1.

Abstract

1.2

Introduction

1.3

Aims

The objectives of this experiment is:

i.
ii.

To determine the loading and flooding points in the column.

To determine the air pressure drop across the column as a function of airflow for different
water flow rates through the column.

1.4

Theory

1.5

Apparatus

Figure 1: Gas Absorption Column Unit (Model: BP 751-B)

1.6

Procedure

General start-up Procedures

1. All the valves were ensured closed except the ventilation valve V13.
2. All the gas connections were checked whether they are properly fitted.
3. The valve on the compressed air supply line was opened. The supply
pressure was set between 2 to 3 bar by turning the regulator knob
clockwise.
4. The shut-off valve on the CO2 gas cylinder was opened. The CO2
cylinder was checked whether the pressure is sufficient.
5. The power for the control panel was turned on.
Experiment : Hydrodynamics of a Packed Column (Wet Column
Pressure Drop)
1. The general start-up procedures were performed as described above.
2. The receiving vessel B2 was filled through the charge port with 50 L of
water by opening valve V3 and V5.
3. Valve V3 was closed.
4. Valve V10 and V9 were opened slightly. The flow of water was observed
from vessel B1 through pump P1.
5. Pump P1 was switched on, then slowly opened and valve V11 was
adjusted to give water flow rate of arrounf 1 L/min. The water was
allowed to enter the top column K1, flew down the column and
accumulated at the bottom until it overflows back into vessel B1.
6. Valve V11 was opened and adjusted to give water flow rate of 0.5
L/min into column K1.
7. Valve V1 was opened and adjusted to give an air flow rate of 40 L/min
into column K1.
8. The liquid and gas flow were observed in the column K1 and the
pressure drop across the column at dPT-201 was recorded.
9. Steps 6 to 7 were repeated with different values of air flow rate, each
time increasing by 40 L/min while maintaining the same water flow
rate.
10.
Steps 5 to 8 were repeated with different values of water flow
rate, each time increasing by 0.5 L/min by adjusting valve V11.

General Shut-Down Procedures

1. Pump P1 was switched off.
2. Valve V1, V2 and V12 were closed.
3. The valve on the compressed air supply line was closed and the supply
pressure was exhausted by turning the regulator knob counterclockwise all the way.
4. The shut-off valve was closed on the CO2 gas cylinder.
5. All the liquid in the column K1 was drained by opening valve V4 and
V5.
6. All the liquid from the receiving vessels B1 and B2 were drained by
opening valves V7 and V8.
7. All the liquid from the pump P1 was drained by opening valve V10.
8. The power for the control panel was turned off.

1.7 Results
Flow

Pressure Drop

rate

(mm

H2O

(L/min)
air 20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

7
43
-

11
-

17
-

26
-

180

water
1.0
2.0
3.0

0
19
11

1
24
19

2
29
25

4
33
49

Table 1: Pressure Drop for Wet Column

48
-

1.8

Calculations

Information given :
Density of air, air = 1.175 kg/m3
Density of water, water = 996 kg/m3
Column diameter, Dc = 80 mm
Area of packed diameter,
A c=

2
D = ( 0.08 m )2=5.027 103 m 2
4
4

Packing Factor: Fp = 900 m-1

Water viscosity, water = 0.001 Ns/m2
LIQUID

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (1 LPM)

3

1 L 1 min
1m
996 kg

G min 60 s 1000l
m3
GL =
=
Ac
5.027 103 m2

3.302

kg
m2 . s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (2 LPM)

2 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg

3
min
60
s
1000l
G
m
kg
GL =
=
=6.614 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (3 LPM)

3 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg

min
60
s
1000l
G
m3
kg
GL =
=
=9.907 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s

Water Flow Rate (L/min)

1.0
2.0
3.0

Table

Theoretical Flooding Point for 20 L/min

Gy

G G=

20 L
1 m3
60 min

min 1000 L
1h
1.2 m3 /h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

Gy
Ac

1.2 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg

=0.0779 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4 , y-axis

GL

kg
)
m2 . s

3.302
6.614
9.907

13.1 ( GG ) F p
K4=

L
L

0.1

( )

G ( L G )

2
0.0779 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s /m
)
13.1
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m3

0.1

=0.0154

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

( )

1.175 kg /m3
=1.454
3
996 kg / m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s
3.302

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg /m
=2.912
3
996 kg /m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg /m3
=4.362
996 kg / m3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 40 L/min

