
Oil
Test Method B covers the
determination of organic chloride in
the washed naphtha fraction of
crude oil by oxidative combustion
followed by microcoulometric
titration
Miscibility with Gasoline
MRV (TP1)[2-day test], MRVTP1 Viscosity

Calculated Cetane Index by Four
Variable Equation
TBN, Total Base Number; Total
Base No.
Spot Test, Stability and
Compatibility of Residual Fuels
by Spot Test
Membrane Filtration
Heat of Combustion by Bomb
Calorimeter
Anti-Knock Index (R+M)/2
Octane Specification
Oxygenates in Fuel
Chlorine Content by Coulometric

Titration
Test Method B, Chlorine Content

by Oxidative Combustion
Standard Classification and

Standard Classification and
Specification of Automotive Service Specification of Automotive
Greases
Service Greases
51
ASTM D4951
ASTM D4980
Determination of Additive Elements

in Lubricating Oils by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrometry
Standard Test Methods for
Screening of pH in Waste
Determination of Additive
Elements in Lubricating Oils by
ICP-AES
Standard Test Methods for
Screening of pH in Waste
ASTM D5133
Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate

Viscosity/Temperature Dependence
Scanning Brookfield Viscosity
of Lubricating Oils Using a
Temperature Scanning Technique
ASTM D5134
D5134-98 Standard Test Method for

Detailed Analysis of Petroleum
Detailed hydrocarbon analysis,
Naphthas through n-Nonane by
PIANO
Capillary Gas Chromatography
ASTM D5185
Determination of Additive
Elements, Wear Metals, and
Contaminants in Used Lubricating
Oils and Determination of Selected
Elements in Base Oils by
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
ASTM D5190
ASTM D5293
ASTM D5307

Products (Automatic Method)
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
Between -5 and -30C Using the
Cold-Cranking Simulator
Determination of Boiling Range
Distribution of Crude Petroleum by
Gas Chromatography
ICP - Additive Metals, Elemental

Analysis by ICP-AES for
Additive constituents, Elemental
Analysis for Wear Metals
Vapor Pressure
Cold Crank Simulator, Cold
Cranking Simulator Viscosity
Boiling Range, Boiling Range
Distribution of Crude Petroleum
by GC
Analysis of Petroleum Waxes by
GC, Analysis of Petroleum Wax
by Gas Chromatography (Carbon
Number Distribution)
ASTM D5442
Analysis of Petroleum Waxes by

Gas Chromatography
ASTM D5599
Determination of Oxygenates in
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
and Oxygen Selective Flame
Ionization Detection
Oxygenates in Gasoline by GCOSFID
ASTM D5621
Sonic Shear Stability of Hydraulic

Fluid
Sonic Shear
ASTM D5762
Nitrogen in Petroleum and

Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet
Chemiluminescence
Nitrogen in Petroleum and

Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet
Chemiluminescence, Nitrogen by
Chemoluminesence
52
ASTM D5771
ASTM D5800
ASTM D5828
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products

(Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Cloud Point
Method)
Noack Volatility, Evaporation
Loss of Lubricating Oils by
Oils by the Noack Method
NOACK
Compatibility of Supplemental
Compatability of Supplemental
Coolant Additives (SCAs) and
Coolant Additives (SCA) and
Engine Coolant Concentrates
Engine Coolant Concentrates
ASTM D6082
High Temperature Foaming

Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
HiTemp Foam
ASTM D6107
Stop-Leak Additive for Engine

Coolants Used in Light Duty
Service
Stop Leak
ASTM D6184
Oil Separation from Lubricating

Grease (Conical Sieve Method)
Oil Separation from Lubricating

Grease (Conical Sieve Method)
ASTM D6278
Shear Stability of Polymer

Containing Fluids Using a European Shear Stability
Diesel Injector Apparatus
ASTM D6293
ASTM D6352
ASTM D6371
ASTM D6375
Oxygenates and Paraffin, Olefin,

Naphthene, Aromatic (O-PONA)
Hydrocarbon Types in Low-Olefin
Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas
Chromatography
Boiling Range Distribution of
Petroleum Distillates in Boiling
Range from 174 to 700C by Gas
Chromatography
Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel
and Heating Fuels
Oils by Thermogravimetric
Analyzer (TGA) Noack Method
PONA or PIANO
Boiling Range
Cold Filter Plugging Point

