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Q.1) Critically examine the extent to which the Directive Principles of State
Policy have been implemented in India. Examine their relevance in the era of
liberalization and globalisation.
This is a straight-forward question, so the selection of the Top Answer would be strict, as
almost everyone will write a similar answer.
For this, mentioning of the relevant Constitutional articles is mandatory, where the DPSP are
mentioned. Even mention of Ireland is helpful. Then one paragraph dealing with the legislation
which have implemented the DPSPs and another paragraph which talks about the negative
aspects is a must.
Then a last paragraph showing the impact of LPG and DPSPs relevance would be more than
enough.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Pushkal
Ans) Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSPs) enumerated in our Constitution(Art.36-51) are
based on Ireland model. DPSPs serve to provide citizens their social and economic rights and to
make India into a welfare state.
Successive govts. have been successful in granting a legal framework to a majority of DPSPs .
Few of these are listed below:
1) Providing free legal aid through National Free Legal Service Act.
2) Right to work through MGNREGA.
3) Organisation of village panchayat through 73rd Amendment Act 1992.
4) Protection of Environment through Environment Act 1986.
5) Providing free and compulsory education to children through RTE via 86th Amend. Act.
But as far as implementation of these legislation is concerned, govts. have remained
unsuccessful. Implementation of these requires political will that comes under the Governance.
There is no accountability of the implementing agencies, there is a lack of infrastructure,
resources required, lack of financial decentralization , etc.
Art. 39 provide for equal distribution of resources among the people to ensure social and
economic equality. But after the LPG reforms of 1991, rather than providing more opportunities
to the people in open market, reforms have resulted in more inequality. The Indian market
favored the foreign goods and compromised indigenous industries.
So, observing the results of LPG reforms, there is a need today that govts. should strive towards
implementing the objectives of the DPSPs rather than merely enacting the legislation on them.
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Q.2) Fundamental duties are only ethical or moral duties and should not form a
part of the Fundamental law. Critically comment.
Always remember that for such Polity questions, a mention of the relevant Constitutional
Articles is a must. And for this particular question which has critically comment has its
directive, there are two aspects on top of just pros and cons
a) The need for making F.Ds a part of the fundamental law Pros and Cons.
b) Some of the F.Ds are already a part of various legislations while some are not.
So, covering thes two dimensions would be more than enough.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Meera Kelkar
Ans) Fundamental duties were added to the Part IV A of the constitution under Article 51A by
the 42nd amendment 1976, on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.
Over the years, many important laws have been enacted out of them which plays a major role
in the present scenario. Some of them are the Prevention of Insult to National Honour act,
National Flag code, Protection of civil rights act, Wildlife protection act, forest conservation act,
other criminal laws dealing with punishment for encouraging enmity etc.
Some of the fundamental duties from which these legislations are formed play a major role in
the development of the nation.If they were to remain mere moral duties, then the nation
would have seen chaos and destruction of biodiversity by now. The Fundamental duties
therefore act as an implicit warning / obligation on the people and thereby helps in maintaining
harmony and integrity between them.
But, all the Fundamental duties cannot become a part of Fundamental law since that would
lead to too much ambiguity and wastage of national income by long court hearings. Some of
these are developing scientific temper, cherishing the noble ideas that inspired freedom
struggle, Collective activity etc. An act on these duties would be too vague and confusing.
The existing laws should be amended at regular intervals and more stringent laws should be
framed to safeguard Public Property and abjure violence.
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Q.5) How are the Fundamental Rights different from other legal and
constitutional rights? What makes them so special?
Though a very simple question in literal sense but deceptive for most of you. Could have been
handled easily but it was not the case. Except one or two, no one did justice to this. Here,
rather than mentioning the features of FR, you have to compare and contrast it with legal and
constitutional rights. It should include examples in case. Like, if you are talking about
enforceability then do mention the rights for FR as well as Legal & constitutional. For the first
part of the answer, you shouldnt take more than 100 words.
Next part is where only special features need to be mentioned. Not everything!
The Top Answer is written by Nishant
Ans) Fundamental Rights are those which are important for the well-being of an individual.
They are guaranteed and protected by the Constitution. They are fundamental for two
reasons:
a) They are mentioned in the Constitution itself.
b) They cannot be taken away by ordinary legislation except in rare circumstances.
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Indushrees answer
Ans) The slow decline of national parties and emergence of regional parties led to the evolution
of coalition politics in India. Its influence on Indian Political System is one of degree than of
kind.
Democratic Base :
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Providing representation to regional and sectoral groups strengthens democracy. But, post poll
alliances do not necessarily represent peoples will.
Policy formulation :
Prevents extreme measures and checks tyranny through consensus based politics. At the same
time leads to policy paralysis, suppression of individual dissent through whips
International Relations :
Considers the regional stake holders in formulating foreign policy but can adversely affect
foreign relations. Ex West Bengal delaying Teesta pact with Bangladesh.
