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Models in RS
Yield Surface
Yield Surface
Hardening
pc
p
(a) (b)
Hardening
pc
Figure 1. The yield surfaces of the Softening-Hardening model; a) deviatoric yield surface (red) and the vertical cap (green); b)
the deviatoric yield surface (red) and elliptical cap (blue)
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, ,
invariants is given
Eq. 1
The hardening for this yield surface is considered for the mobilized friction angel (and cohesion) and it is
is the ultimate/failure friction angle and and are
attributed to plastic distortion. In the above equation
the mobilized cohesion and friction angle, respectively.
There are two types of hardening laws considered for this model. The first one uses a relationship between
tan and the deviatoric plastic strain, presented in equation 2.
tan
where:
tan
Eq. 2
The second hardening law uses custom tabular piecewise linear values for the mobilized friction angel and
, & , .
cohesion with deviatoric plastic strain,
The advanced option for plastic potential is to define a compaction-dilation angle in such a way that when
the mobilized friction angle ( ) is less than this angle ( ) the volumetric plastic strain is positive
(compaction) and when the mobilized friction angle is greater than the volumetric plastic strain is negative
(dilation).
axis.
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The elliptical cap is very similar to the yield surface of the modified Cam-Clay model with an offset to
consider the cohesion.
and it is attributed to volumetric plastic strain.
The hardening for these yield surfaces is considered for
The build in function for the hardening follows the same hardening law as in the Modified Cam-Clay model.
Tabular hardening law which uses custom tabular pricewise linear values for versus volumetric plastic
,
is also available for this model. The flow rule is associated for this yield surface.
strain
The biaxial test results of this material are presented in the following figure. The simulated result using the
Hardening Softening model is in very good agreement with the observed behavior. Since the material is
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inherently frictional, the deviatoric mechanism would be dominant for this material and thus the cap yield
surface is not activated for modelling the behavior of this material.
The scaled model for tunnel with nearby building is illustrated in Figure 4.
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The bearing capacity of the foundation without excavation of the tunnel is presented in Figure 5. The RS2
results are in very good agreement with the observed behavior. The numerical results published in Nakai
(2013) overestimate the bearing capacity.
Figure 5. Load-displace and bearing capacity of the rigid strip shallow foundation
The surface settlement profiles for the tunnel excavation for the case of greenfield and nearby surface load
are presented in Figure 6. The distribution of deviatoric strain in the ground, which is an indication of slip
surfaces, is demonstrated in Figure 7.
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The failure pattern and settlement profile is in good agreement with the observations.
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To identify the material properties the material properties reported for a Hardening Soil model in the PLAXIS
Material Models Manual were used to first simulate some triaxial test data. Then the simulated triaxial tests
were used to identify the material properties of the Softening-Hardening model. The results of the triaxial
test on layer 1 is presented in Figure 9. Since the material is Sand the deviatoric mechanism is dominant
and so the cap is not used in the constitutive modelling of the materials in this problem.
The results of the excavation problem is presented in the form of the deflection of the retaining wall. Figure
10 shows the observed deformation versus the simulation result produced by RS2, FLAC and PLAXIS.
Walldeflection(m)
0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005
0
0
10
15
20
25
Measured
Plaxis
Flac
RS2
Depthbelowthesurface(m)
30
35
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Walldeflection(m)
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
10
15
20
Measured
Flac
RS2CySoil
25
Depthbelowthesurface(m)
30
35
4.0 References
Nakai, T. Constitutive Modeling of Geomaterials: Principles and Applications, Taylor & F. Boca Raton: CRC
Press, 2013
Pietruszczak, S. Fundamental of Plasticity in Geomechanics, Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden/London/New
York, 2010.
Schweiger, H.F. Benchmarking in Geotechnics, Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,
Graz University of Technology, Austria 2002.
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