Oils -- Noack Method
ASTM D6417
Estimation of Engine Oil Volatility

Volatility
by Capillary Gas Chromatography
ASTM D6448
Standard Specification for Industrial

Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Oils
ASTM D6470
Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric

Method)
53
Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric

Method)
ASTM D6560
ASTM D6584
ASTM D6616
ASTM D6751
ASTM E168
ASTM E 202
ASTM E 659
ASTM E1064
ASTM E1148
ASTM E1687
ASTM E1719
ASTM ES 15
ASTM PS 121
Determination of Asphaltenes
(Heptane Insolubles) in Crude
Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Determination of Free and Total
Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel
Methyl Esters by Gas
Chromatography
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear
Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator
Viscometer At 100C
Asphaltenes
Free and Total Glycerine,
Determination of Free and Total
Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel by
GC
High Temperature/ High Shear
Viscosity at 100C
Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend

Standard Specification for Biodiesel
Stock for Distillate Fuels,
Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for
Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock for
Distillate Fuels
Distillate Fuels (B100)
Standard Practices for General
Techniques of Infrared Quantitative FTIR - Reference
Analysis
Analysis of Ethylene Glycols and
GC/MS Glycols, Determination of
Propylene Glycols
Glycol Purity
Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Autoignition Temperature of
Chemicals
Liquid Chemicals
Water in Organic Liquids by
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
KF Water, Determination of water

by Coulometric Karl Fisher
Measurements of Aqueous
Solubility
Determining Carcinogenic Potential
of Virgin Base Oils in
Metalworking Fluids
Vapor Pressure of Liquids by
Ebulliometry
Products (Mini-Method)
[Discontinued in 1992, Replaced by
ASTM5291 D5191]
Measurements of Aqueous
Solubility
Determining Carcinogenic
Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
Metalworking Fluids
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure
WITHDRAWN STANDARD:
PS121-99 Provisional Specification
Biodiesel Specs
for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend
Stock for Distillate Fuels
54

Chapter03 - Lab Tests

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Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Chapter 3 : Significance of lab tests in petroleum refining

Laboratory Standard Test Procedures (ASTM).

Table 3.1: The 30 most important ASTM tests in petroleum refining.

Crude oil and lighter

API (specific) gravity

Density Meter - DMA 38

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Figure 3.2: Apparatus for ADTM D86 distillation

Table 3.2: Data recording for ASTM D86 test

This is usually plotted as follows

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

ASTM D86 Atmospheric Distillation

ASTM D1160 Vacuum Distillation Apparatus

Figure. D2892: 15/5 distillation

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Simulated Distillation (SimDist) by Gas Chromatography (GC) Analyzers

Figure 3.3: Major components of a Gas Chromatograph

Figure 3.4: Output peaks of a gas chromatograph.

Figure 3.5: Actual output from a gas chromatograph

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

BS&W (Bottom sediments and water)

Is a measure of the degree of knocking of (gasoline).

Types of octane number

PON RON MON

Sensitivity of the fuel

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Figure. Stroke cycles in internal combustion engines

TDC = Top dead center

Figure. Compression ratio of internal combustion engines

Video. Compression Ratio

Definition of octane rating

V% isooctane in (isooctane & n-heptane mixture)

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Effects of octane rating

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Figure 6.1: ASTM Octane Number Standard Engine

Figure. Digital control panel

Other relevant standards

Figure. Portable octane number analyzer

Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Other standards related

Figure. RVP Bath and cylinder

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Other relevant standards

Setaflash Closed Cup

Setaflash Open Cup

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Freezing point Temperature, C (F)

Figure. Freezing point of kerosene

Figure. Apparatus for the Freezing point of kerosene

Cloud Point Temperature, C (F)

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Pour Point Temperature, C (F)

Cloud and Pour point apparatus

Smoke point (mm)

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Apparatus for the determination of kinematic viscosity

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

The tube is tightly closed and placed in the comparator.

PFX995-PFX950-PFX880 Automatic Colorimeters

Lovibond PFX195 Automatic Colorimeters

Lovibond 3000 Comparator Series