3

40 L
1m
60 min

=2.4 m3 /h
Gy = min 1000 L
1h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

G G=

Gy
Ac

2.4 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.156 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

K4=

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

2
0.156 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
13.1
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m 3

=0.062

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m
=0.727
996 kg/m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

FLV =

0.1

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=1.456
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

G
FLV = L
GG

( )

G
=
L

kg
2
m .s
kg
0.156 2
m .s
9.907

1.175 kg / m
=2.181
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 60 L/min

60 L
1 m3
60 min

=3.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3.6 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.234 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

=0.139

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

( )

G
=
L

kg
m2 . s
kg
0.234 2
m .s
3.302

1.175 kg / m3
=0.484
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 )( 996 kg /m31.175 kg /m3 )

G
FLV = L
GG

2
0.234 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg/m 3

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg /m
=0.971
996 kg/m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=1.454
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 80 L/min

3

Gy =

80 L
1m
60 min

=4.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3
4.8 m
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.311 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.245

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

0.156 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
m s
996 kg /m3

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg/m3
=0.364
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=0.729
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg /m3
=1.093
996 kg/m3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 100 L/min

100 L
1 m3
60 min

=6.0 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

6.0 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.389 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

K4=

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.383

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

0.156 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
13.1
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m3
=0.292
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.584
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.874
3
996 kg/m

Theoretical Flooding Point for 120 L/min

120 L
1 m3
60 min

=7.2 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3

7.2m
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.467 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

2
0.467 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m 3

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.553

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m
=0.243
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=0.486
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=0.728
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 140 L/min

3

140 L
1m
60 min

=8.4 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

8.4 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.545 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

0.545 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

=0.753

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

G
FLV = L
GG

( )

G
=
L

kg
m2 . s
kg
0.545 2
m .s
3.302

1.175 kg / m3
=0.208
996 kg /m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=0.416
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=0.624
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 160 L/min

3

160 L
1m
60 min

=9.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

9.6 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.623 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

0.623 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

=0.989

FLV =

( )

1.175 kg /m
=0.182
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s
3.302

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.365
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.546
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 180 L/min

180 L
1 m3
60 min

=10.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

10.8 m3
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.701 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

2
0.701 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s/m
)
900m
m2 s
996 kg /m3

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

0.1

=1.245

FLV =

( )

1.175 kg /m
=0.162
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s
3.302

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.324
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.485
996 kg/m 3

PERCENTAGE ERROR %
1LPM
Total pressure drop = 116 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

244.1116
100 =52.48
244.1

2LPM
Total pressure drop = 148 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

127148
100 =16.54
127

3LPM
Total pressure drop = 104 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

127104
100 =18.11
127

1.9

Discussion

1.10

Conclusion

1.11 Recommendations
In my opinion, there are some recommendations that should be taken account into to ensure the
experiment become more accurate. We should constantly checked the valve controlling the level
of water flowing back to the water reservoir to get a better reading. In order to avoid from the air
being trapped in line, the level of water must be higher than the bottom of the reservoir. Besides
that, before using all the column, make sure that all the valves are closed so that the experiment
will run smoothly and make sure that the gas and liquid flow rates were constant at that
particular flow rates. The sample also must be simultaneously collect from both inlet and outlet
of the packed column. When starting up the system, always use low initial air and water
velocities. Be sure that the recycle valve to the sump pump is always at least partially open to
prevent from build-up of liquid and flooding, an extension has been added to the top of the
column to help prevent spillage of caustic. In order to avoid a parallax error, make sure that the
eyes are in parallel level while taking the reading.

1.12

Reference

1.13 Appendix

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (CPE 465)

NAME
: NUR IZZATI BINTI AHMAD TARHIZI
GROUP
: EH200 2A
EXPERIM
: FLUID MIXING
ENT
DATE
: 28 APRIL 2015
PROG/CO
: EH220
DE
SUBMIT
: MADAM NURUL DIYANAH
TO
N
Title
Allocated
o
Marks (%)
1 Abstract
5
2 Introduction
5
3 Objectives
5
4 Theory
5
5 Procedures/Methodology
10
6 Apparatus
5
7 Results
10
8 Calculation
10
9 Discussion
20
10 Conclusion
10
11 Recommendations
5
12 References
5
13 Appendices
5
TOTAL
100

Marks

Remarks:

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

Date:

Date: