(d) Strengthens austenitic stainless steels.

(e) Enhances pitting resistance of austenitic stainless steels.

5.17 Phosporus (P)
(a) Increases strength and hardness, but severely decreases ductility and
toughness.
(b) Increases susceptibility to temper embrittlement.
Improves machinability of Low carbon free cutting steels.
(d) Improves atmospheric corrosion resistance.
5.18 Selenium (Se)
(a) Improves machinability.
5.19 Silicon (Si)
(a) Used as a deoxidizer.
(b) Slightly increases the strength of ferrite, without causing a serious loss of
ductility.
Increases hardenability moderately.
(d) Retards the rate of softening during tempering.
(e) Increases high temperature oxidation resistance.
(f) Used as an alloying element in electrical and magnetic sheet steels.
(g) Increases susceptibility to decarburization and graphitization.
5.20 Sulphur (S)
(a) Decreases transverse ductility and toughness, but has only a slight effect on
longitudinal mechanical properties.
(b) Improves machinability.
Impairs weldability and has an adverse effect on surface quality.
5.21 Tellurium (Te)
(a) Improves machinability.
5.22 Tin (Sn)

(a) Increases susceptibility to temper embrittlement.

(b) Harmful to steels for deep drawing.
5.23 Titanium (Ti)
(a) Inhibits austenite grain growth. However, it is useful only in fully killed
(alumunium deoxidized) steels because of its strong deoxidizing effect.
(b) Decreases susceptibility to strain ageing.
Renders stainless steels almost immune to intergranular precipitation of
chromium carbides and its adverse effect on corrosion resistance.
5.24 Tungsten (W)
(a) Increases hardenability strongly in small quantities.
(b) Inhibits grain growth.
Increases wear resistance.
(d) Increases high temperature strength and hot hardness.
5.25 Vanadium (V)
(a) Inhibits austenite grain growth.
(b) Increases hardenability strongly when dissolved.
Strengthens steels by precipitation hardening and grain refinement.
(d) Used as an alloying element in nitriding steels.
(e) Increases wear resistance.
(F) Increases high temperature strength and hot hardness.
5.26 Zirconium (Zr)
(a) Controls the shape of manganies sulphide inclusions, causing the inclusions to
be spherical rather than elongated.
(b) Inhibits austenite grain growth.
Referensi
1. ASM Handbook, vol. 1, ASM Internasional, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1990
2. ASM Handbook, vol.4, ASM Internasional, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1991

3. F.B Pickering (Ed.). Constitution and Properties of Steels, vol.7, Materials Science
and Technology A Comprehensive Treatment, R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E. J Kramer
(Eds.), VCH Publishers, New York, USA, 1992.
4. G. Krauss: Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing Principles, ASM International,
Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1990.
5. K.W Andrews: Empirical Formulae for the Calculation of Some Transformation
Temperatures, JISI, vol. 203, 1965, p.721-727
6. Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, ASM
International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1977.
7. Supplement 1 to DIN 17350:1980. Tool Steels; Technical Conditions of Delivery;
Additional Information on Heat Treatment.
8. M. Atkins: Atlas of Continuos Cooling Transformation Diagrams for Engineering
Steels, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1980.
9. ISO 4885:1996. Ferrous Products-Heat Treatments- Vocabulary.
10. W. Steven and A.G Haynes: The Temperature of Formation of Martensite and
Bainite in Low- Alloy Steel, JISI, vol.183, 1956, p.349-359.
11. SAE J406:1998. Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels.
12. SAE J1975:1997. Case Hardenability of Carburized Steels.
13. ISO 642:1999. Steel- Hardenability Test By End Quenching (Jominy Test)
14. E.C. Bain and H.W. Paxton: Alloying Elements in Steel, 2 nd ed., ASM International
Materials Park, Ohio, USA, 1966.
15. G.E. Totten and M.A. H. Howes (Eds.): Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, Marcel
Dekker, New York, USA, 1997.