Accountability :
While increasing intra-alliance accountability, it also provides opportunities for corruption
defection for want of share in executive power
Government formation :
Assists formation of government in case of hung assembly and prevents expensive electoral
process.But such governments are threatened by instability.
Representation of regional parties in Central government assists co-operative federalism where
strong center supports strong states and vice versa. 14th Finance commission
recommendations, NITI Aayog and Interstate councils stress the importance of co-operative
federalism as it ensures
collective responsibility for solving conflicts.
dispersion of power to provide multiple access points to affected citizens.
effective policy formulation through negotiations and implementation through greater
financial devolution.
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To become a strategic and economic power , India need to present a homogeneous picture to
rest of world and for that co-operative federalism is indispensable.
Q.7) Differentiate a political party from a pressure group. Explain the role of RSS
and Bajrang Dal units of the Sangh Parivar as a pressure-group in the
contemporary Indian Political System.
We deliberately asked this question as we wanted to conduct a social experiment. We wanted
to see how many of you would be a true administrator in dealing with sensitive topics. We
wanted to see who will be vocal enough to write controversial answers and who will act neutral
and give an unbiased answer. The true acumen of a bureaucrat is tested when he is confronted
with such sensitive topics.
Some of you have praised the role of RSS and some of you have criticised it vehemently. We
wanted a good, balanced and neutral answer. We also wanted to see who would give real life
examples of various controversial places, and who would shy away from doing so.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Santhosh Venkatesh
Ans) A pressure group is a group of Individuals who means of organised activity work for
protection and promotion of their interests. Their activities may include Electionieering,
Propagandazing or Lobbying. Examples of Pressure groups are FICCI, Student Unions, RSS,
Narmada bachao Andolan etc
Differences between Political parties and Pressure groups
Objectives :
Pressure groups work for their own interests while Political parties work for National Interests.
Life span: Pressure groups may be ad-hoc or permanent depending on their objectives and
goals. Political parties are permanent and are recognized by Election Commission
Scope of Power : While Pressure groups influence Public policy, Political parties create public
policies.
Means for achieving Objectives : Political parties follow Constitutional methods while pressure
groups occasionally resort to legal methods like lobbying and illegal methods such as strikes.
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Q.8) How far do regional groupings pose a threat to the stability of the Indian
federalism. Trace and analyze the working of such regional groupings.
When we framed this question, we have the Zonal Councils and Inter-State Councils in mind
and that is what we meant by regional groupings. But this was too ambiguous so a whole
range of very interesting answers had come, right from political parties to naxalites. Excellent
innovation and novelty we see daily in these answers.
We do apologize for the ambiguity created but we are very impressed by the type of quality
answers each one of you had produced.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Stalin
Ans) Regional groupings are a mixed blessing.
Pros
Formation of Regional groupings means increased social consciousness as well as right
awareness among people.
It leads to strengthening of democracy. Forcing the legislative to incorporate the public
opinion; Enforce accountability and in precise leads to citizen-centric governance.
Leads to representation of minority interests/excluded.
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Form
coalition
at
center
with
parties
having
coherent
ideologies.
Constitution of Empowered group of ministers(EGOM), inter state bodies like Inter-state
council, making proper use of zonal councils and other coordination mechanisms.
Center to respect state autonomy by minimising interference in state list and framing policies
related to concurrent list only through states consultation by making use of coordination
mechanisms like Inter-state council etc.
Q.9) Explain the concept of Judicial Activism and examine its impact on the relationship
between the executive and judiciary in India.
A very simple straight-forward question again. We were expecting to see a lot of real-life
examples in the answers.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Nishant
Ans) Judicial Activism is the use of judicial powers to restrict Legislative Adventurism and
Executive Excesses. Judiciary self-assumes the role to strike down any legislation or executive
action which is against the Constitution. This is done either suo-moto or through public interest
litigations (PIL). SC order to remove photographs of political leader from government ads is a
recent example of judicial activism
The practice has gained steam due to the growing public frustration with parliamentary
dysfunctioning and executive lethargy in cases like environmental pollution. Its impact on
relationship between the 3 organs of Indian democracy is examined below:
Started a game of one upmanship. Eg. after Kesavananda verdict in 1973, legislature assumed
even greater power via 42nd amendment, only to turned down again in Minnerva Mills 1980
Retaliatory response by Executive such as by taking part in judicial appointment through the
newly formed NJAC
Over-interpretation of the Constitution by the Judiciary to force the issue. Taking away
Presidential powers to appoint higher judges in Second Judges Case is one example.
As a result the relationship between the Judiciary and other two has suffered massive trust
deficit. Both the legislative and executive vouch for judicial restraint instead of overreach
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Q.11) Examine the demand for greater state autonomy and also its impact on
the smooth functioning of the Indian polity.
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Q.13) Comment on the financial relations between the Union and the States in
India. Has the post-1991 liberalization in anyway affect it?
The Top Answer for this question is written by Nishant
Ans) Two provisions govern the Centre-State financial relations in Indian federal setup:
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Q.14) The freedom of speech available to the members on the floor of the
House is different fro that available to the general citizenry under Article 19.
