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Prabhat Pandey
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Green Chemistry
Bio diesel and Bio petrol also study
extraction process of Bio diesel

SUBMITTED BY: PRABHAT

PANDEY

GUIDED BY:
CLASS: XII A
YEAR: 2015-2016
ROLL NO. : _12022_
SCHOOL: NEW GREEN FIELD
SCHOOL

Certificate

Certified to be the bonafide work

done by
PRABHAT PANDEY of class XII A in
the CHEMISTRY LAB during the
year 2015-2016 Date _____________.
Submitted for CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDRY EDUCATION
Examination held in CHEMISTRY
LAB at NEW GREEN FIELD SCHOOL.

(Signature)
DATE: ___________

Acknowledgement

I am proudly indepted to Miss

Meenal sood, our chemistry teacher
for his valuable guidance,
painstaking supervision and
constant affectionate
encouragement during period of
investigation. Without his meticulous
scrutiny, it would just have been
impossible for me to bring this
project in the present form.
Last but not the least I am thankful
to Mr Chaturvedi, lab asst. and
School for their coordination and
support for composing this project in
present nice form.

INDEX
S.N
o.

Contents

Pg.
No.

Objective

II

Introduction to green
5
chemistry
Principals of green
6
chemistry
BIODIESEL: Using renewable 6
resources

III
IV
V

Uses of biodiesel

VI

Material required

VII

Steps involved

VIII
IX
X

Trans
9
esterification
Biodiesel a much cleaner
9
fuel
Features and disadvantages 10

XI

Bibliography

12

OBJECTIVE
The Objective of this project is to
study GREEN CHEMISTRY- Bio diesel and
Bio petrol also study extraction
process of Bio diesel.

INTRODUCTION TO GREEN
CHEMISTY
Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry
concerned with developing processes and
products to reduce or eliminate hazardous
substances. One of the goals of green
chemistry is to prevent pollution at its
source, as opposed to dealing with pollution
after it has occurred.

Principles of Green Chemistry

1. Less Hazardous Chemical
Syntheses
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods
should be designed to use and generate

substances that possess little or no toxicity

to human health and the environment.

2. Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes
should be recognized for their
environmental and economic impacts and
should be minimized. If possible, synthetic
methods should be conducted at ambient
temperature and pressure.

3. Use of Renewable Feedstock

A raw material or feedstock should be
renewable rather than depleting whenever
technically and economically practicable.

4. Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so
that at the end of their function they break
down into innocuous degradation products
and do not persist in the environment.

What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleumbased diesel fuel consisting of short chain
alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by Trans

esterification of vegetable oil or animal fat,

which can be used in unmodified dieselengine vehicles. Biodiesel is distinguished
from the straight-vegetable oil used as fuels
in some converted diesel vehicles. Biodiesel
is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and
other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological
origin are not included.

Uses of biodiesel

Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy

source. This means it is a renewable
resource unlike petroleum-based diesel.

Biodiesel is less polluting than petroleum

diesel. Biodiesel produces less soot, carbon
monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and
sulphur dioxide.

Biodiesel burns cleaner & is made of

non-toxic chemicals so it does not give out
poisonous fumes, unlike the ordinary fuel.

Requirements:

Vegetable oil
Antifreeze (Methanol)
Lye (NaOH)
Blender

Scales
Plastic containers
Funnels
Plastic bottle with lid
Duct tape
Thermometer

Steps Involved:
Step 1:
Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it
in one plastic container.
Step 2:
Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.
Step 3:
Cover container and mix well by shaking it.
It is mixed when it starts to feel warm and is
foamy. The mixture has now become sodium
methoxide.
Step 4:
Blend 1 litre of vegetable oil with the sodium
methoxide in a blender for 20 minutes.
Step 5:
Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours
until the by-product, glycerine, separates

form the biodiesel. The glycerine will be on

the solid on the bottom.
Step 6:
Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a
glass bottle.
Step 7:
Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole
in the corner of the bottle and covering it
with duct tape.
Step 8:
Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the
wash bottle and adding in a litre of water.
Roll the bottle around to mix it and then
remove the duct tape and drain the water.

Step 9:
Repeat the washing process until the
biodiesel is clear. Store the biodiesel in a
glass container until ready to use.

Trans esterification:
Animal & plant fats & oils are typically made
of triglycerides which are esters of free fatty

acids with the trihydric alcohol, glycerol. In

the Trans esterification process, the alcohol
is deprotonated with a base to make it a
stronger nucleophile. Commonly, ethanol or
methanol is used. As can be seen, the
reaction has no other inputs than the
triglyceride & the alcohol.
Normally, this reaction will precede either
exceedingly slowly or not at all. Heat, as
well as an acid or base are used to help the
reaction more quickly.

Biodiesel is a much cleaner fuel

than conventional fossil-fuel
petroleum diesel

Biodiesel burns up to 75% cleaner than

petroleum diesel fuel.

Biodiesel reduces unburned

hydrocarbons (93% less), carbon monoxide
(50% less) & particulate matter (30%

less) in exhaust fumes, as well as

cancer-causing PAH (80% less).

Biodiesel is a plant-based & using it adds

no extra CO2 greenhouse gas to the
atmosphere.

The ozone-forming (smog) potential of

biodiesel emissions is nearly 50% less than
petrol-diesel emissions.

Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive &

doesnt cause eye irritation.

Biodiesel can be mixed with petrol-diesel

in any proportion, with no need for a mixing
additive.

Biodiesels fuel features

Power: One of the major advantages is the
fact that it can be used in exiting engines &
fuel injection equipment (no modification
required) without negative impact to
operating performance.
Fuel availability/economy: Virtually the
same MPG rating as petrol-diesel & the only
alternative fuel for heavyweight vehicles
requiring no special dispensing & storage
equipment.
Production/Refining: Can be done at
home being the only alternative fuel that
can boost of a zero total emissions
production facility. By selling the
simultaneously produced glycerol, the cost
of BD is basically the same cost of the oil
used to make it.

Combustibility/Safety: Biodiesel has a

very high flash point (300F) making it one
of the safest of all alternative fuels.
Lubricity: The only alternative fuel that can
actually extend engine life because of its
superior lubricating & cleaning properties.
Environment Impact: The use of biodiesel
will also reduce the following emissions:
carbon monoxide, ozone-forminghydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate,
acid rain-causing sulphur dioxide, lifecycle
carbon dioxide.

Disadvantages of Biodiesel

Biodiesel is currently about one and a

half times more expensive than petroleum
diesel fuel. However, the costs of biodiesel
can be reduced by making biodiesel from
recycled cooking oils rather than from new
soy beans, or by making it from plant matter
with higher oil content.

Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses

in some engines, particularly in cars built
before 1994.

Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine.

This dirt then collects in the fuel filter, which
can clog it.

Bibliography
All the information in the project has been
gathered from internet.
Websites used:

Google
Free encyclopedia on biodiesel
Biodiesel uses
iCBSE
Trans esterification chemistry for
preparing biodiesel