Documente Academic
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WRJAS
Research Article
*1
Research on foliage disease of Jatropha curcas was conducted in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara
States of Nigeria to determine the occurrence, incidence and severity of the diseases. Fusarium
and Phomopsis species were the fungal pathogens found to be responsible for the disease on J.
curcas in the study area. A spore count of the isolates was made and used as inocula in the
pathogenicity trial in glasshouse of the department to prove Kochs postulate. Results from the
farmers field revealed that, highest incidence (81.00%) and severity (53.33%) of Phomopsis leaf
blight was recorded in Tsaki of Sokoto State, while Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest
incidence (75.33%) and severity (60.00%) of Fusarium leaf blight. The surveys conducted
showed that, J. curcas planted in lowland areas tend to be more prone to the fungal leaf blight
particularly those close to water source. In the pathogenicity trial, results indicated that, there
was no significant difference in the methods of inoculation and number of days after inoculation
with respect to incidence and severity of leaf blight. It is recommended that fungicides that can
be used for the management of fungal leaf blight of J. curcas should be identified.
Keywords: Foliar diseases, jatropha curcas, fungal, blight, fusarium.
INTRODUCTION
Jatropha is a genus of approximately 175 succulent
plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like
Jatropha curcas) from the family Euphorbiaceae. The
name is derived from the Greek words jatros, meaning
physician, and trophe meaning nutrition, hence the
common name physic nut (Anon, 2009). There are
several different species of Jatropha which are commonly
grown in gardens or as ornamental plant. Many of these
Jatropha species produce very colourful flowers and are
huge butterfly and bee attractants. Examples include
Jatropha integerrina, J. cardiophylla, J. catharlica, J.
cinerea, J. cuneata, J. podagrica etc. Jatropha curcas is
a species of flowery plant and native to the American
tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America (Janick
and Robert, 2008).
Of the over 175 species in the genus Jatropha, Jatropha
Nasiru et al.
022
Sampling Technique
A purposive and multi-stage sampling was employed to
identify the Local governments areas and villages in
North-West States of Nigeria with high population of
Jatropha curcas from the list of assertions obtained from
the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) ABU, Zaria.
Tsaki, Kajiji and Barkeji in Kware, Shagari and Tambuwal
Local Government Areas respectively were selected from
Sokoto State, while in Zamfara State, Wanke, Nasarawar
wanke in Gusau Local Government Area and Yartukunya
in Bungudu Local Government Area were selected. In
Kebbi State were Basaura (Janbaki), Jega Birni (Gadar
Ruwan Kanwa) in Jega Local Government Area and
Gangije in Aliero Local Government Area were selected.
Disease Sample Collection
Occurrence of foliage diseases of Jatropha curcas was
determined in the selected areas, and disease incidence
and severity were determined. Ten diseased leaf
samples of Jatropha curcas were randomly collected and
labelled from three different sites in each of the locations
in line with Timothy et al. (1999) procedure and
preserved for isolation in the Pathology Laboratory,
Department of Crop Protection, ABU, Zaria.
Assessment of Incidence and Severity of Diseases of
Jatropha curcas
Disease incidence is the number of plant units infected,
expressed as a percentage of the total number of units
assessed as follows;
Disease incidence I =
Number of infected plant units
100.
Total number
023
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
Incidence and Severity of Fungal Blight on Leaves of
Jatropha curcas
Nasiru et al.
024
Locations
Kajiji
Tsaki
Barkeji
Wanke
N/ Wanke
Yartukunya
Janbaki
Gangije
Gadar Ruwan Kanwa
SE
Significance
Phomopsis
Incidence (%)
67.672.52ab
81.008.19a
43.3315.28cd
33.002.65d
34.001.00d
36.674.16cd
81.672.52a
52.3319.66bc
71.6710.12a
22.03
*
Severity (%)
40.000.00ab
53.3311.55a
26.6711.55bc
20.000.00c
20.000.00c
22.000.00c
53.3311.55a
33.3311.55a
53.3311.55a
57.75
*
Fusarium
Incidence (%)
74.334.04ab
62.6715.14ab
70.6710.59ab
66.6713.32ab
70.6731.09ab
62.678.14ab
75.3311.59a
71.676.03ab
45.0018.03b
39.32
*
Severity (%)
60.000.00a
46.6711.55ab
53.3311.55ab
46.6711.55ab
53.3330.55ab
46.6711.55ab
60.0020.00a
40.000.00ab
26.6711.55b
36.1
*
Means followed by the same letter(s) do not differ significantly according to Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of
significance.
Pathogens
Fusarium species
Phomopsis species
Control
SE
Significance
Occurrence (%)
0.671.03a
0.390.78ab
0.000.00b
1.05
*
025
Figure 2. Fusarium leaf blight on seedling of Jatropha curcas planted in glasshouse at IAR,
Zaria.
Table 3. Effects of inoculation methods on fungal blight appearance on the leaves of Jatropha curcas
seedlings at IAR, Zaria
Inoculation Methods
Soil inoculation
Spray
Smear
SE
Significance
Occurrence (%)
0.470.90
0.370.62
0.330.71
1.29
Ns
Table 4. Results on the general symptoms appearance of fungal pathogens on the leaves of Jatropha curcas seedlings
as influenced by number of Days After Inoculation (DAI)
DISCUSSION
The high incidence and severity of Phomopsis leaf blight
obtained could be attributed to the fact that, Jatropha
curcas planted in those areas are in Fadama lands and
along streams; normally fungi are found in damp areas.
Also moisture is indispensable for the germination of
fungal spores and penetration of the host by the germ.
Agrios (2004) opined that moisture in such forms as
splashing rain and running water also plays an important
role in the distribution and spread of many pathogens like
bacteria, fungi and nematodes on the same plant and
their spread from one plant to another, he added that,
moisture increases the succulence of the host plants and
thus their susceptibility to certain pathogens, which
affects the extent and severity of disease. Shaner (1981)
Occurrence (%)
0.270.60
0.200.41
0.530.92
0.200.41
0.400.83
0.731.03
1.68
Ns
Nasiru et al.
026
CONCLUSION
Results of the study showed that, most of the leaves of
Jatropha curcas in the areas studied were infected with
fungal leaf blight caused by Fusarium and Phomopsis
species. Tsaki in Sokoto State recorded the highest
incidence and severity of Phomopsis leaf blights, while
Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest incidence and
severity of Fusarium leaf blight. Jatropha curcas planted
in lowlands were found to be more prone to infection than
those planted in uplands, particularly those that are close
to streams. Based on the findings of the research,
following recommendations were made; Identify
fungicides that can be used for the management of leaf
blight disease of Jatropha curcas. Also In vitro and In vivo
evaluation of the chosen fungicides should be conducted
with the aim of identifying the most effective among them
and the appropriate dosage for application.
REFERENCES
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