Comment.
The basic difference between Article 19 and Article 105 is all that is needed.
The Top Answer for this question is written by BS
Ans) The freedom of speech given to member of parliaments or citizens is an essential feature
of democracy. However there are many differences between them:
1. Source: Freedom of speech to citizens comes under article 19 and to MP comes under article
105. However both are constitutionally granted.
2. Nature: Freedom of speech under 19 is a fundamental right of citizens; however that granted
to MP is not a fundamental right.
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Q.16) Although, the Constitution very well enshrined the tenet of direct
parliamentary control of the executive, the last decade was testimony to the
limitations of parliament to check executive corruption. Do you agree?
Elaborate.
In such Elaborate and Do you agree questions, one should use a lot of examples and facts
to justify ones answer, alongwith a bit of background theory.
The Top Answer is written by Harshit Ladva
Ans) There is no denying that last decade was marred by corruption of executive as per
popular media. The parliamentary control was in spirit limited to only corrective measure and
failed to be a preventive cause as envisaged by the constitution due to various reasons
Immature democracy
1) Anti-defection law prevents individual dissent and curbs mature criticism of government
forming political party by its own members. EG:- CWC scam scrutiny
2) No shadow cabinet of opposition which can tail ministers and portfolios for check and
control. Eg:- British parliament.
3) No healthy democratic precedents that respects offices like PM, Speaker , No-Party Speaker
etc.
4) Insufficient allocated time and undue opposition by other MPs on trivial matters limits
parliamentary interaction between executive and legislators.
Socio-Economic profile of legislators
1) Lack of expertise of MPs limits their appreciation of technical issues in matters like Spectrum
allocation corruption scam.
2) No post- election training of MPs due to which they cannot exercise their powers and rights
to fullest. Novice MPs and MLAs often depict ignorance in procedures. Eg Lack of recognition
of Coal-Gate as an unconstitutional Scam/scandal.
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Q.17) Present your views on the need and suitability of the proposed Judicial
Appointment Commission. Do you think that the proposed body for appointing
SC and HC judges undermines judicial independence? Discuss.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Harshit Ladva
Ans) The article 124(A) was proposed as 99th amendment to usher in NJAC which will be
responsible for appointments and transfer of judges.
Need of JAC
1) Present collegium system is opaque, arbitrary and relies heavily on personal preference
which fosters nepotism and corruption.
2) Failure of Collegium system: While the SC has noteworthy work in by-gone years , the
district courts & high-courts have failed to deliver quality service. The various stakeholders
citizens , civil society , media etc have frequently voiced their concern about having a
predictable , transparent and reliable vis-a-vis quick judicial system.
3) Collegium seeks no public participation and hence no responsibility.
4) The seniority criteria doesnt guarantee competence. Due to this , many deserving and
honest court officials are overlooked in making various appointments.
5) Absence of All-India-Judicial Service in-line with IAS/IPS/IFS selection exams further
aggravates the competency issue and it is important that the very best are appointed from
the available lot.
Sustainability of JAC
1) Any appointments commission is not permanent. Eg;- 1st, 2nd ,3rd Judges case.
2) To ensure the judicial independence , a multi-stakeholder but transparent process can be
devised for JAC by tweaking the proposed system.
The doctrine of contempt of court has severely restricted public scrutiny of courts
functioning in media as well as in open.
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Q.18) The Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill tries to lay down
enforceable standards of conduct for judges. Mention the important provisions
of the bill. How far can the provisions of the bill ensure judicial accountability?
Critically examine.
The Top Answer has been written by Nishant
Ans) A check on the Judiciary itself has been missing in the Indian system. The Judicial
Standards and Accountability Bill (JSAB) seek to correct this imbalance. Its key features are
examined below:
1.
The bill lays down standards of judicial conduct eg. Prohibiting a judge from hearing
cases involving family and friends. Although the bill is silent on its enforcement procedure.
2.
A judge is required to declare his assets and liabilities along with that of his family. This
is to bring the judges at par with similar provision for the members of legislature.
3.
To address lack of accountability, the bill creates a mechanism via the Oversight
Committee to entertain complaints against the conduct of judges. But theres further scope to
put in place stringent penalties on frivolous complaints
4.
Parliament can introduce a motion for removal of judges. Since members of the
Oversight Committee and Scrutiny Panel have non-judicial members, this directly impinges the
independence of judiciary, a basic feature of Indian Constitution. Extreme fears of bi-partisan
support to corner the judiciary cant be overlooked as well.
The reasoning behind the bill is sound in principle. But the key issue is to strike a balance
between the accountability and independence of the judiciary. The provisions of the bill
shouldnt become another battle front between the Judiciary and the Parliament.
Q.19) In the light of the recent SC judgements directly or indirectly affecting the
provisions of the Representation of the Peoples Act, analyse the impact of these
judgements on the Indian polity and on the relationship between the judiciary
and the executive.
The Top Answer for this question is written by SK
Ans) The Supreme Court of India has recently given judgements relating to elections and on
some provisions in the Representation of Peoples act which had an impact on Indian polity and
also on the relation between judiciary and executive.
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Primary intention was to curb political defections and rein in the issue of horse-trading
2.
Also, to bring stability in the structures of political parties and strengthen parliamentary
practice by banning floor-crossing.
3.
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Cabinet turned into the mini-parliament where decisions were done and dusted with
Yet, not everything has been impacted. Different motions raised by private members are still
hotly contested in the Parliament. Opposition has invariably filled in for the lack of debate
within the government itself. The Speaker ensures the incumbent government fulfills its duties
towards the Parliament. The proceedings of the Parliament are shown on LSTV / RSTV which is
seen by many people. Hence, it becomes important for the government to table all important
national issues and encourage intelligent discussion on the same.
Q.21) The CAG of India is a prosecutor with a law that hobbles its functioning, a
judge without the power to sentence and a litigant with no right to appeal. Do
you agree? Substantiate your opinion by examining the role of CAG in India.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Nishant
Ans) The CAG is required to secure financial accountability of the Executive. A look into its role
in this regard:
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Q.22) Analyze the merits and demerits of creation of an All India Judicial
Services in India.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Jeandreze
Ans) Any form of All India Service is created to serve the larger goal of National Interest.When
Judicial Services of National Character is thought of, the following challenges emerge:1.
Multi-linguistic Nation:- It might become an administrative challenge to carry work
when local language is different for the judge
2.
If it is cadre based then corruption may emerge as judges would be fixed for long term.
3.
However, this system should be welcomed for the following positive changes:1.
2.
It will clear backlog of cases and improve judges& judicial cases ratio as fixed no of
judges enter the system every year.
3.
Preparing for the next role :- All India Judicial Services will bring new experiences to the
Supreme court.
4.
It will improve Transparency as well as encourage meritocracy.This will clean the system
in the long run.
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The Other Top Answer for this question is written by Manikanta Vasu
Ans) PMS was estd in 1947 and renamed as PMO ( Prime Minister office) in 1977. It is estd.to
provide direct administrative assistance to Prime Minister. Cabinet secretariat is established in
1950 and mentioned in the allocation of business rules 1961.
The basic differences b/w the two are.
-PMO provides direct assisatnce to Prime Minister and CS provides secretarial services to the
cabinet.
Administration of rules of business was done by the CS but not by the PMO.
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Q.25) In a recent move, Public Account Committee (PAC) had intended for
bringing about a legislative change to make the Comptroller and Auditor
General (CAG) accountable to the Parliament. Critically examine the
consequences if this decision is carried out in India.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Heidi
Ans) The move of the Public Account Committee to make CAG accountable to the parliament is
likely to change the equations of the checks and balances in the system and autonomy and
independence of CAG significantly.
Accountability
Being accountable to a constitutional entity will make CAG more responsible, credible and
impartial in its function. However its autonomy which provides for fearless action should not be
compromised.
Credibility.
CAG, being an independent constitutional authority is out of reach of political control. making it
accountable to parliament poses threat on its credibility as there can be political influence on it.
Public Trust
Recent proactive interventions of the CAG which brought out a series of scams and corruptions
to the light made immense faith in the public and they view it as a proper unbiased check on
the executive. this trust should not be eroded.
Constitutional Promise.
An independent and autonomous CAG is a promising provision of the constitution. The wide
ranging scope of such an institution cannot be compromised for political negotiations.
Though there are limitations for CAG on certain procedural and functional fronts, It still remains
as an independent, credible and autonomous constitutional body mandated to have a watch
and check on executive misdeeds and infringements. It should not be dilute
Q.26) The first law of decency it to preserve the liberty of others. How far the
safeguards provided by the Indian Constitution to respect the liberty of the
minorities in the country been effective? What do you think; it is the problem of
law or society?
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National commision which looks into various issues have only recommendatory powers.
2.
3.
Q.27) Does Indian Cinema reflects the real India? In terms of viewership, is it
sports or cinema that dominates the Indian heart? Comment.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Ankita
Cinema is said to be the mirror of the society .Through the medium of the popular art various
facets of Indian society are portrayed .Documentary films on gender issues, child abuse, and
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Family life: Marriage life may stand affected with legalised availability of sex.
Legalising this profession requires social acceptance and to ensure that the merits are
implemented effectively to outweigh the demerits of prostitution, for which India is not ready
presently.
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Q.29) With the incident like Charlie Hebdo, do you think Media has gone onestep ahead in inviting trouble despite of the awareness of the danger some
topics are fraught with? Is it a case of Truth reporting or TRP-reporting?
The Top Answer for this question is written by Nishant
Ans) Freedom of Press itself comes with reasonable restrictions under Article 19. But the news
media seems to be pushing these limits more often these days. Charlie Hebdo was one such
incident. Ethical journalism demands reporting on critical issues, but it also prescribes due
sensitivity and restraint where needed. The Indian media too seems to be lacking in these
ethics.
Competition and one-upmanship has forced media to resort to new ways of reporting which
often invite trouble. The recent case of a news channel calling the family of a captured terrorist
is one such incident. Secondly, the concept of 24/7 news requires media to create news out of
thin air. There have been reported cases of paid news, planted interviews. Truth reporting
then becomes TRP reporting.
Media, especially in India lacks strong regulation both self-imposed and institutional. They
usually take protection under the popular phrase freedom of press.
While their efforts in channelizing civilian activism should be applauded, the emerging
phenomenon of Media Trial as seen in Yakub Memon hanging only undermines the
esteemed authorities such as the Supreme Court. Sensationalism instigates people the wrong
way and may even create communal tension. As quoted by noted journalist Rajdeep Sardesai
News media then become supari journalism.
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To eradicate untouchability
2.
3.
They have spread their agenda under special organisations set up for the purpose. For example,
Ambedkar formed Bahishkrit Hitakarni Sabha, Phule formed Satya Sodhak Samaj, and Jagjivan
utilied All India Depressed Classes League.
However, the Indian democracy failed to take forward their vision. Various reasons are
attributed to this.
1.
No. of cases of untouchability are increasing as per National Commission for Scheduled Castes
(NCSC) report, but conviction rates are reducing under Protection of Civil Rights Act. There are
no special courts to hear complaints against SCs problems.
2.
The govt. failed in providing them proper educational, health and employment opportunities.
Lack of income security forces them to continue bonded/forced labor; undertake manual
scavenging etc. Thus, discrimination is forced to continue in a disguised form.
3.
Failure of NCSC
Its only a recommendatory body, with no penal powers, inefficient staff, less field workers,
innumerable pending complaints etc.
4.
Poor representation ratio at Parliament, State and Panchayat levels corresponding to
their population even after 73rd and 74th amendments.
To address these issues govt is bringing SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Bill,
Prohibition of Manual Scavenging Bill etc.
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Q.34) Has Social Security and Welfare in India fulfilled the demand of
protection & promotion of an individual? Critically examine if the MNREGA has
resulted in an increase in the purchasing power and the standard of living of
rural households.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Santhosh Venkatesh
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Q.35) How significant are the recent strides made in the legislation of child
rights by the human rights institutions? Evaluate.
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Q.36) The recent engagements of India and UAE embark Indias Look West
Policy but it equally defines GCCs Look East Policy for the greater Indian
engagements with West Asia. Elaborate.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Heidi
Ans) The recently revived India- UAE relation is more than a bilateral engagement, it is more of
a look at each other strategic partnership between India and Gulf Cooperation Council.
GCCs Look East Policy
1.
GCC Sunny regimes including heavyweights like Saudi and UAE are worried about the
recent US- Iran (Shia dominated) engagements.
2.
India can be a strong defense partner to protect the resource rich regions of GCC in the
conflict ridden middle east.
3.
The shift in the global energy market from the west to the east makes India an
important player in the region.
4.
2- Indian exports of textiles, electrical goods, IT products and spices to GCC is significant and
account for a 84bn USD trade.
3.
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Q.37) The past two decades of Look East Policy (LEP) have provided the
foundation for rapid growth of IndiaASEAN relations. Yet, a critical analysis of
the LEP would show that its full potential has not been realised. Critically
examine.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Santhosh Venkatesh
Ans) Indias Look East policy has laid foundation for the institutionalization of ASEAN-India
relations that began with the First ASEAN-India Summit in 2002 and has achieved considerable
success.
India-ASEAN have institutionalised their dialogue on political and security issues. Eg- BIMSTEC,
(EAS), Mekong Ganga cooperation, naval exercises such as SIMBEX.
ASEAN relations have helped India secure its interests. Eg Double taxation agreement with
Indonesia and renewal of Indias oil blocks in south china sea by Vietnam.
Along with this new FTA in services will open up a plethora of opportunities for Indian service
sector.
But India is yet to realise its full potential with ASEAN because
India is behind China in terms of volume of trade and economic ties with ASEAN countries.
FTA with ASEAN has increased imports and decreased exports due to duty inversion
String of Pearls Theory, South China Sea and Philippines Shoal incidents have been instances
of Chinas assertive behaviour and Indias intervention has been limited.
The deepening of Economic ties is not possible without proper Infrastructure and connectivity
to ASEAN countries via NE states.
Although India and ASEAN countries are Net importers of Hydrocarbon there has been limited
cooperation on alternative sources energy.
Addressing these issues would not only strengthen Indias Energy security and Economic ties,
but would also counter the rising assertiveness of China in the region.
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Q.38) Trace the structural changes in Indias foreign policy since independence.
The Top Answer for this question is written by SK
Ans) Structural changes in Indias foreign policy since independence can be viewed in polity,
economy, defence and federal.
