CEWB222 HYDRAULIC

ENGINEERING

Chapter 4 - Specific Energy

(Alternate Depths)

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The Energy Principles

ENERGY EQUATION
P1

V1
P2
V2
1
Z1
2
Z 2 hL

2g

2g
Where:
Z1 = elevation of streamline above the datum at cross-Section 1.
P1 = Pressure
= Fluid specific weight
P/ = Pressure head
V2 = streamline velocity
V2/2g = velocity head
g = local acceleration of gravity
hL= hydraulic losses
= correction factors

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ENERGY EQUATION
P1

z1 Y1 So X

and

P2

z2 Y2

consider the special case where the channel bottom

is horizontal (S0 =0); HL= 0 and 1 =2 = 1.0

E y

2g

E1 E2
2

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V1
V2
y1
y2
2g
2g

ENERGY EQUATION
Apply Continuity Equation:

A1V1 A2V2
2

Q
Q
y1

2
2
2
2 gA1
2 gA2
For rectangular channel or wide:

q vy

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q
q
y1

2
2
2
2 gy1
2 gy2

ENERGY IN OPEN CHANNELS

hL

v2/2g
h

WS

EGL
HGL

Channel Bottom
2

1
Datum

V
Q
Head
yz
yz Ez
2
2g
2 gA
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Specific
9
Energy

SPECIFIC ENERGY
Specific Energy, E
E = energy (head) measured with respect to
the channel bottom
2
2

v
q
E y
y
2
2g
2 gy
Multiply through by y2 and arrange to find

y3 E y2 + q2/2g = 0
What kind of equation is this? How
many roots? Significance of roots?
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SPECIFIC ENERGY CURVE

For a given specific energy, there are 2
possible depths, low stage Y1 and high stage
Y2. The low stage is the alternate depth of the
high stage and vice versa.
-The specific energy is a minimum at point C.
-The critical depth of flow , Yc corresponds to
this condition of minimum specific energy.

When the depth of flow is lesser than the

critical depth, Y1 <Yc and the velocity of flow is
also greater than the critical velocity
V1 >Vc
Therefore the flow is supercritical flow
When the depth of flow is greater than the
critical depth,
Y2 > Yc
and the velocity of flow is
also less than the critical velocity
V2 <VC
Therefore the flow is subcritical flow
The position of the specific energy curve
changes when discharge changes.

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SPECIFIC ENERGY CURVE

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Specific Energy Curve

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Specific Energy Curve

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Specific Energy Diagram

10.0

Rectangular
channel:

E=y
8.0

Q = 600 ft3/s.

Depth (ft)

B = 20 ft

Fr = 1

6.0

4.0

Fr = 2
Fr = V/(gy)0.5

2.0

0.0
0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Specific Energy (ft)

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Critical Flow & Depth (Yc)

Critical flow occurs when the specific energy is minimum for a given discharge.
The depth for this condition may be determined if we solve for dE / dy

E = y + Q2/2gA2 and
dE/dy = 0 (set dE/dy equal to zero)
2

dE
Q dA
1 3 0
dy
gA dy
Where, dA=Tdy

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Q 2Tc
1
gAc3

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Critical Flow & Depth (Yc)

2

Ac
Q

2
Tc
gAc
2

Ac
Tc

Vc

Or

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Ac
Q

Tc
g

General
Geometry
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Critical Flow for Rectangular Channel

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Specific Energy Equations

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EXAMPLE 1
Determine the critical depth for water flowing at 10 m3/s
in a trapezoidal channel with bottom width 3 m and side
slopes of 2:1 (H:V).
T=3+4y
y

1
2
3m

Solution:

A=3y+2y2
Under critical flow conditions

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3
2
A
Q c
g
Tc

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EXAMPLE 1
And since Q=10m3/s and g=9.81m/s2, then under critical
flow conditions

2
3
2
10 (3yc 2yc )
3 4yc
9.81
Solving for yc by trial and error yields the critical depth

yc=0.855m
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EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 2

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Thank You