Polity
During the Nehruvian era, the foreign policy was based on the political ideas of non-alignment,
idealism, peace and cooperation. Post Nehru, a gradual shift from mix of idealism-realism to
pure realism was witnessed.
Defence
Nehru believed in international peace under UN, and neglected defence development. This has
costed us 1962 China war. Later, Lal Bahadur Shastri govt undertook massive modernization of
defence forces. India could successfully defend Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Going forward, India
witnessed nuclear tests twice Pokhran 1 (1974) and Pokhran-II (1998).
Economy
Nehruvian era focussed on self-sufficiency and import substitution. Indias economic policy
was largely influenced by Soviet Socialism and Five Year Planning. After Cold-War, with the
disintegration of USSR, India undertook LPG reforms and embarked upon free market
capitalism.
Federal structural changes
With the increasing globalization and coalition politics, the foreign policy came to be hinged
upon states interests, unlike earlier when the Centre alone used to decide. From conflict
politics arising out of states personal interests, as witnessed in Teesta Deal, Tamil issue in Sri
Lanka, Indias foreign policy has gradually shifted to the centre stage of cooperative and
competitive politics from states, as witnessed in Gujarat Vibrant Summit and Andhra Pradeshs
Capital building with Singapores assistance.
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Prospects:
1.
Indias Chabahar deep port project in Iran would give access to markets of West Asia
and Turkey using Iranian road network. It would boost Indias plantation, saffron and automobile manufacturing.
2.
The markets of Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and others of Europe would be
accessible that can help Indias cropping in horticulture and textile industry.
Bottlenecks:
1.
2.
3.
Security fears from Afghanistan and other terror outfits in the region.
4.
The threat of freight movement being one sided would increase cost.
Sustainable dialogue in the form of independent joint groups and regional cooperation are
crucial to complete the project.
Q.40) In the last two decades, Indian States have played a pivotal role in
shaping her foreign policy. Comment.
The Top Answer for this question is written by Maari
Ans) In India,Centre has been shaping up countrys foreign policy but off late States role in
foreign policy has been increasing since last two decades which can be seen in following ways
1) Political:
1.
i) Jammu and Kashmir has been the nodal point in shaping India s relation with Pakistan
2.
ii) Tamil Nadu -Sri Lanka : In relations with Sri Lanka and in skipping CHOGOM meet and
UNHRC resolution Indias stand has been greatly influence by aspirations and interests of Tamil
Nadu .
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Q.41) The UNO needs structural and functional reforms that are needed to be
infused into as new issues and forces impinge on its functioning. Comment.
The Top Answer for this Question is written by RKM
Ans) UNO is an intergovernmental organization which was made to replace the ineffective
League of Nations in 1945 so as to avoid another world war.But during cold war , US and USSR
often paralysed the organization and it intervened only in conflicts nit related to cold war
thereby not fulfilling its mandate of peacekeeping in world.Although it did help in
decolonization process.
Even in post cold war era it failed in its mission as seen in Somalia and Rwanda crisis.Several
organs of UNO like UNESCO and UNICEF faced charges of corruption due to which several
countries withdrew their funding. So due to above issues and also due to dynamically changing
polarity of world and other emerging humanitarian, environmental crisis it certainly need some
reforms.
Structural reforms
Expansion of UNSC so to to ensure proper representation of world which currently is skewed
in the favour of west.
Do away with Veto power.
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Q.42) Last two decades has seen incessant growth of several regional
organizations that indirectly expose the crisis present in International
Organizations. What are the reasons of such growth? Do you think
International Organizations have lost its relevance?
The Top Answer for this Question is written by SK
Ans) Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a rise in the number of regional
organizations throughout the world for various reasons. Some of these reasons are:
Finance and Trade Rise of third world countries in the global economy necessitated regional
cooperation on various economic issues in order to protect domestic markets, increase FDI and
market share, increase competition and efficiency etc. These are reflected in regional
free/preferential trade agreements, customs unions, currency unions etc. Examples:
MERCOSUR, NAFTA, TPP, EU, ASEAN FTA etc.
Security Rise of fundamentalism, extremism, and radicalism necessitated regional security
treaties. Examples: CSTO, ANZUS, SCO etc.
Environment & Nature protection Protection of natures elements sometimes fall under the
common responsibility of two or more nations. For example, rivers, endangered animals,
forests, cleaning ocean pollutioin etc. Examples, Mekong-Ganga Cooperation.
Various other reasons include: energy security, cultural, ethnic, religious affinities,
military/arms cooperation, ideological and political groupings, drug trafficking/smuggling etc.
Most of these regional organizations cover multiple aspects in cooperation. For example, GCC is
a political and economic union.
Relevance of International Organizations In a globalized world, there are several issues which
are common to all the nations. For example, Climate Change, refugee crisis, internet, global
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Mandate of the organization is to show the world the crisis and force them to come to a
solution. But the final button of solution always lies with political masters whos decisions
influenced by their personal growth, alliance, domestic situation etc. Better funds, a dedicated
peace keeping force with can help to reduce the impact of crisis.
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Q.44) The Security Council faces far more fundamental problems than the
persistence of the veto. Comment.
The Top Answer for this Question is written by Annapurna Garg
Ans) The United Nations security council has been lately in news for many of it limitations. The
UNSC reforms have been under consideration since 1992.
Central to these reforms is the issue of veto power. Veto powers to the five contries gives them
assymetry all powers and leads to stalling of decisions very often. For example, U.S. vetoed the
decision to term Israeli settlement in West Bank illegal despite consensus in General Assembly.
Thus geopolitical gains makes the veto power questionable. This should either be done away
with or extended to other deserving countries as well.
Besides there are other problems as well:
1.
Representation is highly skewed with no representation from Africa, South America and
very less representation from Asia.
2.
It still represents 1945 world order, despite major shifts thereafter. Considerations such
as economy, population size, human and monetary contributions to UN are barely visible in it
composition.
3.
4.
UNSC seem to be incapable of preventing unilateral military action like what US did in in
Iraq in 2003.
5.
Present crisis in Middle East shows its failure to contain the rise of extremists
tendencies. For example rise of IS and its continuing advance.
This shows the urgency and inevitability of UNSC reforms on a serious note. Present stalemate
shows is due to unwillingness of P5 to dilute their own position. Its important to resolve this
stagnancy by greater push by the countries demanding reform and maturity on part of P5.
Q.45) Created in 1945, the UNSC still reflects the international power relation
that was at the end of Second World War. Critically comment.
The Top Answer for this Question is written by Manikanta Vasu
Ans) In 1945, after the end of the world war 2 ,United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has been
established with the objective of maintaining global peace.
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However, this itself not showing that UNSC is completely as a body reflecting WW2 power
relations.
UNSC offers temporary membership to 10 countries so that changed global relations can be
discussed at its forum.
The strong demand from G4 countries to expand the council has got attention and recently
UNSC accepts an agenda to discuss the issue of UNSC reforms.
The UNSC should realize the changed global power relations so that the effectiveness of UNSC
will improve. P5 nations also should understand the importance of making UNSC relevant to
contemporary period.
Q.46) Unlike the French revolution, in the Indian case the constitutional
movement was not burdened by an inheritance of absolutism. Explain.
The Top Answer for this Question is written by Heidi
Ans) Indian independence, unlike that of French, was a systematic replacement of a colonial
power, by a representative government authorized by a legitimate constitution.
Though the British rule was unjust and imperialistic, it cannot be compared with Bourbon
absolutism of France. There were regulations and acts, though disputed, in British rule. But
Bourbon regime was a monarchic despotism, which exercised absolute tyranny. Preindependent India experienced a systematic development of responsible and representative
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Q.48) Do you think there is a need for periodic review of Indian constitution?
The Top Answer for this Question is written by Monk Who Sold his Nano
Ans) Change is the only constant. People evolve, governments evolve, and so should the
guiding principles of governance. The constitution does provide for amendments, but that can
only be undertaken from the skewed perspective of executive, which represents less than 1/4th
of electorate and is very often burdened by load of coalition. The provision of periodic review
may boost new life into constitution by1.
Protecting it from being irrelevant- the undue limitations, of socialist era, the ambiguous
articles which provide space for corrupt practices can be evaluated and fixed.
2.
Strengthening the principles that have proved most useful- eg. the independence of
election commission and CAG, which have reduced electoral malpractices and uncovered bigger
scams (Vinod Rai). Revaluation would help strengthen these necessary institutions.
3.
Accommodate contemporary developments- provision for implementing voting rights of
NRIs, defining cyber crime, defining principles of e governance or other e govt. services., means
to deal with heckler veto, proselytization, beef eating, mob lynching (issues which executive
succumbs to for sake of vote bank)
4.
Providing avenues for smoother administrative structure- The growing friction between
executive and judiciary or between centre and state or even between the 2 houses of
parliament, can be addressed by incorporating changes or clearly defining the elements that
are creating these hurdles and also incorporating the changes that the original countries have
undertaken from where these principles were borrowed.
Periodic reviews are more likely to strengthen our constitution and citizens belief in it. National
Commission on Working of Constitution is already constituted once in 2002.
Q.49) How does the Indian constitution mirror best constitutional practice and
principles around the world?
The Top Answer for this Question is written by Vikrant Madhusudhan Parab
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Q.50) How has American Revolution and its constitution influenced Indian
constitution?
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2.
Rule of people: This is the fundamental principle behind democracy. In our constitution
it is best reflected in preamble that reads, We the people of India which means that the
constitution derives its power from the people
3.
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: It provided for the idea of separation of power
between judiciary, executive and legislative.
Besides, the other principle such as impeachment of President, judicial review, strong
independent judiciary etc were also taken from American constitution. And these principles
have been moulded according to the need of Indian conditions.
Q.51) What do you understand by fiscal federalism? Do you concur with the
argument that true politic federalism has its roots in fiscal federalism.
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Will reduce corruption , enhance standard of living and generate more employment
But all these positives can tilt in favour of well placed states as :
1.
Rich states like Gujarat, Maharashtra,Tamil Nadu are stronger financially, institutionally
and with better HDI standards to attract development. This gives disadvantage to other states
2.
Presence of resource disparity in India like iron ,coal will attract industries in those
states leaving less for resourcedeficient ones.
3.
Monsoon dependencies and poor irrigation facilities will divert funds for drought
mitigation which will affect development in poor states
4.
Inter-state conflicts(river water sharing,migrations, communal issues) will increase
leaving bitterness and rivalry for jobs and resources.
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Q.53) What do you understand by True Federalism? Do you think India need
to overhaul its Federal character to match the spirit of True Federalism?
Comment.
2.
The fundamental characteristic of True Federalism is that neither the Central nor the State
Governments are subordinate to each other, but rather, two are coordinate, autonomous and
independent.
Thorough analysis is required before considering changing Indias unique Federal character:
Arguments For Change:
1.
Indias federal structure has a lot of unitary or non-federal features like the overriding
authority of the Centre, changeable area, boundary or name of the states, etc.
2.
The strong bias towards Centre tends to distort the basic tenets of federalism. Recent
appointment of Governor without consulting the Chief Minister (as per Sarkaria Commission) of
Bihar is a case in point.
Arguments Against Change:
1.
2.
Enough flexibility is needed for creation of new states to fulfil regional aspirations.
3.
Indias federal spirit is reflected from exemplary display of cooperative federalism (Eg.
West Bengals role in the deal with Bangladesh).
Indias federal makeup has so far been successful to meets its peculiar needs. So any change in
this basic feature would be detrimental to Indias interests.
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It enlists the fundamental rights and privileges which he can get in that nation
4.
The constitution is the ultimate rule book which helps a citizen to approach judiciary if
any rule/right of his is violated.
5.
It provides him a framework on which the government will work and provide ideals of
equality, justice, liberty, welfare in the nation.
6.
The constitution bestows on the government the responsibility of being the protector of
the liberties, lives, property, respect of its citizens.
Thus we can safely say that the constitution is a very important necessity of a good functioning
state and forms the heart and soul of any nation.
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Ans) The Indian constitution has provided for a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities
among the 3 pillars of democracy. The independence of the judiciary forms part of the basic
structure of the constitution. This provision was put in order to prevent encroachment in the
domain of judiciary by the other powers.
In the recent judgement by the Supreme Court, it called the formation of NJAC as
unconstitutional. The bone of contention was the presence of the law minister and 2 eminent
people in the recommendation body for the appointment of judges of Supreme Court and High
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Q.58) Do you support the argument that India should move towards twocoalition system, if not two party system? Make a critical assessment of this
proposal.
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Q.59) Secessionist tendencies in India are as old as the country itself. Discuss the
various factors that fuel such tendencies and suggest measures to curb them.
Ans) Secession is the process of withdrawal or moving away from the union by a smaller state
or territory. There have been secessionist tendencies in India ever since the birth of the nation
in 1947. The multi cultural ,multi religious , multi lingual country has various factors which led
to these tendencies are:
1.
Historical With the end of British rule in 1947 the princely states of Hydrabad,
Travancore, J&K wanted to remain sovereign and outside Indian union
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Respecting the multiple religions, languages and cultures of the country without any
2.
3.
4.
Using diplomacy and electoral reforms to bring secessionist groups in the political
system.
5.
Diluting draconian laws like AFSPA, punishing offenders and improving the democratic
setup in conflict prone states.
6.
Q.60) Helpful factors are found in abundance in all parts of the country for
democratic decentralization, but most state governments are reluctant to
provide essential things for it. Discuss in Indian context.
Ans) Democratic decentralization has been our tradition of political participation through
Village Gram panchayat which institutionalized under 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment
act, 1992. Helpful factors in India for democratic decentralization are:1.
2.
Village has been self sufficient unit with internal dispute redressal mechanism and
cooperative community life. It can be easily institutionalized as envisaged in 73rd and 74th
amendment act.
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4.
Demograhic dividend can be harnessed in all parts of India for Grassroot democracy.
5.
India witnessing NGO boom there is one for every 600. this is alternative for state
controlled PRI .
6.
value system bases on Gandhian Sawaraj. Ideological belief with pragmatism of
democracy at grassroot like Vinoba Bhave and Jaiprakash Narayan
But even after Constitutional provision structure ,function and fund allocation is not uniform in
all states. Most of the states are reluctant to provide essential things to Bodies of PRIs for
effective functioning like:1.
Non availability of fund -function and functionary to PRIs and Nagar panchayat or
Parishad
2.
3.
Parastatal bodies like DRDA are still working and state are not assertive to demand
devolution of fund and function to PRI instead.States dependenecy on centrally sponsored and
Parastatals.
4.
No division of powers among PRIs and other organ of state governemnt. No separate
list of taxation for local Bodies so that they can work autonomously.
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